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State reform and reform movements, late 19 th century Middle East • Why and how did the Ottoman Empire instigate state reforms in the 19 th century? • What were the challenges facing state and society in the 19 th century? • How did states and people respond to these challenges? Osman III – one of earliest sultan

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Page 1: State reform and reform movements, late 19 th century Middle East Why and how did the Ottoman Empire instigate state reforms in the 19 th century? What

State reform and reform movements, late 19th century Middle East

• Why and how did the Ottoman Empire instigate state reforms in the 19th century?

• What were the challenges facing state and society in the 19th century?

• How did states and people respond to these challenges?

Osman III – one of earliest sultans

Page 2: State reform and reform movements, late 19 th century Middle East Why and how did the Ottoman Empire instigate state reforms in the 19 th century? What

What was the central question facing Middle Eastern elites, thinkers and politicians?

How has the West come to dominate us politically, economically and even (to an extent) culturally?

And secondly, what is to be done about this?

Page 3: State reform and reform movements, late 19 th century Middle East Why and how did the Ottoman Empire instigate state reforms in the 19 th century? What

Why did the Ottoman Empire instigate reforms?

• Tensions between the center and provincial leaders

• economic encroachments by the Europeans

• military defeats

Istanbul - Mosque

Page 4: State reform and reform movements, late 19 th century Middle East Why and how did the Ottoman Empire instigate state reforms in the 19 th century? What

Loss of Lands

Page 5: State reform and reform movements, late 19 th century Middle East Why and how did the Ottoman Empire instigate state reforms in the 19 th century? What
Page 6: State reform and reform movements, late 19 th century Middle East Why and how did the Ottoman Empire instigate state reforms in the 19 th century? What

What were the challenges facing state and society?

• Technology and science

• “modernizing”• how to reconcile

change with tradition

• different reformist agendas

• the threat from (and promise of) the West

A Janissary (Ottoman soldier)

Page 7: State reform and reform movements, late 19 th century Middle East Why and how did the Ottoman Empire instigate state reforms in the 19 th century? What

How Did State And Society Respond? Early Reforms

• Selim III (r. 1789-1806)– Nizam-i jedid– Embassies in Europe

• Mahmud II (1808-1839)– End of Jannisaries– Reforms in bureaucracy– Medical and military

schools– Fez and frock, etc.

Selim III (r. 1789-1806)

Page 8: State reform and reform movements, late 19 th century Middle East Why and how did the Ottoman Empire instigate state reforms in the 19 th century? What

How Did State And Society Respond? The Tanzimat (1839-1876)

• Equality of subjects– Hatt-i Sharif of Gülhane – Hatt-i Hümayan

• Strengthening of Ottoman consciousness– Nationality Law (1869)

• State schools and education • Creation of a modern government• Military conscription• Land reform (1858)• Abolition of tax farming (iltizam)

Page 9: State reform and reform movements, late 19 th century Middle East Why and how did the Ottoman Empire instigate state reforms in the 19 th century? What

Other responses: Young Ottomans

• Who were they?• What was their

program?• What were some of

the influences that affected their ideas?

• Their form of patriotism; patrie

Page 10: State reform and reform movements, late 19 th century Middle East Why and how did the Ottoman Empire instigate state reforms in the 19 th century? What

The Constitution of 1876

• Chamber of deputies• role of the sultan

(Abdul Hamid II, 1876- 1909)

• dissolution (1878)

Sultan Abdul Hamid II

Page 11: State reform and reform movements, late 19 th century Middle East Why and how did the Ottoman Empire instigate state reforms in the 19 th century? What

Other problems: relations with the West

• Debt; Public Debt Administration (1881)

• the “Eastern question”

• European interests:

– Russia

– Habsburgs (Austria)

– French

– British

• Crimean War (1854-56)

• Treaty of Paris (1856)

• Congress of Berlin (1878)

Suez Canal – 19th c.?

Page 12: State reform and reform movements, late 19 th century Middle East Why and how did the Ottoman Empire instigate state reforms in the 19 th century? What

Egypt in the reform era

• Muhammad `Ali (1805-1848)• School of Languages, 1835• Isma`il (1863-1879)• Economic infrastructure:

railroad (1852); Suez Canal (1854-1869)

• Dar al-Ulum, 1872• Mixed Courts, 1876• Egyptian reformers: Rifa`a

Tahtawi (1801-1873) Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905)

Page 13: State reform and reform movements, late 19 th century Middle East Why and how did the Ottoman Empire instigate state reforms in the 19 th century? What

Islamic reform and reformers: Abduh

• Abduh: how to reconcile claims of divine revelation with those of reason, or those of Islamic law with those of modern law springing from other principles\

• his answer:

– religion and reason were compatible

– there was no contradiction between religion and science

– advocated reform from within

– though problem came from degeneration of Islam and “blind imitation” of older traditions

– argued for reinterpretation of Islam through national, education, legal and social reforms

– Muslims could selectively appropriate from the West

– as historical conditions warranted, core of Islamic principles and values should be reapplied to new realities and old traditions, where necessary, could be discarded

Page 14: State reform and reform movements, late 19 th century Middle East Why and how did the Ottoman Empire instigate state reforms in the 19 th century? What

The Arab Provinces – 19th century

• Disturbances of 1860• Situation in Lebanon

(mutasarrifiyyah)• Sectarianism• “politics of notables”

Beirut 19th c. engraving


State reform and reform movements, late 19 th century Middle East

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