fluids. flow take shape of container liquids or gases exert pressure pressure = force / area fluids
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• Flow• Take shape of container• Liquids or gases• Exert pressure • Pressure = force / area
Fluids
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Fluids• Move from high
pressure low pressure• If no pressure difference,
no motion (equilibrium)
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Calculating fluid pressure• Pressure = force / area• Force measured in lbs or N• Area measured in cm2 or
inch2.• Area = Pr2 or length *
width• Radius = 1/2 diameter
http://www.sweethaven02.com/Aviation/AvEngines01/fig0101.gif
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Liquids
• Not compressible; pressure difference supplied by pump
• Basis for hydraulic systems (usually water or oil)
• More dense than gases; molecules close together
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Gases• Compressible; pressure
difference supplied by compressor
• Basis for pneumatic systems (usually utilize compressed air)
• Less dense and therefore more buoyant
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/Images/state.gif
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Basic components of fluid system• Tank, reservoir or accumulator – holds fluid• Pump (liquid) or compressor (gas) – creates
pressure difference• Valve or regulator – control flow• Actuator – device that changes fluid pressure
to linear or rotational mechanical movement. Often an arm, piston, etc.
• Conductor – pipe, tubing, hose
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Pascal’s Principle• Pressure exerted on confined fluid is transmitted equally
to all parts of the fluid within the closed container• P = F1 / A1 = F2 / A2
• Results:– Pressurized gas, when released, allows for propulsion
(rockets, balloons)– Pressure in hydraulic systems allows movement of very heavy
loads (hydraulic lift)
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Boyle’s Law• Volume increases when
pressure decreases (temp stays constant) P1V1 = P2V2
• When P goes up, V goes down (inverse relationship)
• Applies to astronauts walking in space, and to scuba divers
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Charles’ and Gay-Lussac’s Law
• Volume increases when temp increases (pressure stays constant). V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
• Hot air balloons use this concept
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Bernoulli’s Principle• Pressure of a moving fluid decreases as
velocity increases• Basis for airplane wing
design
http://www.sweethaven02.com/Aviation/AvEngines01/fig0101.gif
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Fluid Power PhysicsWork
Force multiplied by distanceMeasured in foot-poundsor Newton-meters
Example:How much work is completed by moving a 1000 lb force 2 ft?2000 foot-pounds of work
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Fluid Power PhysicsPowerThe rate of doing workWork over time in seconds
Example:How many units of power are needed to lift a 1000 pound force 2 feet in 2 seconds?
1000 units of power (1000lb x 2ft) / 2 s
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Fluid Power Principles -- UnitsWatt – measure of power in SI system
Pressure x volume flow rateHorsepower –measure of power in English
systemHydraulic horsepower is expressed as:
flow( gpm) pressure( psi)Horsepower=
1714( constant)
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Fluid Power PrinciplesCalculate the horsepower needed in the system below to lift a 10,000 lb force in 2 s.