•

vii

Contents

Acknowl edgments xi

A Note on Dating and Spelling xv

A Note on Archives xvii

Maps xix

Introduction: Fortune’s Knave 1

Growing Up Georgian

1 The Georgian 11

2 The Pupil 31

3 Koba 49

Breaking Left

4 Apprentice of the Revolution 75

5 Burning Bridges 95

6 The Outlaw 116

7 Trial by Fire 146

The Making of a Bolshevik

8 On the Margins 177

9 Becoming Bolshevik 193

10 Back in the Game 212

viii • C o n t e n t s

Revolutionary Under ground

11 Revolutionary Baptism 229

12 The Committeeman 250

13 The Terrorist 271

14 Meeting the Mountain Ea gle 291

15 Gendarme of the Revolution 305

16 The Professional 333

Staying the Course

17 The Tiflis “Ex” 361

18 Journeyman for the Revolution 374

19 The Rebel Disarmed 404

20 Labor and Liquidators 428

From Outside In

21 The Roving Agent 455

22 The Man of Steel 481

23 The Expert 507

24 The Exile 537

25 Far from the Front 565

The Steep Path to Power

26 The Revolutionary 589

27 Reaping the Whirlwind 617

28 The Dark Before 642

29 On the Eve 662

C o n t e n t s • ix

Conclusion: The Road Traveled 688

Historians Look at Stalin: A Historiographical Discussion 697

Notes 707

Index 831

1

Introduction

f or t u n e ’s k n av e

No one can be regarded as a born criminal. One cannot look at Stalin in the same light in 1918, in 1924, or in 1937. It is the same person, and yet it is not. In the ten years after he succeeded Lenin, he changed markedly. Yet that is the difficulty of creating his po liti cal portrait: while apparently struggling for the ideals of socialism— however twistedly understood—he committed crime after crime.

— dmitr ii volkogonov, sta li n: t r iu m ph a n d t r agedy (1991)

Do not expect more from the truth than it actually contains.

— russi a n prov er b

In the spring of 1924, Stalin’s nemesis and rival, Lev Trotsky, told the “Old Bolshevik” Vladimir Smirnov, “Stalin will become the dictator of the USSR.” “Stalin?” Smirnov reacted. “But he is a mediocrity, a color-less non- entity.” “Mediocrity, yes,” Trotsky mused, “non- entity, no. The dialectics of history have already hooked him and will raise him up. He is needed by all of them—by the tired radicals, by the bureaucrats, by the Nepmen, the kulaks, the upstarts, the sneaks, by all the worms that are crawling out of the upturned soil of the manured revolution.”1

Stalin continues to fascinate— the central mystery within the riddle inside the enigma that was the Soviet Union. Ordinary in many ways, hardly a mediocrity, he rose to extraordinary heights. Toward the end of his life he was arguably the most power ful individual in the world. Yet at vari ous earlier times he was seen as a “gray blur,” “the man who missed the revolution,” a “mediocrity” hooked by history. He was

2 • I n t r o d u c t i o n

Lenin’s “marvelous Georgian,” in war time the “Generalissimo,” and still later “history’s villain.”

Yet the telling of Stalin’s life story has always been more than biogra-phy. There is won der at the achievement— the son of a Georgian cob-bler ascending the heights of world power, the architect of an industrial revolution and the destruction of millions of the people he ruled, the leader of the state that stopped the bloody expansion of fascism. Stalin’s story is the story of the making of the Soviet Union and a par tic u lar vision of what he called socialism. His biographers have often placed historical imagination at the ser vice of a specific politics of eroding (or lauding) the Stalinist inheritance. Such a life story cannot be separated from an evaluation of that life’s work. In twenty- first century Rus sia vi-sions of Stalin are deployed to justify yet another slide into authoritari-anism, while in the West the entirety of the Soviet experience is often reduced to Stalin and Stalinism, the Great Purges, and the gulag. The drama of his life, the achievements and tragedies, are so morally and emotionally charged that they challenge the usual practices of historical objectivity and scholarly neutrality. As his heirs and victims have tried to make sense of Stalin, tales or rumors have been used to illuminate the dark corners of the Soviet past. Imaginative portraits, like those by great novelists like Alexander Solzhenitsyn or Vasilii Grossman, doubtless help us to sense the interior of the dictator’s mind but contain fictions or at best half- fictions.2 When it comes to Stalin, gossip is reported as fact, legend provides meaning, and scholarship gives way to sensational-ist popu lar lit er a ture with tangential reference to the reliable sources.

