Geography- The impact of geography on hunter- gatherer societies.

Essential Knowledge:1. Human ancestors walked

upright in ___________________ about 3-4 million years ago.

2. ___________________ emerged in Africa between 100,000-400,000 years ago.

3. Homo sapiens ____________ from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas.

4. Early humans adapted to their environment by devising new clothing and shaping simple tools for ____________________.

Hunter-Gatherers- Characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies.

Essential Knowledge:1. ______________ peoples followed

herds of animals and/ or migrated in search of water, food, and shelter.

2. Hunter-gatherers lived in ______ searching for seeds, nuts, and meat.

3. Early humans developed oral ______________.

Old Stone Age and New Stone Age- tool making and the use of fire- technological and social advancement that gave rise to stable communities.

Essential Knowledge:1. Early humans invented _______

and mastered the use of______ to control aspects of their environment.

Old Stone Age- Oral language- Clothing- _________- Use of fire- Simple weapons

New Stone Age- ______________ animals- Weaving- Settled farming/ seed culture- Advanced Tools- Pottery

Archeology- How archeological discoveries

are changing our knowledge of early people.

Essential Knowledge:1. ______________ study past

cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, ___________, and _____________.

2. Archeologists apply scientists tests such as _____________ to analyze fossils and artifacts.

I wish my brother George

was here.

1. Early Man

Word Bank:

languagecave artcarbon datingdomesticatedEastern Africahunting and gatheringmigratedartifactsnomadicarcheologistsfossilsHomo sapiensEastern AfricaClanstools

Historical Skills:-Location in time and place

Essential Knowledge:1. Location of ancient civilizations

between 5000-1500 BCa. _______ was located in

Africa on a narrow strip of land along the Nile River.

b. _______________ was located between the ________ and the ______________ Rivers.

c. India was located in South Asia along the _________ and Ganges Rivers.

d. China was located on the _______________ River in Northern China.

2. Importance of Location:a. Each civilization was

surrounded by physical features that provided natural __________ against migratory peoples.

b. _____ were rich for farming.

c. Water was available for __________.

3. ____________________, located along the Mediterranean Coast connecting Mesopotamia and

Nile regions, was settled between 2000-1000 BC

a. ___________ settled in Palestine.

b. ______________ settled the coast.

c. ___________ dominated the Plateau of Iran around 500 BC.

Features of River Valley Civilizations- The development of social,

political, and economic progress.- The development of religious

traditions- The development of language and

writing

1. _____________ : settled farming resulted form domesticating animals and plants, irrigation, and seed cultivation.

2. Economy : ________ food promoted trade along rivers and on seas (Phoenicians), storage of food, accounting systems, and city development. Government controlled economic life.

3. Government : Centralized government is often related to religion. Written codes and laws provided justice (Ten Commandments---_______________________).

4. Religion : Ancient peoples practiced _____________ except for the Hebrews, who practiced monotheism.

5. Language: Written language (_____________, _____________)

2. River Valley

developed from pictures. Later, the Phoenicians developed the ________________.

6. ________________: Ancient river civilizations worked copper metals, developed chariots for warfare, and used plows.

7. Mathematics: Ancient civilizations developed mathematics for ____________.

Geography- The influence of geography on Greek

economic, social, and political development.

Essential Knowledge:- Ancient Greece was located on a

______________ between the Aegean and ____________________Seas, within easy sailing distance of the Fertile Crescent and Egypt. This location promoted contacts for trade and ideas (_________________)

- Mountainous terrain resulted inn isolated development of ______________

rather than a central government, poor farmland that pushed people to colonize land outside Greece, and dependence on trade.

- Good ___________ supported merchants and traders whose contacts brought cultural changes and technology.

- Mild _________ promoted public life outdoors, where people knew each other and discussed issues and news, resulting in an increase in civic life.

Greek Mythology and Religion

Essential Knowledge:

______________: a rich collection of stories/myths about Greek gods/goddesses explaining the mysteries of nature and human life.

_______________: Representations of essential human qualities that have continued as symbols and images in modern Western literature and art.

Religion: ____________---many Gods including Zeus, Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite; gods considered a part of public life.

Greek Commerce- The impact of Greek commerce and

colonies on the Mediterranean region.

Essential Knowledge:- Greek ____________ were established to

ease overcrowding in mainland Greece.

