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Standard Grade IJiology I-I o nt.e work

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This is :1 checklist to help you ket:p track or the questions - tick the box beside <~ach quest ion when it has been corrcct~d .

. (!J.ceot;lolt Nuntbe1•

Pcvg e Con.tple~ecl7

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I. (a) & (b) 2:/J []

2. 4· 1.1

J . (a) & (b) S/6 IJ

4. 'j' u 5. 8 [J

' · G. 9 []

7. 10 [J

8. II IJ

9. 12 [ l

10. 13 u II. (a) & (b) 1•1/1 5 lJ

12·. 16 IJ

lJ . (a) .~ (b) 17/18 IJ

14 . IY I J

15. (a) & (b) 2012 1 rJ

(a) The table below shows the pcrccn1age distriblllion of blood groups in a populariou.

Dloorl Group !:. In fJopul:rtion

A 30

B 15

AO

0 50

(i) Usc I he inf01m ation in the ta ble to calculate the percentage uf the population with blood group AB. ·

SjJ<Itt JUI culculallo ll

Percentage = (ii) On the grid below. draw a bar chan to show the percelllagc uisu ibution of blood

groups in the population.

-···~-· ·• L •.

t_::i:i !:::i:: ' ! ! ! '! -~+++ t·~·t·•

·.;.r !.H._-;,, -=+~

.: .L; .f ·! l+·f :···-l. i

liii) illoud grlHrps ;uc an example of tliscuntiuuuus var-iation . Give ullt: other c.xa111plc of tl i~curllimrous vari arion in hurnans.

(1)

. ,. ' ··

( ll) 235 seeds were produced by an F1 plan1. These were collectetl, wt.:ighed and their masses recorded . The results arc given in the table.

Mass (g) O. t - 0.2 0.3- 0.4 0.5 -0.6 0.7 - 0 .8 0.9 - 1.0

Number o f soods 7 73 11 0 33 12

(i) Presen t ·these resuhs as a hi stogram o n the grid below.

(ii) Mass in JJ~u seeds is a charactcristic which shows continuous v;~ ri nt i un.

Describe wha1 is mean! by continuous variatio n.

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(1)

2 (a) Tongue-rolling is an inheri ted charactclistic conLrolled by the dominant allele (R). Its tcccssive allele (r) _is responsible for inability to ro ll the tongue.

James cannot roll his tongue nor can hi s father Andrew. but his mo ther Laura can. James marries Susan who can roll her tongue and they have two sons, Sam who can roll his tongue and A last air who can ' 1. They also have two daugl)ters, Jane who can roll her tongue and Jenny \vho can't.

(i) In the diagram below,. write the correct genotype for each. of Laura, James, Sam. and Jenn y.

/lndrow ----,,..---- Laura j L - - --l

I Sam

I Ails lair

I James T Susan

Jano J onny

(ii) If Sam marries a non tongue-roller pred ict the proportion of their children you would expect to l>e non tongue-ro llers.

(iii) Tongue rolling is an example of discontinuous variation. E)( plain what is meant by the term discontinous variation.

(IJ) 1\ lasrairis in S4 at the loca! secondary school. He wants to find out the ratio of tongue­rollers to non tongue-rollers in the I 000 pupils at the school. llc investigates within his own biology class of 20 pupils and finds that 18 can roll their tongues and 2 cannot. 1 lc presents this inf01mation as a l>ar chan.

On the graph paper below. draw a bar chan which could be the same as Alastair' s.

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1--\7':; ( 1) t :·,,: ~

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r--!-(2) It P=-1-

3 (a) T he diagram below sh ows the inheri tancl! of the ability to tongue ro ll in two gene r:uion s of a family. T he leiter T represents the gene which gives the abil ity to tongue ro ll. Its reccssi,·e allele is represented by the letter t.

'IT ~ 0 M ale

JIM ANNE

0 Female

S USA N ' TOM

DAV I D PETEH

(i) How many chi ld ren did Jim and r\nnc have?

(ii) S usan is a non -tongue roller. Add to the diacram the geno types of Susan and Tom .

(iii) T he r:trio o f to ngue ro lle rs to non -ton11 uc rolle rs in Susan and Tom's family is not as expected .

(iv)

Give the expec ted ratio and suli!iCSt a reason for the differen ce.