Most elusive and obscure have been Stalin’s early years— before he was Stalin. Here the lasting fascination with the demon dictator is matched by an irresistible temptation to make his childhood and youth “useful” by investing them with the first signs of the paranoid revolutionary- from- above of the 1930s, the arch criminal who presided over the death of millions. Those who “know” the autocratic Stalin of totalitarian Rus sia have read back the characteristics of the General Sec-retary into the young Stalin, emphasizing what fits— vio lence, paranoia, arrogance, and the need to dominate— and rejecting what does not— romanticism, literary sensibility, love for his homeland, and

f o r t u n e ’s k n av e • 3

revolutionary idealism. As impor tant as Stalin’s early life was to the for-mation of his personality, the difficulties of reconstructing it from the few extant memoirs of his youth and scanty available documentation have led sometimes to flimsily built psychoanalytic speculation and at other times to fanciful arguments that Stalin must have been an agent for the tsar’s Okhrana (po liti cal police).3

From the earliest attempts at understanding Stalin, biographers have drawn conclusions about the mature Stalin from the psychological, not to mention physical, blows suffered by the young Ioseb Jughashvili. His boyhood friend, Ioseb Iremashvili, later a po liti cal opponent, composed the first memoir of Stalin’s childhood and made the primary psychologi-cal deduction later followed by other biographers: “Undeserved, terri-ble beatings made the boy as hard and heartless as his father himself. Since all men who had authority over others either through power or age reminded him of his father, there soon arose a feeling of revenge against all men who stood above him. From his youth the realization of his thoughts of revenge became the goal toward which every thing was aimed.” Stalin evidently evaluated his parents’ disciplining differently from Iremashvili. When popu lar German biographer Emil Ludwig, known for his interviews with the po liti cal celebrities of the interwar years, met with Stalin in the Kremlin, he indelicately broached the issue of parental abuse: “What pushed you into opposition? Perhaps the bad treatment by your parents?” Stalin did not take the bait, however. “No,” he answered. “My parents were uneducated people, but they treated me not badly at all.” 4

Reducing the complexity of the biographical subject to a single ex-planatory key, in this case parental abuse, impoverishes explanation, and most historians have been suspicious of a method that leaves so much out— culture and context, politics and ideas— and renders stated mo-tivations suspect, reducing them to psychological functions (rational-ization, compensation, sublimation). Stalin is without doubt one of the most tempting and, at the same time, least hospitable subjects for a bio-grapher. Not particularly introspective, he left few intimate letters, no secret diary, and many dubious witnesses to his inner life. Moreover, Bolshevik po liti cal culture was hostile to open personal expression and

4 • I n t r o d u c t i o n

imposed on Stalin and other adherents an enforced modesty. Denial of the importance of self was part of the Social Demo cratic tradition, and even as a grotesque cult of Stalin’s personality grew to gargantuan pro-portions Stalin would continue, disingenuously, to claim that he dis-liked all the fuss. At diff er ent times in his life Stalin created distinct narratives about who he was. In the 1930s that narrative drew parallels with Peter the Great and then with Ivan the Terrible. His earlier narra-tives were romances about Georgia, the revolutionary hero, the practi-cal man of the under ground, the hardened, steeled Bolshevik, who in time became the Lenin loyalist, the man of the moderate middle, and soon afterward the radical transformer of Rus sia’s real ity.

Yet for all his dissembling and deception, his playacting and postur-ing, Stalin revealed himself through what he did and said in public and— now that archives are open and more reliable testimonies have come forth—in private as well. For the first time biographers are able to place the man in his world, show his limits as well as talents, and work toward a portrait that might explain the seemingly inexplicable. Stalin was an exceptional individual because of what he became and what he did, the positions he occupied in a tumultuous time, but like many people in higher politics he was at the same time quite ordinary, a small man placed in extraordinary circumstances.

