state-of-the-art ecomaterials in china

8/14/2019 State-of-the-art Ecomaterials in China

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Duan Weng , Lei Wang, Rui Ran, Xiaodong WuTsinghua University, Beijing 100084, Tel.: 010-6277-2726, E-mail: [email protected]

State-in-art of Ecomaterials in China

Environmental Engineering Materials;

Environmental-Friendly Materials;

Environmental Functional Materials;

US-China Bilateral Workshop2008, EVANSTON, USA

2008-9-22


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Contribution of materials for the society

Materials Energy Information

Materiality Driving Instruction

Real World

Materials: one of three supports for modern society!


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Challenges from Resources, Energy & Environment

Duan Weng, Ecomaterials (Chinese), Tsinghua University Press, Beijing, 2001, p.17

1990 2000 2050 2100

WasteGlobal Warming Potential

(Temp. 1

High, Sea Level 20cm High)

PopulationExplosion

Extreme Global Warming Potential(Temp. 3

High, Sea Level 60cm High)

Population6.2 billions

FoodCrisis Mineral

Exhaust

Population10 billions Oil & NaturalGas Exhaust


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Urban

trash

1900 1940 1980 2000

Microbial

pollution,COD

SO 2, PM,

Photochemicalreaction, acidrain, wateralimentation,

heavy metals,solid waste, etc.

GWP, PM, VOC,

acid rain, wateralimentation,aerosol, organicmetals, POPs,

nuclear scrap,hazardous castoff,etc.

China is facing the most serious and complex pollutions in the world!

Chinese environmental challenges


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What is ecomaterial

Ecomaterials

Performance Resource

Economy

M a t e r i a l s

Multi-Function

Lower cost

Environment-friendlyF u n c t i o n a l

M a t e r i a l s

To solve the contradiction between social development and ecological balance!


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Characteristics of Ecomaterials

Better performance;

No hazardous;

Lower emission;

Higher recycling

Ecomaterials

EnvironmentEnvironment

EconomyEconomy

FunctionalityFunctionality

ProductionApplication

Disposal

Environment compatibilityin the whole life cycle of

materials


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Framework of Ecomaterials

EnvironmentalImpact Assessment

(EIA)

Eco-design CleaningProduction

EnvironmentalEngineering

Materials

Environment-Friendly

Materials

EnvironmentalFunctionalMaterials

Key Technique

forEcomaterials

Consumption

WasteRecycling


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Environmental Engineering Materials

EnvironmentalEngineering

Materials

Solid WasteTreatment

DeNOx;TWC;

Photocatalyst;Absorption;Adsorption;

Filtration;

Recycling;

Air Pollution Control

Water PollutionControl


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NOx reduction for various technologies


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DeNOx: Selective Catalysis Reduction

Selective Catalysis Reduction

8NH 3 + 6NO 2 7N 2 + 12H 2O4NH 3 + 6NO 5N 2 + 6H 2O4NH 3 + 4NO + O 2 4N 2 + 6H 2O

4HC + 4NO + 3O 2 2N2 + 2H 2O + 4CO 2

Stationary DeNOx Catalyst

Automotive DeNOx Catalyst

Baffle

Sediment

Plate

Catalyst

Fluegas


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SCR Catalysts

Zeolite ion-exchange catalyst (Cu-ZSM-5);Precious metal composite catalyst (Pt/Pd/Rh/Au/Ag);Transition metal oxide catalyst (CuO, Co 3O4, V2O5, Perovskite);

Catalysts Characteristics

Pt-basedcatalysts

Pt/Pd/Rh;

Suitable for SCR with HC as reductant;Outstanding reduction ability, selectivity and at low temperature;Removal of NO X under lean burn condition;

Ag-basedcatalysts

Outstanding activity in HC-SCR reaction process;Low cost;The brightest catalyst in the removal of NOx for diesel engine;

Au-basedcatalysts Au particles in nano-size perform Excellent HC-SCR activity;

Comparison of precious metal composite catalysts


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SCR Catalysts: Zeolite Ion-exchange Catalyst

L. Li, N. Guan. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Available online 19 July 2008

C3H8-SCR of NO in the absence (open symbols)

and presence (solid symbols) of H 2O

Cu-ZSM-5 exhibited the best deNOx activity, due to the highest oxidative activity.

The presence of 5% water vapor in the reaction system showed distinct negativeeffect on NO reduction

H2-TPR pro les of

Cu-ZSM-5, In-ZSM-5 and La-ZSM-5.