Expected ratio of tongue rollers to non-toncue rollet s __ :

Reason for d i ffc rcnce

Da vid IS ntungue ro lle r. W hat is the pe rcentage chance that Peter wi ll also be a tong ue ro ller?

________ %

(v) Which of the following best defines an a lle le?

Tick (,I') tl1c correct box

A

n c

a form of a g.,ne

a form of cametc

a reccssi vc gene

0 0 0

t'l-larhs KU I':S f--..1--

(I)

(I)

(2)

(I)

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1--f~

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;\larks K (I~) The c ross bt!low shows inheritance or wing slwpe in fruit ni cs.

Mal e Female

11 X •• ~~ __. ' ....

J

1 Normal Norma l

l:emale l:entnlc Male Male

,~.~~~r -~ ~ A I ~--- ~· , \ 2'l .,;- ..R

Normal Normal Norma l Vestigial Wing (i) Whic h c h;ll actetistic is tklll t inant'l

(1)

(ii) O ther than wing shape, give an exa mple or DISCONTINUOUS variat ion shown in the dingtam.

( I )

( ) The g1id below shows some attcmptell c rosses between [o ur animals, W, X, Y anll Z.

Cross OJJ.rpring Offspring fertile

WxX Yes Yes

X x Y Yes No

YxZ Nu -

\V X y Yes No

Which a nima ls belong to the same s pec ies 7

( I)

[Tum o ver

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. ··- ·- , ...... , . .... 8. It is possible to separate speam into those which contain X chromosomes and those which

contain Y chromosomes. This is possible because theY chromosome is sl ightly li ghter than the X chromosome and so spemt can be separated using this difference by a process ca lled cenlrifuging. The result is that the heavier X-containing sperm sink to the bottom of the tube leaving theY-containing sperm at the tup.

It is also curious to nute.thnt when human populations arc counted there arc usually more males than females. This means that these/( ratio. which should be 1: lis usua lly we igh teLl in favour of males. The answer would appear to lie in the relative weights of the X and Y chromosomes. The sperm contain ing theY chromosome seem to be lighter and able to swim faster to the egg.

(a) (i) What property of the sperm allow thei r sepa.ra tion into X-containing and Y -containing sperm?

(ii) Name the process used for separating the X-containing and Y -containing spcnn.

(IJ) Complete the tliaglilm below to show the inheri tance of sex in humans.

Genotypes ol parents:

Genotypes ol eggs and spcr ms:

Genotypes ol children:

XX

00

boy

XY

? ? - - --

girl

(c) Explain why more ¥ -containing spe1111 fcatilise eggs than X-containing sperm.

(d) What other tcJm can be used to describe spenu and egg cells'/

(c) 1-lurnan cells contain tiG chromosomes. I low many chro111osomes docs a sperm cell contain?

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'1. The infonw11 ion in lhc Ialiie is uboUl 11 cross invo lvi ng mice.

GoneralioJr A brown coal X white coal

Gorroralion B all brown coal (allowod lo b rood logelhor)

F, 24 brown coal and 6 whilo coat

(i) ldcruify two pheno1ypcs used iu 1his cross.

-------- and

(ii) Which colour of coal is recessive'! Giyc un explana tion for your answer.

Colour:

Explanation:

·,

(i ii ) Which genera tion is the pan:111 gcnaation?

Gcncrn liorr:

(iv) \Vh;u is lhc rario of urowu-coar mi1:e to whi re-c.:oat mice in rhe F2

genera1ion? Express your answer as a simple nuio.

Ra rio ___ _

' ·

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10. In pea plants, seed shape is controlled by lwo differen t forms of the same ge ne so that some plants produce ro und seeds and so~1e produce wrinkled seeds.

The follo wing cross was carricu o ut be tween two true-breeding plants.

round seeds X wrinkled seeds .P,

all round scods

F,

(i) Using the lellers R and r to represent the different forms of the gene, state the .1 genotypes for each parent and an F1 plant in the bo;-:es above. (2)

1

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(ii) What arc di ffere nt forms o f the sa n1c gene called'!