Word Bank:Code of Hammurabi - Irrigation - Euphrates - Indus – Egypt – alphabet - Tigris – defense - Agriculture - Hebrews - Huang Ho – hieroglyphics - Mesopotamia – Persians - soils – Fertile Crescent – Phoenicians – Surplus – polytheism – cuneiform – Technology - building

3. Ancient

Word Bank:Climate – citizens - Peninsula – citizenship -

colonies - city states – mythology - Mediterranean - cultural diffusion – harbors – polytheism - Greek Gods – olive – barter –

money –polis –slaves - Athens

- Wine and _______ products were exchanged for grain to support home cities.

- Commercial expansion brought farmers from villages to the cities as skilled craftsman.

- Greek merchants traded throughout the Mediterranean area replacing ___________ with a _________ economy.

- Trade advanced Greek culture and influence in the Mediterranean region.

Citizenship and the Democracy- The social significance of citizenship,

and the development of democracy in the city-state of Athens.

Essential Knowledge:

The _______ (city-state), center of Greek identity, commanded intense loyalty---a citizen was first a member of the polis. There were three groups of inhabitants:

1. ___________ : adult males who typically operated businesses in the agora (market place)

2. Free People : no political rights---women who cared for the household.

3. Non-citizens : __________ had no rights.

A. ____________ was based on the belief that human beings are rational individuals.

B. Civic decisions were made in open debate. Men were expected to participate in public life.

C. __________ was the primary city-state in Greece after 750 BC, and its government passed through 4 distinct stages:

1. ___________ : rule by one person inheriting power by family succession.

2. Aristocracy : Rule by a small group of _________.

3. __________ : Rule by one person, the tyrant, who seized power.

4. ___________ : rule by an assembly in which citizens could vote.

*The struggle for power was often influenced by the plight of farmers.

- Two aristocrats worked for reforms that led to democracy:

1. ________ : created written laws with severe punishments.

2. ________ : improved the legal system and expanded participation in the Assembly.

Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian Wars

Essential Knowledge

- Persian wars united the Greeks against an external enemy. Victories at __________ and Salamis left Greeks in control of the _________ area.

-Causes of the Peloponnesian War1. Athenian dominance of Greek

city-states in the ________________.

2. Sparta’s competition with ____________ for control.

-Effects of the Peloponnesian War1. ________________ Period ended 2. Greece left vulnerable to

invasion3. Cultural development

arrested/stopped

Golden Age of Pericles

Essential Knowledge

- _____________developed a democracy where all adult male citizens had an equal voice in government.

- Pericles rebuilt Athens after its destruction in the Persian Wars---the _______________ is an example of this reconstruction.

- Athens, under Pericles, created the Delian League, an alliance of Greek city states, as a defense against external enemies.

Greek Contributions

-The contributions of Greek Philosophers (including Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle), playwrights, poets, historians, sculptors, architects, scientists, and mathematicians.

Essential Knowledge

-Contributions of the Ancient Greeks:1. Philosophy: ___________, Plato,

_____________2. Drama: Aeschylus, Euripides3. Poetry: ____________4. History: Herodotus5. Architecture: Parthenon and

Columnsa. _________b. __________c. ___________

6. Science: Archimedes, _________________ (medicine)

7. Mathematics: Euclid (Geometry), ________________

Alexander the Great- The conquest of Greece by

______________, and the spread of Hellenistic culture by Alexander the Great.

Essential Knowledge

- Phillip II of Macedonia conquered most of Greece, and his son, _____________ ____________, conquered the Persian Empire, extending his influence from Macedonia/Greece to the Indus River Valley.

- Alexander carried Greek (____________) culture to conquered territories.

1. Conquered people ___________ Greek culture with their own.

2. __________ was spoken by leaders throughout Mesopotamia and Egypt.

3. The Hellenistic Age lasted until the rise of the _____________.

Word Bank:Aegean Sea – Socrates – Doric - Pericles - Tyranny – Pythagoras - democracy – Draco - Monarchy – Athens - Solon – Hippocrates -

Hellenistic - nobles – Marathon – Delian League – Ionian - Parthenon -

Aristotle – Homer - Corinthian

Geography

- The influence of geography on Roman economic, social, and political development.

Essential Knowledge:

- Location on the Italian _____________created a natural crossroads for trade, cultural exchange, and conquest in the _____________________basin.

