States of Matter Notes

Created in 2006/2010 by Tim F. Rowbotham

States of Matter Notes

• Journal #4• Describe what you see when

manipulating the Cartesian Diver.• On your own time research why the

Cartesian Diver works. Record in your journal.

Important Measurements

Mass – the amount of matter that makes up an objectVolume – the amount ofspace an object occupiesDensity – a ratio of mass to volume (D = m / V)

Important DefinitionsMatter – anything that has mass

and volumeEnergy – ability to do work or cause changeKinetic Energy – the energy an object has due to its motion

State of MatterMaterials are classified in different states (or phases) of matter based on composition and temperature.

There are currently 5 accepted states of matter:

solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bose-Einstein condensates.

Kinetic Theory

The kinetic theory states that all matter is made of tiny particles that are in constant motion.

It explains the characteristics (or properties) of matter in terms of the energy of these particles

Kinetic Theory & Solids• The atoms in a solid are held

close together by strong forces of attraction

• The atoms have very low kinetic energy

• The atoms seem to vibrate, but do not move around

Solids

• Solids have a definite shape

• Solids have a definite volume

Learning Checks• READY YOUR REMOTE

Scientists currently categorize matter into how many states?

0%

50%

0%

50% 1. 32. 43. 54. 10

“All matter is made out of tiny particles that are in constant motion.” This is called

79%

4%

7%

11% 1. Newton’s Law2. Particle theory3. The theory of relativity4. The kinetic theory

Atoms in a solid are

4%

12%

85% 1. Close to one another2. Far away from other atoms3. Always the same distance apart

Atoms in a solid move

8%

85%

8% 1. A lot2. Very little3. According to the theory of relativity

Crystalline Solids• Atoms are arranged in

repeating geometric patterns• Considered “true” solids &

tend to hold their shape• Examples: salt, ice, diamonds,

sugar, aluminum, graphite

Draw atoms of a Crystalline Solid

Draw atoms of a Crystalline Solid

Amorphous Solids• Atoms have no repeating pattern• Amorphous means “without form”• Same properties as crystalline

solids, but have no distinct melting point

• Examples: glass, wax, plastic, styrofoam, coal, rubber

Draw atoms of an Amorphous Solid

Draw atoms of an Amorphous Solid

Examples of Crystalline & Amorphous Solids

Examples of Crystalline & Amorphous Solids

Examples of Crystalline Solids

Carbon nanotube

Examples of Crystalline Solids

Table Salt

Examples of Crystalline Solids

Examples of Crystalline Solids

Examples of Crystalline Solids

Learning Checks• READY YOUR REMOTE

A crystalline solid has atoms that

3%

7%

83%

7% 1. Move a lot2. Are arranged in a repeating pattern3. Are randomly arranged4. Do not move

An amorphous solid has atoms that

10%

76%

7%

7% 1. Move a lot2. Are arranged in a repeating pattern3. Are randomly arranged4. Do not move

“All matter is made out of tiny particles that are in constant motion.” This is called

8%

75%

17%

0% 1. Newton’s Law2. Particle theory3. The kinetic theory4. The theory of relativity

Crystalline or Amorphous?

• Create a table with 3 columns:Material, Drawing, & Crystalline or Amorphous

• Draw what you see under the microscope & classify it as crystalline or amorphous

Material Drawing Crystalline or Amorphous?

Classwork/Homework• TURN IN YOUR Crystalline/Amorphous

TABLE• CW/HW: P.8-9 “Solids, Liquids, & Gases”• RETURN YOUR REMOTE

JOURNAL # 5• Use a Venn Diagram to show the

difference between crystalline & amorphous solids.

Entrance Questions• READY YOUR REMOTE

A crystalline solid has atoms that

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. Move a lot2. Are arranged in a repeating pattern3. Are randomly arranged4. Do not move

“All matter is made out of tiny particles that are in constant motion.” This is called

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. Newton’s Law2. Particle theory3. The kinetic theory4. The theory of relativity

Kinetic Theory & Liquids• The forces of attraction between

atoms in a liquid are not strong enough to hold them together

• Atoms in a liquid are close, but have enough kinetic energy to roll over and around each other

Liquids• Because its atoms move over

and around each other, a liquid has the ability to flow.

• Liquids do not have definite shape; liquids take the shape of their container

• Liquids have a definite volume.

Draw Atoms in a Liquid

Kinetic Theory & Gases

• Atoms in a gas have high enough kinetic energy that they are not held by the attractive forces of other atoms

• Atoms in a gas may be spread far apart and may collide with each other with great force

Gases• Because atoms in a gas move

around a lot, gases have no definite shape or volume

• Gases take the shape of their container but also can be compressed

Draw Atoms in a Gas

Learning Checks• READY YOUR REMOTE

“All matter is made out of tiny particles that are in constant motion.” This is called

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. Newton’s Law2. Particle theory3. The kinetic theory4. The theory of relativity

Which of the following has atoms that are still close together but have enough energy to roll over and around each other?

