states of mattersection 3 pressure 〉 fluids exert pressure evenly in all directions. –pressure:...
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States of Matter Section 3
Pressure
〉Fluids exert pressure evenly in all directions.
– pressure: the amount of force exerted per unit area of a surface
– example: when you pump up a bicycle tire, air particlesconstantly push against each other and against the tire walls
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States of Matter Section 3
Pressure, continued
• Pressure can be calculated by dividing force by the area over which the force is exerted:
• The SI unit for pressure is the pascal.
– pascal: the SI unit of pressure; equal to the force of 1 N exerted over an area of 1 m2 (symbol, Pa)
, or Force F
Pressure PArea A
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States of Matter Section 3
Buoyant Force
〉All fluids exert an upward buoyant force on matter.
• buoyant force: the upward force that keeps an object immersed in or floating on a fluid
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States of Matter Section 3
Buoyant Force, continued
• Archimedes’ principle: the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces.
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States of Matter Section 3
Comparing Weight and Buoyant Force
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States of Matter Section 3
Buoyant Force, continued
• An object will float or sink based on its density.
– If an object is less dense than the fluid in which it is placed, it will float.
– If an object is more dense than the fluid in which it is placed, it will sink.
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States of Matter Section 3
Density
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States of Matter Section 3
Pascal’s Principle
〉Pascal’s principle : if the pressure in a container is increased at any point, the pressure increases at all points
– Mathematically, Pascal’s principle is stated as P1 = P2.
– Because P = F/A, Pascal’s principle can also be expressed as F1/A1 = F2/A2.
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States of Matter Section 3
Pascal’s Principle, continued
• Hydraulic devices are based on Pascal’s principle.
– Because the pressure is the same on both sides of the enclosed fluid, a small force on the smaller area (left) produces a much larger force on the larger area (right).
– The plunger travels through a larger distance on the side that has the smaller area.
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States of Matter Section 3
Fluids in Motion
〉Fluids move faster through small areas than through larger areas, if the overall flow rate remains constant. Fluids also vary in the rate at which they flow.
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States of Matter Section 3
Fluids in Motion, continued
• Viscosity depends on particle attraction.– viscosity: the resistance of a gas or liquid to flow
• Bernoulli’s principle: Fluid pressure decreases as speed increases.
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States of Matter Section 3
Start of Class Review Chapter 3
• All matter is made of atoms and molecules that are always in motion.
• Because they are in motion all particles of matter have kinetic energy.
• Mass and energy are both conserved. Neither mass nor energy can be created or destroyed.
• All fluids exert an upward buoyant force on matter• Fluids move faster through small areas than through
larger areas, if the rate remains constant.
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States of Matter Section 3
End of Class Review Chapter 3
• You can classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas by determining whether the shape and volume are definite or variable.
• The identity of a substance does not change during a change of state.
• Fluids exert pressure evenly in all directions.• All fluids exert an upward buoyant force on matter.