- The ______ provided Italy protection from invading forces, as did the peninsula.

Mythology and Religion

- Roman mythology and religion

Essential Knowledge:

- Roman mythology was based on a ____________religion that was integral to Ancient Rome’s culture, politics, and art.

Word Bank:

Roman EmpireAlexander the GreatMacedoniaGreekcombinedHellenistic

4. Ancient Rome

- Many realized images, literary and political symbols, and political vocabulary in modern Western culture are derived from Ancient Roman mythology.

- Roman gods and goddesses were based on _____________________.

Roman gods and goddesses Jupiter Juno Neptune Apollo Mars Venus

Social and Political Structure

- The social structure, significance of citizenship, and the development of democratic features on the government of the Roman Republic.

Essential Knowledge:Social classes in the Roman Republic

_________: nobility (few in number) _________: majority of population

consisting of landowners, townspeople, merchants, and small farmers.

_______: people forced into servant classes by conquest Citizenship was held by all patricians and plebeians and extended to a few aliens as a privilege. All citizens could be vote but had the responsibility to pay taxes and serve in military.

Two ________ were elected by the Assembly to serve Rome for one year. They could veto decisions made by the Assembly.

Representation: Patricians served in the Senate and Assembly. Plebeians

served as__________, later gaining right to make the laws of Rome. The laws of Rome were codified as the Twelve Tables.

Roman Domination of Mediterranean Basin

- Roman military domination of the Mediterranean basin and Western Europe and the spread of Roman culture in these areas.

Essential Knowledge:- Three _____________ were fought

between Rome and Carthage with ____________ invading Rome at one point. The wars led to development of a powerful Roman navy and the destruction of___________.

- With the defeat of Carthage, Rome was unchallenged in the Western Mediterranean Sea leading to the conquest of Western Europe.

- Conquest of lands around the Eastern Mediterranean spread __________culture, expanded trade, changed the character of the Roman army, and created great wealth.

Standard 8.4e,f

- The roles of Julius and Augustus Caesar and the impact of military conquests on they army, economy, and social structure of Rome.

- The collapse of the Republic and the rise of imperial monarchs.

Essential Knowledge______ ______ led Rome in the

conquest of Gual and the British Isles. Civil war between Caesar and the ______ made Julius Caesar dictator from life.

Causes for the decline of the Roman Republic

Word Bank: consuls - peninsula – Punic Wars - Greco-Roman - Mediterranean - Slaves – Alps – Plebian -

polytheistic - Greek mythology – Patrician – tribunes – Carthage -

- Spread of slavery in the agricultural system

- Migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment

- Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar

- Devaluation of Roman currency; _________

Augustus Caesar became the first _________ of Rome after he defeated _____ _______.

Reasons for the rise of Imperial Rome- Civil war, giving rise to

Augustus Caesar- Failure to provide for the

succession of emperors.

Both Caesars enlarged the Roman Empire and used ___ ____ as the basis for power.

Economic life in Rome remained prosperous even though the emphasis of trade shifted to Mediterranean basin. Inflation resulting from military conquests and defense continued to plague the economy.

Social life was disturbed by civil wars.

Standard 8.4g- The economic, social, and

political impact of the Paz Romana.

Essential Knowledge

Economic impact of the Roman Empire- Established uniform system of

money, enhancing trade- Guaranteed safe travel and

trade on ______ ______- Promoted prosperity and

stabilitySocial Impact

- Returned stability to social classes.

- Increased emphasis on the family

Political Impact- Created a civil service- Developed a uniform rule of ___The uniform application of law provided a foundation for law in nations that developed in _______ _______

Standard 8.4h- the origin, traditions, customs,

beliefs, and spread of Christianity.

Essential KnowledgeChristian beliefs

- _____ God- Jesus as Son of God- Life after death- Church recognition of all who

believe- All people equal before God

Christianity established by- Writings and teachings of

apostles and missionaries- Religious assemblies (Council

of _______)Conflicts with Empire

- Monotheism was in conflict with __________.

- Persistence of early Christians led to persecution (Nero).

- ____________ converted to Christianity and ended persecution.

- Christianity became the official religion of the ______ _______.

Standard 8.4i- the origin, traditions, customs,

beliefs, and spread of Judaism.