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. Solid2. Liquid3. Gases4. Plasma

Which of the following has atoms that are far apart and move rapidly?

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. Solids2. Liquids3. Gases4. Bose-Einstein condensates

Which of the following has atoms that are close together and vibrate in place?

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. Solid2. Liquid3. Gases4. Plasma

States of Matter• States of Matter Video Clip• States of Matter Song

JOURNAL #6

• USE THE KINETIC THEORY to explain what happens to

the T1000.

Kinetic Theory & Plasmas

• Atoms in a plasma have extremely high kinetic energy

• Atoms in a plasma collide with such great force that the electrons are knocked out of the atoms

Plasmas• Plasmas have the same

properties as gases, except that they are electrically charged

• Plasma makes up 90% of the matter in the universe

• Plasma is found in stars, neon & fluorescent lights, & lightning

Plasmas• Plasma the Fourth State• Plasma video clip 2• Plasma video clip 3• Plasma video clip 4• Plasma in everyday life

Bose-Einstein Condensates

• Scientists in 1995 decided to classify matter into a fifth state - Bose-Einstein Condensates.

• This state of matter only exists at very low temperatures (near absolute zero).

Bose-Einstein Condensates

• BEC Video clip 1• BEC Video clip 2• BEC simulation

States of MatterState Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

Shape

Volume

Particle SpacingParticle MotionKinetic Energy

States of MatterState Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

Shape Definite Varies Varies Varies

Volume Definite Definite Varies Varies

Particle Spacing

Packed tight Close Spread out Spread

outParticle Motion

Vibrate in place

Roll over each other

Bounce off each other

Violent collisions

Kinetic Energy Very low Low High Very high

Learning Checks• READY YOUR REMOTE

“All matter is made out of tiny particles that are in constant motion.” This is called

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. Newton’s Law2. Particle theory3. The kinetic theory4. The theory of relativity

How is a plasma different from a gas?

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0%

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0% 1. Plasma atoms are moving slower2. A plasma has free electrons3. Atoms of a plasma are larger4. Atoms of a plasma are smaller

What conditions are necessary for a Bose-Einstein condensate?

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0%

0%

0% 1. Nuclear fusion2. Extremely high temperatures3. Extremely low temperatures4. The presence of anti-matter

JOURNAL # 3

Try to use the kinetic theory to explain why the bimetallic strip

works the way it does.

Thermal ExpansionNotes p. 4

Thermal Expansion• The atoms that make up matter

are in constant motion• Atoms with more kinetic energy

move faster and move more• As these atoms spread further

apart, the entire substance gets larger

Thermal Expansion• When a substance gets larger

due to heating, it is known as thermal expansion.

• When a substance gets smaller due to cooling, it is known as thermal contraction.

Thermal Expansion• Thermal Expansion Clip 1• Thermal Expansion Clip 2• Expansion Joint commercial• Expansion Joint Mets CitiField

Temperature• Notes p. 5

Temperature• Temperature is a measurement

of the average kinetic energy of the atoms in a substance

• A higher temperature means higher kinetic energy

• A lower temperature means lower kinetic energy

Temperature

Lower Temperature

Higher Temperature

Kinetic Energy of

AtomsLower Higher

Motion of Atoms Lower Higher

Temperature Scales

• Fahrenheit oF

• Celsius oC

• Kelvin K

Temperature Scales

Temperature Scales

Temperature

• Temperature clip 1• Measuring Temperature • Temperature Scales clip 1• Temperature Scales clip 2• Eureka - Temperature vs. Heat

Learning Checks

• Ready your remote

A substance at a higher temperature means that

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. Its atoms are moving faster2. Its atoms are moving slower3. Its atoms are larger4. Its atoms are smaller

A substance contracts at a lower temperature because

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. Its atoms are moving faster2. Its atoms are moving slower3. Its atoms are larger4. Its atoms are smaller

What do scientists think would happen at the theoretical temperature of absolute zero?

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0%

0%

0% 1. Atoms stop moving2. Nuclear fusion3. Atoms explode4. Atoms change into ant-matter

What temperature scale begins at absolute zero?

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0%

0%

0% 1. Fahrenheit2. Celsius3. Kelvin4. Newton’s

What temperature scale begins at the freezing point of water?

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0%

0%

0% 1. Fahrenheit2. Celsius3. Kelvin4. Newton’s

Temperature• RETURN YOUR REMOTES

Entrance Questions• READY YOUR REMOTES

A substance contracts at a lower temperature because

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. Its atoms are moving faster2. Its atoms are moving slower3. Its atoms are larger4. Its atoms are smaller

What do scientists think would happen at the theoretical temperature of absolute zero?