(iii) Explain why it is poss ible for a cross between two F1

plnnts (which a ll prou uce round seeds) to give rise to a plant which produces wrinkled seeds.

ll, (a) The diag rum be lo w outlines a cross betwceu a black mo use and o brown m ouse . The purcnts are both tru e breediug. ·

Ula.:k m o use Dro wn m o use

X

A ll ba by m ice a rc blaclt

(i) Whi ch li ne o f the tnble below is a correct rcprcsent:nion of the genotype o f th e parents and o ffspring o f this c ross?

Tick th e correc t box.

G eno type of Gmoty(Je of Genotype of blaclt mouse brown mouse offsprillg

b b Ob bb

Bb bb Db

1313 b b Db

(ii) Wha t is the phcuo typ c of th.: baby ruice?

(iii) Write the leu ers J71 in the box(es) bcsrdc the nro usc or mice w hiclr rcprcscnt (s) the Y, gc!rcrat ion .

(iv) S tille th.: ~,: cno t yp cs o f the gametes o f the J71

gc uc rat io n yo u hnvc selec ted.

Geno type o f gan rctcs -------

Mlnks KU l'S

li ( 1) 1-'o_'· -;._-j

- - 't (1)

(I)

(1)

PS (·· "") Black fur is dominant to brown fur in mice. l lte cross !Jclow shows the inheritance of

fur colour in two generations of mice. ll represents the allele for black fur and b the allele for qrown fur.

Parental phenotypes Parental genotypes

Gamete genotype

Ft genotypes

Olack fur BO

all B

Ft intlivit..lu;tls were allowed to cross.

)(

all Bb

Orown fur IJb

all b

(i) Ptetlict the expected phenotypic tatio of the offspring in the resulting f 2 generation.

Black fu r Drown fu r

Ratio

(ii) In an experiment, when the crosses were carried out, 18 of tlte 21 offspring in the T'1 generation had black fur. Calculate the phenotypic ratio in the F1 generation as a simple whole number ratio.

Sp<1e< for wurki11g

Ratio

(iii) Suggest how the crossing e!lperi mctll could be improved to obtain a result which is closer to the predicted ratio.

(iv) The p;u·ettts in the first cross show different phenotypes of the same characteris tic. \'!hal term is used to describe both of the genotypes'/

:·

11 . In fi sh, the gene for colour has a recessive al le le which makes the fish albin o (co lourless). T he d iagram below shows a fi sh with normal colour and an alb ino (colo urless) fi sh. In the diagram, A is used to rcpr~:sent the all e le for normal colour aud a the allele for lack o f colour.

coloutlul albino

P, X

AA

(i) Usc the lcners i\ anJ a to give the genotypes of the game tes and Ft genemtions of the.: above c;ross.

Gamc.:tes ------

r: t

(ii) Members of the r t generati on were allowed to brc.:eJ. G ive the possible genotypc.:s of the oifspring in the F

2 genera tion.

(iii) In the above F, genewtion there were 132 offspring. Prellict how many of thcsc individuals wo~1ld be expected 10 be albino.

Number o f albino:---------

llo

1----t;--(1) i,('l:f:;~ r·

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(-!,-,...,....

(1) ''·"F.•: j~:

(1) :P:/ . l~t-

''ft"''"'•l Mnrks

·B . Ten pupils carried out an a rt ific ia l breedi ng ex periment using beaus to

represent ge nes. It was agreed tha t g(cen beads (G) were to be dom inant to ye llow beads (g).

'!be pupils ca rried out a heterozygous cross a nd counted the num bers o f three d ifferent genotypes. Eac h pupil selec ted two beads a t random from a beaker containing 12 green and 12 ye llow beads. This was repeated until a ll the heads were used.

(a) 1lte results are given in the table below:-

Numbers of pairs of beads

GG Gg gg

2 8 2 2 8 2 3 6 J 4 4 4

J 6 J 4 4 4 1 10 I 4 4 4

3 6 3 3 6 J

genotype pheno type

(i) Comple te the seconu li ne o f th e tab le to g ive the phcno typt:S.

( ii) What was the expec ted genotype ratio'/

(iii) 1-low many pupil s obta i11cd rcs ul!s i11 ag rr.cmcnt with the expected ra tio?

(iv) \Vhy d id some pupils no t achie ve the ex pected t;llio 7

(v) \\'hat would be the expected o vera ll tota l number of homozygous pairs o f green beads?