Essential Knowledge Judaism

- _____ God- God’s __________with the

Hebrews as the Chosen People

Word Bank: polytheism - one – Nicea – Western Europe – Roman roads - law – Mark Antony – the army -

inflation - emperor – Julius Caesar – Senate

- ____ _____________regarded as the moral and religious laws of conduct.

Important people of Judaism- __________- ______

Contributions of Judaism to modern Western Civilization

- Monotheism- Ten Commandments- ____ __________- All people equal before the law

Standard 8.4j- the development and

significance of the Catholic Church in the late Roman Empire.

Essential KnowledgeOrganization of the Roman Catholic Church

- _______________ (Pope) was leader of the church.

- Bishops directed the church in religious districts.

- Priests served the church in the parish.

As civil authority declined the Roman Empire, the church sustained public life through its moral authority. Gradually, people gave their first loyalty to the church rather than to Rome.

Standard 8.4k- Contributions in art and

architecture, technology and science, literature and history, language, religious institutions, and law.

Essential KnowledgeRome adopted and extended Greek

achievements in religion, philosophy, architecture, arts and science.

Contributions of Rome- Art/Architecture: Pantheon, Coliseum, Forum

- Technology: roads, aqueducts- Language: Latin, Romance

languages- Literature: _______________ - Religion: Roman mythology- Law: ______________ , “innocent

until proven guilty.”

Roman architecture has been reproduced in Western building. Roman ___________has provided imagery in Western art and literature.

Standard 8.4l- the reasons for the decline and

fall of the Roman Empire.

Essential KnowledgeCauses for the decline of the Roman Empire

- Economy: the cost of defense and devaluation of Roman coin.

- Military: changes in army membership and discipline

- ____________: people’s loss of faith in Rome and the family

- Political problems: imperial succession and civil conflict

- Invasion: ________________

Divided empire__________divided the Empire into the eastern and western regions.

Constantine sought to reform the Empire, building a great capital at Byzantium and renaming it __________________

Rome ceased to have a Roman emperor in ___________.

Word Bank: covenant - Abraham – Constantine - one -

Moral decay - Ten Commandments – Virgil’s Aeneid – Twelve Tables - mythology – Old Testament – Moses – Roman Empire–

Bishop of Rome - barbarian attacks – Diocletian – Constantinople – 476 A.D.

Essential Knowledge

Location: nomadic life of Bedouin peoples in Saudi Arabia (______________)

Religious Beliefs: 1. _____________ faith2. Acceptance of earlier _________ and

revelations: Abraham, Moses, Jesus

3. ___________ as God’s word to Muhammad

4. _________________, the last great prophet

5. All people are equal before God.

Religious Practices:

5 Pillars of Islamic Faith1. Creed-there is one true _______2. ______ to the poor3. Daily Prayers4. Fasts during ____________

5. Pilgrimage to ___________

- among Muslim religious practices was religious ___________ for Christians and Jews.

- Great capitals were built in Mesopotamia, in____________, and in___________.

- The Muslim Empire preserved and extended ancient __________learning making contributions in mathematics, science, banking, and literature.

Divisions Within Islam- ________and Sunni had differences

over the right of succession to Muhammad.

Turning Points1. Sunni/ Shi’ite division2. Battle of ________3. Division of Muslim Empire into

_____________(10th Century)4. Muslim loss of Spain5. __________6. Increased trade throughout the

__________________

5. Islam compared to Judaism and Christianity

Jewish Beliefs Christian Beliefs Islamic Beliefs1 God 1 God 1 God

Jesus is a person Jesus is Son of God Jesus is a prophetTorah Old and New

TestamentsQur’an supersedes earlier revelations

Salvation through just and moral life

Salvation by following the teachings of Jesus

Salvation by following Five Pillars and living a

just lifeMoral code of behavior Moral code of behavior Moral code of behavior

THE BYZANTINES

-The establishment of ________________as the capital of the Roman Empire.

Essential Knowledge

-Leadership in the Roman Empire under Diocletian and Constantine contributed to the strength of Constantinople while it weakened Rome.

Advantages of the imperial capital at Constantinople over Rome

- Proximity to trade with the Near and Far East (__________)

- Stronger military in the East

- Constantinople easier to defend from external enemies.

- Eastern empire more prosperous

Expansion and Empire

- the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and economy.