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. Atoms stop moving2. Nuclear fusion3. Atoms explode4. Atoms change into ant-matter

An amorphous solid has atoms that

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. Move a lot2. Are arranged in a repeating pattern3. Are randomly arranged4. Do not move

Entrance Video• Molecules in Motion

Changes in State• If the atoms that make up a

substance gain enough kinetic energy, they can overcome the forces of attraction and change to a new state. This usually occurs at a specific temperature.

Changes in State• If the atoms that make up a

substance lose enough kinetic energy, they will be attracted to other atoms and change state. This also usually occurs at a specific temperature.

Names for State Changes• Melting – change from a solid to

a liquid; occurs at a substance’s melting point (m.p.)

• Freezing – change from liquid to a solid; occurs at a substance’s freezing point (f.p.)

• (Melting Point = Freezing Point)

Names for State Changes

• Condensation – change from a gas to a liquid

• Vaporization – all types of changes from liquid to a gas

Types of Vaporization

• Boiling – a change from liquid to gas due to heating– Occurs at the boiling point

• Evaporation – a change from liquid to gas due to escape of surface atoms of a liquid– Occurs at any temperature (that it

remains a liquid)

Names for State Changes

• Sublimation – change from a solid straight to a gas

• Deposition – change from a gas to a solid without first becoming a liquid

Phase Changes Video Clips

• Sublimation of Iodine• Eureka: Evaporation & Condensation• Change of State• Phase Changes• Bangalore Iron Pour

Exit Questions

• Ready your remote

Entrance Questions

• Ready your remote

A change in state from liquid to solid is called

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. Melting2. Freezing3. Vaporizing4. Condensing

A change in state from gas to liquid is called

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. Melting2. Freezing3. Vaporizing4. Condensing

A change in state from gas to solid is called

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. Sublimation2. Deposition3. Vaporization4. Condensation

A change in state from liquid to gas that only occurs at the surface of a liquid is called

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0%

0%

0% 1. Melting2. Freezing3. Boiling4. Evaporation

Tables - Solid, Liquid, or Gas?• A substance remains a solid until

its temperature reaches its m.p.

WATER’s m.p. = 0°C

Below 0°C WATER is a SOLID

Tables - Solid, Liquid, or Gas?• A substance is a liquid so long as

its temperature is between its m.p. and its b.p.

WATER’s m.p. = 0°C

Above 0°C WATER has melted and become liquid

Tables - Solid, Liquid, or Gas?• A substance will be a gas as long

as its temperature is above its b.p.

WATER’s b.p. = 100°C

Above 100°C WATER has boiled and become a gas

Melting Point Table

Material m.p.Aluminum 660°C

At which of the following temperatures would aluminum be a solid?

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0%

0%

0% 1. 600°C2. 700°C3. 800°C4. 900°C

Material m.p.Aluminum 660°C

Melting & Boiling Point Table

Material m.p. b.p.Aluminum 660°C 2327°C

At which of the following temperatures would aluminum be a liquid?

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0%

0%

0%

Material m.p. b.p.Aluminum 660°C 2327°C

1. 400°C2. 600°C3. 800°C4. 2400°C

At which of the following temperatures would aluminum be a gas?

0%

0%

0%

0%

Material m.p. b.p.Aluminum 660°C 2327°C

1. 400°C2. 600°C3. 800°C4. 2400°C

Melting & Boiling Point Table

Material m.p. b.p.Tin 232°C 2260°C

Silver 961°C 1950°CIron 1535°C 3000°C

At which of the following temperatures would tin be a solid?

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0%

0%

0%Material m.p. b.p.

Tin 232°C 2260°CSilver 961°C 1950°CIron 1535°C 3000°C

1. 200°C2. 600°C3. 1000°C4. 2000°C

At which of the following temperatures would silver be a liquid?

0%

0%

0%

0%Material m.p. b.p.

Tin 232°C 2260°CSilver 961°C 1950°CIron 1535°C 3000°C

1. 400°C2. 800°C3. 1000°C4. 2000°C

At which of the following temperatures would tin be a gas?

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. 400°C2. 600°C3. 800°C4. 2400°C

Material m.p. b.p.Tin 232°C 2260°C

Silver 961°C 1950°CIron 1535°C 3000°C

At which of the following temperatures would iron be a liquid?

0%

0%

0%

0%Material m.p. b.p.

Tin 232°C 2260°CSilver 961°C 1950°CIron 1535°C 3000°C

1. 500°C2. 1000°C3. 2000°C4. 4000°C

Classwork Assignments• Packet p. 15 – 17• Read text p.84 – 91• Complete Reading Strategy Table (on

p.84)• Complete p. 91 Assessment

Questions 1 – 8• Return Remotes