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SCR Catalysts: Mn/TiO 2 catalyst system

Z. Wu et al. Catalysis Communications 9 (2008) 22172220

NO conversion of Ce modified MnOx/TiO 2 catalysts at different temperatures.Reaction conditions: 1000 ppm NO, 1000 ppm NH3, 3% O2, 3% water, and balance N2, GHSV = 40,000 h 1

NO conversion could be improved by doping Ce from 39% to 84% at 80 C

Ce-modified

MnOx/TiO 2

A i i i l Th l


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Automotive emission control: Three-way catalyst H2OCO 2

HCCO O O

O2 (O=O)

SubstrateWashcoating

Catalyst

N2NOx

Rare earth

Substrate/ Active layer

Catalyst

AdditiveApplication Subject

Regulation of air-to-fuel ratio

Main function

Improvement of thermal stability

Improvement of mechanical strength

Restrain the crystallite growth

Promotion of uniform distribution

Partial or complete replacement ofprecious metal

Structure

FunctionOxygen storage capacity

Application of rare earths in TWC

TWC process


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Automobile emission control: Ce-based catalyst

The oxygen storage capacity of Ce-based catalysts broadens the TWC operation window;

The addition of oxygen storage materials can decrease the quantity of precious metal andimprove the thermal stability and dispersion, and also can modify the reactivity on the interface;

The modification of rare earth or transition metal elements can enhance the oxygen storagecapacity;

Jun Fan, Duan Weng et al. Journal of Catalysis 258 (2008) 177186

Dynamic OSC values of Sr-modified samplesOperation Window

Sr-modifiedcatalyst


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0

20

40

60

80

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

T/

N O

c o n v e r s

i o n

r a

t e

/ %

1#

4#

5#

2#

3#

1# : LaMnO 3+ ,,2#: La 0.9 Sr 0.1 MnO 3+ , 3#: La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3+ ,4#: La 0.5 Sr 0.5 MnO 3+ , 5#: La 0.3 Sr 0.7 MnO 3+ , 750

NOx conversion with De-NO x catalyst La 1-XSr XMnO 3+

Duan Weng, Hongsheng Zhao, et al, J. Materials Science & Engineering A , 361(2003)173-178


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Dynamic OSC of aged Pr doped CZ

Liang Qing, Wu Xiaodong, Weng Duan, Journal of Rare Earth , 2006, 24: 549-553.


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CeZr catalyst for cleaning PM in diesel engine

TPO curves of aged K-supported catalysts in (a) tight and (b) loose contact conditions.

Xiaodong Wu, Dongxu Liu, Kai Li, Duan Weng, Catalysis Communications , in press


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Air Pollution Control: Filtration Materials

CeramicsCeramics

PolymerPolymer

MetalsMetalsFiltrationMaterialsFiltrationMaterials

CompositesComposites

FeCrAl, Stainless Steel

Metal-Ceramic, Organic-Inorganic,Ceramic-Organic Composites

Cordierite (2MgO2Al 2O35SiO 2), Carbon,Mullite, SiC, ZrO 2, TiO2, / -Al2O3, Al2TiO5

PVC


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Diesel Particular Filtration


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Air Pollution Control: Filtration Materials

DPF with catalyst caneffectively reduce theemission of CO, HC,NO X and PM;


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Ying Ma et al. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2008, 24(7): 1132 1136

VOCs pollution control: Catalytic Combustion

SEM images of different samples(A) 0.1%Pt/SSWM, (B) 0.1%Pt-0.5%Pd/SSWM,

(C) the enlargement of 0.1%Pt/SSWM,(D) the enlargement of 0.1%Pt-0.5%Pd/SSWM

T 98 of VOCs on different catalysts

A combustion catalyst of 0.1%Pt-0.5%Pd/stainless steel wire mesh (SSWM)was prepared via anodic oxidation treatment for purifying volatile organiccompound (VOC).

The total oxidation temperature for toluene, acetone, and ethyl acetate was at220, 260, and 280 C.

W P ll i C l Ph l


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Water Pollution Control: Photocatalysts

Environment-friendly

No poisonous;Lower emission;Higher stability;Long life cycle;

Schematic diagram of photocatalysis

TiO h l f


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TiO 2 as a photocatalyst for waste water treatment

production of TiO 2 (per 1kg)Fresh water 104kg V-Ti magnetite 5.58kg Energy 63.86MJ

Waste acid 6.4kg Waste water 70kg CO 2 7.87kg

FeSO 47H 2O 3.5kg Waste solid 10.5kg Dust 0.3kg

Powder:more efficient(cheap)

Thin film:less environmental impact

Environmental informationsupports decision-makingin material research

It means totallydifferent formaterial research

Water Pollution Control: Membrane Material s


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Suspended particlesMicrofiltration

Ultrafiltration

Nanofiltration

reverse osmosis

Macromolecular organiccompounds

Carbohydrate etc.