Essential Knowledge

Important Byzantine leaders- _____________: directed

the codification of Roman law that serves most

Word Bank: Greek - Qur’an - Mediterranean - Monotheistic - Baghdad - caliphates - Alms - Mecca - Arabian Peninsula – Shi’ite - prophets – Muhammad – God – Ramadan –

6. The Byzantines

European countries today (the Code of Justinian); tried to expand the Empire through warfare.

Advantages of Constantinople as capital of Byzantium

- Proximity to trade with the Near and Far East (Silk Road)

- Strong military- Constantinople easy to

defend from external enemies

- Constantinople heavily fortified

- codification of Roman law and preservation of Greek and Roman traditions.

Essential Knowledge

- The Code of Justinian provided justice for diverse peoples governed by the Empire.

- Justinian’s code became the basis for European law codes.

- __________and _______________were adopted from Greek and Roman philosophies.

- Greek language divided Byzantium from the Latin-speaking peoples of the West.

o Constantinople became the center of Christian orthodoxy in competition with the church of Rome.

Roman Catholic Church

- Conflicts that led to a split between the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches.

Essential Knowledge

The growth of differences- __________________________

refused to accept the primacy of the Pope in Rome.

- ________were opposed in Byzantium while supported in Rome.

- Celibacy of priests was required in Rome but not in Byzantium.

- Roman Catholic services were conducted in________; _______was used in Constantinople

Art and Architecture

- Byzantine art and architecture

Essential Knowledge

- Icons represented the holiness of the subject.

- ________, adopted from the Muslim world, were used to decorate public and religious structures.

- Domed structures were built on rectangular walls; ____________________in Istanbul is an example.

Influence on Russia

- Byzantine influence on Russia and Eastern Europe.

Essential Knowledge

Word Bank: Justinian – Patriarch of Constantinople – Silk Road – Stoicism – Icons – Latin - Epicureanism - Greek – Constantinople

- the Slavic people were converted to Christianity by ____________

- Saint Cyril adapted the Greek alphabet (_______________) to create a written ________ language that is still in use in Russia, Bulgaria, and parts of eastern Europe.

- Conversion of the Slavs and Russians brought these people into contact with Byzantine culture, visible in Russian architecture.

Word Bank: Hagia (Saint) Sophia – Cyrillic alphabet – Slavic – Saint Cyril - Mosaics

STANDARD 8.8a

-India, with emphasis on the _______system; the traditions, customs, beliefs, and significance of Hinduism; and the conquest by the Moslem Turks.

Essential Knowledge:

- __________developed the caste system to ensure their dominance of Indian society. The caste system was embedded in Hindu religious law.

-The caste system was hereditary, creating a stable social, political, and economic structure.

- ____________________criticized the Hindu caste system and founded __________. His teachings included the ________________and the___________. ________dispatched missionaries, spreading the teachings of Buddha throughout Asia.

-The __________established the GOLDEN AGE of Classical Indian culture contributing mathematical knowledge (the numeral system used in the West), new textiles, and literature that influenced Southeast Asia.

-The ____________conquered India and brought Islam to the Indian subcontinent.

Hinduism:

Caste system in religious law

Polytheistic (Henotheistic): one god with many forms.

_____________-rebirth

_______: future is based on present behavior.

-Physical barriers to invasion included the Himalayas, Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, and deserts of Southwest Asia.

- _____________was the invasion route through mountains in the West.

-Arabian Sea provided sea routes for trade with Rome and the Muslim world.

STANDARD 8.8b

-China, with emphasis on the T’ang dynasty; the traditions, customs, beliefs, and significance of Buddhism; the impact of Confucianism and Taoism and the construction of the Great Wall.

Essential Knowledge:

Confucius Humans are good, not bad Respect for elders Code of politeness still used

in Chinese society today Emphasis on education _________________

Laozi/Taoism Humility Simple life and inner peace Yin/Yang representing

opposites, e.g., good and evil

Harmony with nature

-Chinese rulers were considered divine, but they served under a _________________ only as long as their rule was just.

7. ANCIENT INDIA,CHINA, JAPAN, AFRICA & the

Word Bank: Siddhartha Gautama – Aryans – Buddhism – 4 Noble Truths - caste - 8-Fold Path – mandate from heaven - Asoka – Guptas - Moslem Turks – Karma - Reincarnation – Khyber Pass – The Great Wall - Ancestor worship – Tang - Silk Road

-Under the ________dynasty, China developed printing and encouraged literature influencing cultural development in Korea and Japan.-The Tang period expanded the system of education and created civil service examinations for government officials.