In this study Stalin’s psychological evolution is treated as the interplay between the boy from Georgia’s developing character and the social and cultural environments through which Soso Jughashvili— later Koba, still later Stalin— moved. Each of these environments— the ethno cultural setting of Georgia, the revolutionary intelligent sia, the Marxist move-ment, the under ground, prison and exile, on to the upper circles of Rus-sian Social Democracy, the fire of civil war, the inner workings of the Soviet po liti cal system, and the po liti cal cultures of socialism— imprinted Stalin, changing him along the way. As life’s experiences molded him, what he was becoming modified what he had been. He was not born a criminal and did not become a Caucasian bandit. Rather than a gangster out to enrich himself, he was both the product of and participant in an evolving culture of the under ground revolutionary. Idealism and ideol-ogy, as well as resentment and ambition, impelled him to endure the risks

f o r t u n e ’s k n av e • 5

and recklessness of a po liti cal outlaw. He hardened himself, accepted the necessity of deception, ruthlessness, and vio lence— all these means justi-fied by the end of social and po liti cal liberation. This is the story of how a po liti cal revolutionary was made, as well as the emergence of the revo-lutionary movement, its possibilities, ambitions, and trials.

Stalin lived almost exactly as long before the revolution as after, and the first third of his life was spent in Georgia. As a Georgian who rose to the top of the Rus sian Communist movement and as the architect of the Soviet multinational state, Stalin’s story is part of a larger story of empires and nations, new forms of imperial construction and national ambitions. Born, raised, and educated in Georgia, this was the first cul-tural environment he experienced. Yet it is hard to claim that Jughashvili became Stalin because of something essentially Georgian, as there is no archetypical Georgian.5 His boyhood country was a lively arena in which people defined and defended what they considered to be their culture and its values, often bitterly disagreeing with other members of the same ethnicity. Nationalists like to think of ethnic culture as harmo-nious and consistent, with those inside that culture sharing character-istics that differ radically from those outside. But Georgia was part of a larger Caucasian cultural sphere and embedded in the imperial Rus sian polity with its own cultural and social influences. Among Georgians values and be hav iors were si mul ta neously shared and contested. Older traditions contended with novel divisions of power and shifts in status and gender hierarchies. Poets and politicians made claims about what was authentically “Georgian.” In the half century before Stalin’s birth there were those ready to “police” the bound aries of Georgian culture, tell others what was au then tic and proper, and discipline deviants. Even as aspects of Stalin’s ethnic culture were breaking down and being re-formulated, while intellectuals turned their attention to what appeared about to be lost, young Soso Jughashvili, influenced by his doting mother, identified intensely with Georgia, its practices and preferences, the beautiful intricacies and cadences of its language, its music, and its hypermasculine gender regime.

A more mature Koba eventually broke through what he found to be the confining limits of nationality to identify with an explic itly

6 • I n t r o d u c t i o n

anti- nationalist po liti cal party and its socialist future. In rapid succes-sion Soso left the largely Georgian town of his birth and entered other cultural milieus: the seminary, the intelligent sia, the movement, and the party. By his twenty- first birthday he had become a professional revo-lutionary defined by a new culture, the po liti cal culture of Rus sian So-cial Democracy, with its specific forms of moral and personal be hav ior, its idealized self- representations of what constituted an intelligent (a radical po liti cal intellectual), and its elaborate codes of loyalty and sacrifice.

Elaborating the cultural worlds through which the young Stalin passed makes pos si ble a fuller understanding of the sources of Stalin’s par tic u lar psy chol ogy and the determinants of his personal and po liti cal trajectory. Understanding the man comes from setting him in his time and place, even though some parts of his inner workings undoubtedly remain elusive, buried in regions to which historians are not admitted. Poverty was the condition of the world into which he came. The constant and demanding attention and fierce adulation that his single pre sent parent, his mother, focused on Soso fed his social resentment at his place in the scheme of things. Aware of being marginalized and at the same time talented, Soso found that hard work and discipline moved him to the front of the class. His inheritance from both parents was ambition.