Divalent salt or multivalent salt

Monovalent salt

H2O

Water Pollution Control: Membrane Material s

En ironment Friendl Materials


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Environment-Friendly Materials

Environmental

-FriendlyMaterials

Bio-degradable materials;

Green packaging materials;

Alternatives for hazard elementslike Pb, Hg & Organics;

Cleaning production;

Environment friendly materials: Degradable plastics


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Degradableplastics

photodegradableplastics

biodegradableplastics

photo-biodegradableplastic

microbial synthesis

chemical synthesis

natural polymer

blending type

Environment-friendly materials: Degradable plastics White Pollution

Plastic pollution Other pollution

Weightpercentage 7% 93%

Volumepercentage 20% 80%

Degradable plastics

Plastic pollution in China

Environment friendly materials: Green Packaging Materials


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Environment-friendly materials: Green Packaging Materials

Category Content

Green substitutepackaging materials

To replace aluminum with steel;To replace aluminum plating with silicon plating;To replace wood with bamboo;To replace pulp paper with recycled paper;

To replace plastic with edible wrapping paper;To replace ordinary plastic with biodegradable plastic;

Green modifiedpackaging materials

Plastic modified material;Glass modified material;

Foldable container;Mildew bags;Modified steel drums;

New greenpackaging materials

Natural packaging materials;

The comprehensive utilization of natural chitin;Edible packaging materials;Green packaging printing inks;

Environment-friendly materials: Comprehensive utilization of rice chaff


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Environment-friendly materials: Comprehensive utilization of rice chaff

ChaffHydrolization

for xylitol

RinsingPower/heating

Vacuum burn

Pure SiO 2

Activated carbon& soluble glass

Ecologicalbuilding

materials

Disposable greentableware

Chaff ash Reaction Filtration Washingpickling

NaOH

liquild

Dry & active

water

Activatedcarbon

solid

Rice chaff : 18 22 of rice weight;

Process 1:

Process 2:

2 tons chaff ~ 1 ton coal

1.0 kg chaff ~ 2.6 steam ~2.5 kg chaff ~ 1 KWh power

Environmental Functional Materials


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Environmental Functional Materials

Environmental

FunctionalMaterials

Self-cleaning Materials;

Phase Change Materials;

Smart Materials for building;

Environmental functional materials: Low emissivity glass


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Environmental functional materials: Low emissivity glass

Ag~10nmSnO2~40nm

LOW-E

Double-layer glass, low emissivity

Higher the visible light transmission;

Low solar energy transmission;

Lower U-value;

Environmental functional materials: ETFE


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Environmental functional materials: ETFE ETFE ( Ethylene Tetrafluoethylene copolymer)

Easy processingTolerance of dissolution and radiation

Anti-agingnatural

ability

Better anti-

fracture tearstrength

Transmittance> 95%

Tolerance ofcorrosion and

abrasion resisting

Low surfacetension

Fire-retardantproperty and

insulation

WaterCube

Environmental functional materials: Phase Change Materials (PCM)


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Phase change floor is made ofhigh-density polyethylene packagingbetween paraffin and concrete;

When the outdoor temperature in 5 ~20C, the indoor temperature can becontrolled at 15 ~ 20 C. This applies tothe use of cold winter weather.

Environmental functional materials: Phase Chang Materials (PCM)


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SSPCM plates could decrease the dailymaximum temperature by up to 2C due tothe cool storage at night.

Indoor temperature history with different thermal

conductivity of SSPCM (812 June).

Indoor temperature of the room with and without

SSPCM plates (1 May30 September).

G. Zhou et al. Applied Energy 86 (2009) 5259


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Summary


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Catalyst, photocatalyst, filtration, adsorption and absorptionmaterials were concentrated for environmental engineering materialsat moment;

Biomass resource, bio-degradable polymer and green packagingmaterials were developed for environment-friendly materials in China;

Self-cleaning materials, phase change materials and smartmaterials for building were hot-spots of environmental functionalmaterials for our development;

Acknowledgement


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It is grateful to NSFC for the financial support in theproject 50572045;

We would like to thank NSF to host this Workshop;

Thanks a lots for Prof. Chang and MRI colleagues fromNorthwestern University to organize the Workshop;


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Thank You for Your Attention!

state-of-the-art ecomaterials in china

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