-China was connected to the Western World (Rome) by the___________.

-Migratory invaders raided Chinese settlements from the North. of China was built as a line of defense against invasions.

STANDARD 8.8C

-Japan, with emphasis on the development and significance of ________and _________ religious traditions, and influence of the Chinese culture.

Essential Knowledge:

-Shintoism is an ethnic religion unique to Japan. Shinto venerates ________in nature and ancestors. Shinto became the state religion, venerating the emperor.

-Buddhism and Confucianism were introduced to Japan from China along with Chinese culture: art, architecture, and writing. Zen Buddhism and Shinto continue to coexist in Japan.

- _____________led to Japanese respect for a just, central government.

-The insular character (isolated) of Japanese geography provided defense from invaders.

STANDARD 8.8d

-The kingdoms of ______in eastern Africa and Ghana in western Africa

Essential Knowledge:

-African civilization developed at Kush in East Africa and Ghana in West Africa.

-Both economies focused on trade throughout Africa and the Middle East.

-Kush traded primarily with Egypt. Ghana’s economy was based on the exchange of _____for ______

STANDARD 8.8d

-The Mayan and Aztec civilizations

Essential Knowledge:

Mayan Civilization

Located in Mexico and Central America

Group of city-states ruled by a king

Economy was based on agriculture and trade

Polytheistic religion-pyramids used for religious purposes.

Aztec Civilization

Located in Mexico Ruled by an Emperor Economy was based on

agriculture

Word Bank: spirits – Buddhist – Writing System – Polytheistic - Shinto – gold - Kush– salt – Confucianism - Calendar

__________ religion—based on warfare

Contributions of Civilizations

_________ ____________ Pyramids

Standard 8.7a-The structure of feudal society and its economic, social, and political effects.

Essential Knowledge:1. Barbarian invasions

shattered the Roman protection over the Empire.

2. _____________defined land ownership and political responsibilities. Protection (military) was defined in lord/vassal relationships.

3. In the latter years of the Roman Empire, the government bound serfs to the landowners---the origin of the manorial system. The ___________ provided a stable, self-sustaining economy in the Middle Ages.

4. Society in the Middle Ages was stabilized with class and roles defined by lord/vassal agreements. Class structure consisted of inherited nobility (king, vassal, lesser lord), clergy, and peasants.

5. Nobility provided protection and justice—serfs provided labor to feed the nobility and themselves.

6. The church held manor lands with church officials serving as vassals.

Standard 8.7b-The Age of Charlemagne and the revival of the idea of the Roman Empire.

Essential Knowledge:1. ____________emphasized

learning and Christian doctrine; he is responsible for reviving Roman culture

2. Papal anointment of Charlemagne as _______________ established the power of the Church in political life.

3. As the power of the Church grew, Europeans held their first loyalty to the Church—forming Christendom.

Standard 8.7c-The invasions and settlings of the Magyars and the Vikings, including Angles and Saxons in Britain.

Essential Knowledge:1. The ____________divided

Charlemagne’s empire into three parts—one kingdom was given to each of his sons.

2. Protection and land ownership were dependent upon the authority of local nobles. Manors with castles provided protection from invaders.

3. Vikings and Magyars settled in Europe. The Angles and Saxons became established in England.

Standard 8.7d-The spread and influence of Christianity throughout Europe.

Essential Knowledge:1. The foundation of

early medieval society consisted of the classical heritage of Rome, Christian beliefs, and the customs of

8. MIDDLE AGES

Word Bank: Charlemagne – Holy Roman Empire – treaty of Verdun - manorial system – Germanic tribes - St. Benedict – Feudal Relationships – 800 A.D.

____________. There was renaissance of Roman culture under Charlemagne. Loyalty to the church superseded loyalty to the government.

2. Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman culture in libraries, reproducing secular manuscripts— _____________.

3. Missionaries carried the Latin alphabet and the Christian faith to German tribes.

4. The pope anointed Charlemagne Holy Roman Empire in __________.

5. Parish priests administered the sacraments essential for salvation. Hope was with the Church.