The usual biographical narrative, with its organic continuity between boy, young adult, and mature man, is challenged by the reconstruction of the available fragments of Stalin’s life that suggest a much more dis-jointed evolution in which Soso/Koba/Stalin shed one identity and took on another. The obedient child and priest- in- training became a rebel; the Georgian patriot became an assimilated Rus sian, though only in part and primarily in his public posture; the militant Bolshevik at times took on the coloring of a moderate. As he moved physically and psychologically away from Georgia, Stalin left behind a culture in which one’s sense of personhood derived from family, friends, and nation and entered a world in which one defined one’s own nature in line with a par tic u lar understanding of historical direction and the unforgiving im-peratives of politics. By becoming a rebel against the existing order,

f o r t u n e ’s k n av e • 7

revolutionaries like Stalin declared war on constituted authorities. For Marxists in the Rus sian Empire politics were less about compromise and persuasion and more about the violent, unforgiving confrontations found on the battlefield. A logic of war prevailed, one that required (sometimes with regret) the use of vio lence. Responding both to inner needs and external possibilities and challenges, deeply changed by the experiences of the seminary, under ground, prison, revolution, civil war, and po liti cal power, the Stalin that emerged on the world stage was both a product of the successive cultures through which he passed and an actor making choices and defining himself in unpre ce dented and un-predictable historical circumstances.

During the Cold War, battalions of Soviet and Western scholars ex-plored the history of Rus sian Social Democracy, the Marxist movement that split irrevocably into Bolshevism and Menshevism by 1905 and whose radical wing led by Vladimir Lenin came to power in Octo-ber 1917. The stories they told were diametrically opposed to one an-other, each a product of the intellectual and po liti cal imperatives of their respective worlds. With the fall of the Soviet Union interest in the intri-cacies of the po liti cal strug gles of the Marxist factions and their mean-ings and influences on the Soviet future evaporated. Yet at the same moment the less contentious environment of the post- Soviet period, along with the opening of Soviet archives, made pos si ble a reevaluation of the history of Rus sian (and Georgian) Marxism and their respective and distinct labor movements. Since those movements and the Marxist under ground were the major breeding grounds for Stalin and those around him, I have undertaken a fresh reading of the history of those movements out of which the Soviet experiment and Stalin himself emerged.

Understanding Stalin’s psychological makeup, the cognitive under-standings and the emotions that drove him, in these spatial and tempo-ral contexts and influences has involved the careful construction of a mosaic of diverse pieces of information— from the variety of archival documents, official and unofficial memoirs, even photo graphs— until a legible portrait emerged. My aim was to evoke from that mosaic a credible and convincing interpretation of the evolution of the boy, Soso

8 • I n t r o d u c t i o n

Jughashvili, through the young Koba to the mature Stalin—an elucida-tion of his personal, psychological, and po liti cal formation that could shed light on his motivations and choices. In the end exploring where he was and when is fundamental to understanding who Stalin was, why he acted and thought as he did, and how he evolved into the confident, fearless rebel determined to lead.

Throughout this book I pre sent a variety of alternative views of Stalin produced by his friends and enemies, biographers and hagiographers— many of them in the epigraphs opening each chapter—in order to il-lustrate how Stalin has stirred contradictory commentaries on his char-acter, both by contemporaries and historians. In contrast to other biographies I have left narrative gaps where no available material exists and avoided speculating about what he “must have felt” or “might have thought.” This book provides the evidence from which both a compel-ling story can be told as well as a caution that the line between history and fiction is too easily crossed. It also navigates between disciplines, to maintain the historian’s sensitivity to time and place and the anomalies, particularities, and accidents that make up the deep texture of the past, while at the same time borrowing from po liti cal and social science con-cepts, techniques, and insights that can make forests out of empirical trees. In this way we might get closer to unraveling the deeper mysteries of Stalin and understand why a revolution committed to human eman-cipation ended up in dictatorship and terror.

•

831

Abashidze, David. See Abashidze, DmitriiAbashidze, Dmitrii, 88Abkhaz, 162Abkhazia, 701Achinsk, 582, 584Adamishvili, Petre, 40–41Adelkhanovs, 18, 20, 28, 51Adler, Friedrich, 579Adler, Victor, 567Afanasev, Fedor, 103–104Agitation (agitatsiia), 108, 118–120, 122,

131–132, 142, 202, 212, 222, 241, 279, 383, 390, 481, 651

Ajarians, Ajars, 148, 527, 570akhali kvali (New Furrow), 569akhali tskhovreba (New Life), 260, 323, 329,

335Akhaltsikhe, 50, 86Akhmeteli, Vladimir, 191, 310, 323,

328–329Akselrod, Pavel, 127, 183, 186–188, 203–206,

209, 224, 237–238, 258, 319, 339, 354, 356, 436–438, 448, 490, 568, 622

Alajalova, Nina, 201, 241Alekseev, Iakov, 492, 592Alekseeva, Efosina, 492–493Aleksinskii, Grigorii, 302, 314, 356, 397, 422,