17

. 0)

(1)

(1)

( I)

( I )

'. (IJ) Maize is one of rhc mosr imporrau r food planrs in rhc wo rld

0 10 20 30 40 50 Numbor of gonorauon~ of solocttvo brooding

(i) Wi rh H:ft:Jcncc 10 rhe above exmnple, explain what is meanr by selecrivc breeding.

(ii) Usc the graph 10 comple te rhc fo llowing:

I . l'w rc in conte111 of maize at Slllll %

2. 0 11 .:on rem of mai ze after 20 generat ions % - --3. Protein con rent afrer •10 generutions

%

(iii) I low many generations were needed 10 double the o il conrem of the maize'/

(iv) When rhc plan rs were be ing grown s nggcsr one nbi oric fac ror whic h would huvc been kcpr consta nr for a va lid comparison o f maize plants o f differcnr generations.

(c) Give one an imal example 10 show rhc imprcovcmcnt of a c ha racrcrisric by se lective breeding.

b'"" l­{2) ·.:

1-'- r-

t-7 '--(J) ,\ .

~~-(1) I. "i.,·

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Ht·· 1\ plant brec~in g centre wants to produce as 111any vru:ic1ics as possiulc of a species of fl owe1ing plant.

In the !able below is infonnaJion on the diffe1clll varieties of the species.

Vnrioty Flower colour Height Number of /lowers per slam w red dwarf 6 X Ylh llO tall d y

p111k dw~rf 2 z ICU loll 2

(i~ The plant breeders want to produce plants wilh red flowers which arc tall and produce as 111_any flowers per Slcm as possible. S1a1c the two varielies lhey should cross to have lhe best chance of success and explain your choice.

Varieties : and

Explanatiou :

------------------------------------------~~---

(ii) . The plant breeders arc using a technique called selective brccdiug. Give one other ::xample of a characterislic, in pla111s or animals, improved by selec tive breeding.

ti ii ) In a further cross , lhe plant breeders crossed lhe white-flowered plams with pink-flowered plants and colJcctcd and plamcd 200 of the seeds produced.

When they all germinalcd 25 of lite plan1s had while !lowers.

Calculate the percentage of the plants they produced which had while flowers.

S11uce.for colculmiott

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J·.) , (Q) R ead th e fo ll o wing passuge abo ut '' lct:hnique fo r testing fo r' t:hro lllosome dcfet: ts and s tud y the diagrams . Thc:n a nswer th e q ues ti o ns be low.

During development olthe loe lus In the uterus, some cells float away from li s surface and remain in lhe amniollc fluid. II a sample oltllis fluid Is taken betweenl6 and 20 weeks of development, some of these cells can be examined toi Inherited biochemical defects such as haernophilia (very slow blood-cloll ing} and ct1romosome disorders such as Down's syndrome.

I. samplo ol amniolic fluid removod using long noodle syringa passed lhrough abdomon wall

amniotic fluid

( i) I low is a sample of amnio lic flu id obta ined'!

2. cells o~amined under mi<;IOSCOJJ8

3. chjomosomos photographed and a1rangod in ordor

2 3 5

!JX XX XX XX tCCf.X ~~~ 6 8 9 t O ll t2

XXX X;!: XX '1-XXX'/.J.. \ 3 1•\ \ 5 \ G \7 \ 8

tl XA'J.Xxx1 19 20 2 1 22 XY

( ii) Du ring preg nancy , w llt:n should a sample of amniotic fluid be taken fo r analysis'/

(iii) The les t illus 1ra1ed shows a c hromosome 11bnorma lity.

Identi fy lhe c hromosome whit:h has undergone lllllta t ion.

Chromosome number _ _ _

(iv) Name the lt:c huique used abov.: to tle tec l c hro mosollle abnorma lities before bi rth .

•1.0 ~-•• \ •j

liJ) Mutali~ns arc often hamtful, but on rare occa~ ions a mutam organism may be bcuer than the non-mutant. Chromosome mutation in some plants can result in Viii ieties with extra complete sets of chromosomes.

(i) Give one way in which a mutant variety of plant might be bcllcr tha n the original.

(ii) Factors which innuencc the rate of mutation ate called mutagenic agents.

Name ouc mutagenic agent.

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