standard grade automated systems and industrial applications automated systems and industrial...

Standard Grade Automated Systems and Industrial Applications

Automated Systems and Industrial Applications

Standard Grade


What is an automated System?

An Automated system is a system where

• the user provides the input • the computer carries out the

process defined by the program• the computer then provides the

user with the output


Examples of Automated Systems

• Automatic washing machine• Microwave oven• Digital camera• Video recorder• Car manufacture• Bread making• ….


Why use an Automated System?

• are faster than humans• can be programmed to do repetitive

tasks • are more efficient than humans (can

work accurately and continuously with no need for rest/meal breaks).

• can be used in dangerous/harmful places

• are adaptable – can be reprogrammed to carry out different tasks.


How do they work?

• All automated systems are controlled by a program

• Most systems use sensors to provide feedback – this allows the program to react to it’s working environment

• The motion of an automated system is usually performed by a motor


Example of feedbackPicking up an egg.

If the gripper goes too far,it breaks the egg.

If the gripper does not go far enough, it doesn’t pick the egg up.

If the gripper ”can feel” when it touches the egg, it can pick the egg up every time.


Other examples

• Washing machine• Traffic lights• Automatic lifts• Digital cameras (speed/aperture

settings and focus)• …..


Sensors

• Pressure• Heat• Light• Magnetic• Infrared• …….


Robots• Robots can be stationary or mobile• The direction of the movement of a

mobile robot can be controlled by magnetic or light guides


Robot parts• Some robot parts resemble human

limbs.• Their components are called :

• Waist, Shoulder, Arm, Elbow, Wrist

• The end of a robot arm can have a tool attached to do certain tasks:• gripper, spray can, suction cup, …


More Robots• Guided robots (autonomous guided

vehicles - AGV)• autonomous – works on it’s own• types of guides/sensors

• Remotely operated vehicles - ROV• E.g. bomb disposal, deep sea vehicle

• Intelligent robot• Incorporates an expert system.


The InterfaceAutomated systems work in the real world performing real tasks that have to be linked in some way to a computer system. The meeting point between a computer and something or (someone) outside of it is called the interface. The biggest problem the interface has to cope with is the difference between two types of signal - analogue and digital


Analogue

An analogue signal is one which is continuously variable between two limits.That means it can have any value (within limits) at any time.


Digital

An digital signal is one which is changes in discrete steps between two limits.That means it can only have certain values at certain times.


Analogue/Digital Conversion

The big problem is the real world is essentially analogue and computers work digitally. So we need to convert • from analogue to digital

• to get data into the computer.

• from digital to analogue• to get information out of the computer.

This is one of the tasks carried out by the interface


Programs• Automated systems are controlled by

programs.• A program is usually a list of instructions.• The program can be in

• A high level language• A control language

• The program can be • held in ROM• part of an embedded system

• The program will work in real time.


Programming

Programs can be entered• through the keyboard• by lead-through programming,

sometimes called programming by example.


SimulationSimulation• a computer version of a real-life

situation• use of a computer-based model to

predict the behaviour of a system.• a representation of a situation or

problem with a similar but simpler model or a more easily manipulated model in order to determine experimental results.


Examples of simulation

• flying a plane• driving a car• designing an office block• designing a bridge• weather prediction • …


3D modelling and Virtual Reality

• 3D modelling• A 3-dimensional representation on a

computer screen

• Virtual reality• A 3-dimensional representation in

which the user is immersed. Usually involves the use of headsets, gloves, …


CAD/CAM

The use of CAD and CAM is very important in industry

• CAD - Computer Aided Design• CAM - Computer Aided

Manufacture


Technical (safety) implications

• Must make sure moving parts of machines are covered

• Sensors fitted to robots to avoid collisions

• Robots/vehicles programmed to move about slowly so workers are not injured

• Robots programmed to work only when in position


Workplace implications

In cases of industrial automation we must consider:

• design of workplace• modern factory• need for systems analysis


Social implications

• Loss of those jobs where computers can do tasks faster and cheaper

• Re-training of staff• People’s skills will change• More leisure time for society• More people will work from home

with increased use of networks


Economic implications• High initial cost

• System analysis• design of workplace• hardware• software• Training

• Replacement costs• Long term savings

• no wages or facilities to be supplied• increased productivity


Automated Systems and Industrial Applications

End of presentationStandard Grade

standard grade automated systems and industrial applications automated systems and industrial...

Documents

interface automated

digital slide

output slide

motor slide

computer system

expert system

robot arm

mobile robot