475, 568, 636Alesandrovna, Tatiana, 545Alexander II, 80Alexander III, 44Alexander Garden, 126, 157, 371Alikhanov- Avarskii, Maksud, 293–294,

306–307All Land to the Peasants, 305All Power to the Soviets, 614, 624, 631, 646,

649, 654, 656, 668, 672, 674Allied Powers, 592, 603

Inde x

Alliluev, Sergei, 98, 198, 397, 406, 470, 557, 575, 639

Allilueva, Anna, 125, 552, 638Allilueva, Olga, 638–639Allilueva, Svetlana, 24, 27, 29–30, 701, 775n6Alliluevs, 75, 494, 505, 557, 593–594,

638–640, 689Americans, 29, 36, 89, 149, 170, 283, 294, 306,

315, 381, 429, 662, 699Ananiashvili, Kato, 52anarchism, anarchists, 99, 206, 232, 272, 327,

341–343, 394, 560, 607, 628–630, 644, 701Anderson, Benedict, 516, 732–733Anti- Duhring (Friedrich Engels), 342April Crisis, 613, 666Arbeiter und die Nation, Der (The Worker

and the Nation), 517Armand, Inessa, 495, 535, 576Armenia, Armenians, 14–18, 28, 31, 37, 76,

142, 161–162, 193, 220, 232, 244, 256, 263, 272, 325–326, 348, 363, 366, 377, 387, 389, 391, 406, 440, 505, 513, 517, 524, 580, 621, 635; Armenian nationalists, 126–127, 289–290, 321; Armenian refugees, 14, 147; Armenian workers, 134, 148–151; in Baku, 130, 147–149, 309, 380; in Batumi, 151–154; conflicts with Muslims, 250, 274, 276–281, 285–296, 339, 375; as foreigners, 380, 519–520; massacres of, 276, 570; Ottoman Armenia, 14, 196, 570, 603; Soviet Armenia, 463; in Tiflis, 50–52, 61, 64, 70, 78–79, 81, 98, 107, 129, 148, 181–183, 345

Armenian Church, 196, 277, 285, 635Armenian Revolutionary Federation

(Dashnaktsutyun), 151, 193, 272, 276. 345, 517, 725n9, 754–755

Armenophobia, 78Arnould, Arthur, 343, 776n42

832 • I N D E x

Baku Committee, 371, 387–388, 391, 398, 421, 424, 434–435, 469, 757n12, 784n51, 792n49

Baku Commune, 376, 762n30, 797n68Baku Leading Center, 484Bakunin, Mikhail, 83, 318, 327, 607, 817n59Balagansk, 170–171Balakhany, 377, 387, 389–390, 434, 486Balkans, 570Baltic Provinces, 347, 526Baltic region, 84, 194, 230, 273, 347, 408, 457,

526, 666, 680Banurian, 364–365Baramov, Hovsep, 18Baranovskii, 38, 86Bartskhana, 149, 155, 237Basle Congress, 566Batum. See BatumiBatumi, 104, 106, 124, 129, 142, 144–145,

173–174, 206, 212–213, 231–232, 234–239, 241, 243, 259, 275–277, 283, 288, 294, 324, 339, 353, 355, 376, 381, 403, 500; Arme-nians in, 151–154; massacres in,156–157, 160–164, 692; oil in, 147–154, Stalin’s life in, 180, 188, 198–201; workers in, 152, 166–170, 177–181

Batumi Square, 231Bauer, Otto, 507, 518–519, 522, 526, 528, 558Bebel, August, 351, 449, 478, 482, 732n57;

Bebels, 137, 426, 732n57Bednyi, Demian, 540, 634Beilharz, Peter, 698Beirakh, Afroim, 465Belgium, 188, 567, 570Belinskii, Vissarion, 545, 580Bellamy, Edward, 103Belostotskii, I. S., 479, 491, 504Berdzenishvili, Beso, 92, 125–126Beria, Lavrenti, 377, 697, 722n20Berlin, 329, 349, 367, 369Bialystok, 326Bibineishvili, Baron, 165, 311, 368biography, 3, 8, 597, 703

arsenaoba, 20, 33Arsenidze, Razhden, 198–199, 231, 238–239,

241–242, 259, 263, 327–328, 338, 372, 752n4 331

Artillery Square, 295Artsybashev, Mikhail, 467Astrakhan, 505autocracy, 230–235; police state, 265;

autocratic po liti cal systems, 189; autocratic power, 230, 247, 265, 273, 391; Down with [the] Autocracy, 122, 125, 126, 225, 231, 235; power and, 160–162; tsarist, 61, 182, 260

Avlabar, 143, 326, 341Azef, Evno, 372Azerbaijan Communist Party, 377Azerbaijanis, 380Azeri, 18, 37, 51Azizbekov, Meshadi, 393, 486, 785n64

Bacon, Arthur, 349Badaev, Aleksei, 478, 498–499, 503–504, 538,

544, 548, 573, 575, 581, 801n64Baikalov, Anatol, 582–583Bakinskii Proletariat (Baku Proletariat), 356,

380, 425, 432Bakradze, David, 434Baku, 14, 16, 113, 123–124, 139, 178, 181, 183,

190, 196, 198, 206, 231–232, 242, 244, 251, 255, 259, 275–278, 293, 312, 319–320, 335–336, 338–339, 347–348, 353, 356, 368, 483–487, 492, 494, 498, 505, 512, 523, 543, 557, 570, 657, 661, 689, 695, 782n17, 783n29; Armenians in, 130, 147–149, 309, 380; ethnic tensions in, 130, 285–286, 289–290, 295; as oil- producing center, 97, 129–131, 147–149, 188, 429–435, 440; periphery of, 386; pogroms in, 276–278; Stalin’s life in, 370–389, 391–400, 403, 405–407, 409, 415–416, 421–426, 438, 443–445, 449–451, 461–462, 468–471, 480

Baku Bolsheviks, 235, 356, 376, 382, 416, 422–423, 425, 469, 471, 790n5, 799n22

i n d e x • 833

488, 678; Petrograd Bolsheviks, 494–507, 557, 593–600, 617–638, 647–657, 666–687

Bolshevism, 7, 110, 114, 138, 178, 206, 236, 259, 329, 387, 394, 411, 413–416, 418–419, 440–441, 474, 486, 496, 499, 523, 612, 618, 625, 632, 637, 650, 663, 666, 681, 699, 743n16

Bonapartist methods, 188Bonch- Bruevich, Vladimir, 210, 750n60Bondarev, Anton, 406Borchalo, 348, 352Borchoridze, Mikha, 240borderlands, 185, 273, 304, 527, 619, 621, 692,

694Bosh, Evgeniia, 578bourgeois class, 251–265; bourgeois-

democratic revolution, 252, 265, 448, 535–536, 609; bourgeois forces, 605; bourgeois- hegemony nations, 511; bourgeois ideas, 251, 265; bourgeois intellectuals, 251, 257; bourgeois po liti cal order, 447; bourgeois power, 266; bourgeois revolutionary government, 266, 441; national bourgeoisies, 510

Bozarjiants, 127brdzola, 131–134, 149, 157, 161, 219, 222, 239,

260, 269, 279, 512, 731n45Brezhnev, Leonid, 698Britain, 510, 583, 592, 619British people, 305, 362, 381, 510, 579, 621Brotherhood Church, 349Brusilov, Aleksei, 579Brussels, 178, 182–183Bryce, James, 51, 717n3Bubnov, Andrei, 480, 658, 677, 680, 824n45Bukharin, Nikolai, 66, 75, 523, 549, 554, 568,

578–579, 654–655, 804n40Bulgaria, 508Bund, 107, 182–185, 187, 320–321, 349, 471,

512, 517, 521, 525, 528Bundism, 183, 187, 196, 201, 213, 259, 439, 525,

535, 691Burtsev, Vladimir, 550

Bismarck, Otto von, 336Black City, 387–389, 397Black Hundreds Movement (Chornotso-

tentsy), 272, 289, 320, 382, 719n40Black Sea, 14, 106, 129, 147, 286, 373Blanc, Louis, 83; Blanquism, 236, 747n48;

Blanquists, 205, 330, 610Bloody Sunday, 229, 231, 239, 247, 252, 274,

309, 500, 647Bobrovskii, Vladimir, 217, 461–462Bochoridze, Mikha, 102, 169, 181, 198, 289,

310, 366Bochorishvili, Mikha, 153Bogdanov, Aleksandr (“Maximov,”

“Riadavoi”), 167, 209, 254–255, 322, 350, 367, 411–419, 421–423, 425, 438, 443, 475, 749n54; Bogdanovites, 416, 421, 423; Bodganovs, 337, 365; Maximov, 422; Maximovists, 423

Bogdanov, Boris, 637Bogoslovskaia, Maria, 465Bokov, I., 403Bolshevik Center, 322, 411, 439, 486, 535Bolshevik CUC, 239Bolshevik Military Organ ization, 651Bolshevik praktiki, 385Bolsheviks, 1, 3–4, 6, 28, 83–84, 94, 130, 165,

175, 177, 184, 187–197, 201–203, 206, 210, 215–217, 222, 224, 231–269, 272–276, 281, 284–305, 318–331, 334–356, 363–373, 379–382, 384–397, 400–446, 458–469, 512–515, 522–529, 535–545, 549–553, 557, 560–568, 571–578, 583–584, 589–590, 602–615, 641–645, 659–664, 689–694, 697–702; Armenian, 278–279, 505, 580; Baku Bolsheviks, 235, 356, 375–377, 382, 416, 422–423, 425, 469, 471, 790n5, 799n22; Bolshevik Party, 414, 440, 471–472, 597–598, 612, 623, 628, 667; Caucasian, 260, 278, 353, 364, 371, 429; Georgian, 113, 255, 310–315, 448–449; leadership of, 471–492, 608, 632–634, 676; newspapers of, 233, 356, 432–433,

834 • I N D E x

425–426, 435, 438–439, 443, 468, 478–484, 486–491, 497, 500–505, 521–524, 543, 563, 572, 590, 595–596, 622–637, 642–656, 659–660, 667, 671; and Lenin, 186–187, 194, 196; Bolshevik, 293, 458, 537, 539, 635, 674–683; conciliation-ist, 206, 209, 337; Menshevik- led, 253, 325, 336, 775n12

Central Labor Exchange, 595Charkviani, David, 21–22, 26, 29, 35, 159, 232Charkviani, Kote, 26, 29, 35, 232Charkviani, Kristepore, 21–22Chavchavadze, Ilia, 23, 39–40, 57, 60–62, 68,

78, 87, 103, 107, 276, 308–309Chechens, 67, 69Chekhov, Anton, 104Cheliabinsk, 170Cherkess, 11, 366Cherkezishvili, Varlaam. See Cherkezov, V.Cherkezov, V., 341, 343, 776n33Cherniavskii, Pavel, 584Chernomazov, Miron, 433, 469, 505Chernov, Viktor, 465, 569, 614, 636, 674Chernyshevskii, Nikolai, 77, 100, 554, 580Chiatura, 165, 178, 213, 217, 231–232, 242–243,

261–263, 276, 311, 364–365Chichinadze, Zakaria, 65, 725n6Chichiradze, Lavrenti, 199chilikaoba (stick kicking), 33China, 194, 305, 329, 464, 579Chitadze, Shio, 308Chizhikov, Petr, 405, 465–466, 469–472Chkheidze, Giorgi, 102–103, 124, 150,

733n69, 733n73Chkheidze, Nikoloz (“Karlo,” Nikolai), 106,

149–150, 151, 161, 179, 284, 309, 498, 499, 503, 508, 539, 544, 592, 614, 630, 635, 665, 728n46, 735n11, 735n12, 790n46

Chkhenkeli, Akaki, 479, 498–499, 508, 519–520, 789n79

Chochia, Grigol, 355–356Chodrishvili, Mikha, 105Chodrishvili, Zakaria, 75, 102, 124, 153

Buryats, 170Bychowski, Gustav, 699

Capri, 415, 443Caspian Sea, 14, 338, 371, 378, 382, 390Catherine the Great, 635catholicos (head of Georgian Orthodox

Church), 42, 393Caucasia, 16, 49, 139, 151, 169–170, 190, 222,

242, 244, 258, 314, 320, 322, 340–341, 345, 353, 380, 394, 422, 451, 466, 472, 486, 498, 505, 513, 520, 527, 691, 700; as borderland, 13, 143; ethnic diversity in, 37, 181, 193–196, 274, 363, 430; oil in, 147, 179; vio lence in, 194, 231–234, 260, 269, 271–274, 282, 289–294, 306–308, 327

Caucasian Bureau, 260Caucasian Military Headquarters, 276, 299Caucasian Regional Committee (Oblastnoi

komitet, Obkom), 485–486Caucasians, 54, 314, 370, 377, 421, 480, 512,

563Caucasian Social Democracy, 181, 235,

738n71Caucasian Union, 181, 194–196, 201–202,

206, 212–214, 217–218, 224, 233–234, 238–239, 242, 284

Caucasian Union Committee (Kavkazskii soiuznyi komitet, CUC), 181, 194–195, 200–201, 213–218, 224, 233–236, 238–240, 241, 242, 244, 259–260, 284, 311

Caucasus, 11–16 50, 92, 125–129, 144, 151, 174, 183, 185, 193–209, 258–259, 319–320, 333, 339, 345, 347, 349, 352–353, 407, 446–450, 457, 463, 465, 467–468, 499, 521, 543, 693–697; as borderland, 273; radicals in, 222–225, relationships in, 74–76, 339; Rus sian authority in, 60, 69, 163, 193, 230–239 389, 425; terrorism in, 273–280, 284–287, 305–309; workers in, 121–129

Caucasus Mountains, 280Central Committee, 121, 180, 196, 222, 234,

241, 244, 256, 314, 321–322, 369–370, 388,

i n d e x • 835

cultural rights, 508, 511, 515, 526Czechs, 510, 516, 518

Dan, Fedor, 188, 297, 322, 436–437, 578Dan, Lidia, 372, 539, 557Daneshevskii (“German”), 388Dan family, 188, 238, 297, 322, 355, 372, 410,

425, 436–437, 494, 539, 557, 578Danilov, 481Darakhvelidzes, 150, 158, 161–163Darwinism, 43, 84–85, 102, 151, 343, 513, 516,

518Dashnaktsuyun. See Armenian Revolution-

ary FederationDashtoian, P., 280Davidov, Mikhail, 88, 280, 335Davidovna, Olga, 582–583Davis, Jerome, 29, 89Davitashvili, Mikha, 53, 91, 207, 239, 340Davitashvili, Zakaria, 47Davrichewy, Joseph. See Davrishev, Iosep

“Soso”Davrishev, Damian, 21, 23Davrishev, Iosep “Soso,” 26–27, 31–32, 94,

243–244, 275–276, 279–282, 303, 343, 368, 373, 709n17; Davrishevs, 40

de Jonge, Alex, 698deda ena ( Mother Tongue), 57, 718n24Deich, Lev, 235democracy, 254; demo cratic government,

684; demo cratic revolution, 448, 536, 609; democ ratization, 615; party democracy, 248, 652; revolutionary democracy, 657, 669; union democracy, 431

demo cratic movements, 106, 111, 209, 225, 252–253, 258, 267, 284, 309, 313, 319, 344–345, 376, 385, 388, 437, 448, 483, 487, 536, 609, 673, 684, 694

Demo crats, 99, 104, 108, 123, 126, 138, 184–185, 190, 195, 206, 237, 256, 266–268, 288, 332, 349, 448, 464, 471, 484, 487, 512, 515, 526, 538, 583

Chonkadze, Daniel, 48Chto delat. See What Is to Be Done?Chubinidze, Toma, 382Chudetskii, Pavel, 63chveni tskhovreba (Our Life), 347, 409, 450city government, 392City Hall, 54, 277, 287Civil War, 335, 378class, 347, 567; class consciousness, 205, 347;

class education, 447; class ideologies, 567; class in school, 41; class polarization, 602, 661; class solidarity, 339, 535, 621; class strife, 61; class strug gle, 567; class warfare, 441, 578; social classes, 15, 37, 121, 184, 189, 266, 288, 313, 363, 380, 431, 619, 694; working class (see working class)

Cold War, 7, 559, 650, 698–699committeeman. See komitetchikiCommunards, 343Communist International, 523, 579Communist League, 311Communist Party, 377, 559, 611–612Communists, 134, 305, 583, 686conciliationism, 197, 204, 206, 209, 234, 244,

260, 303, 337, 388, 420, 443, 659, 661, 671Congress of Soviets, 606, 613, 626, 628,

630–631, 671, 673, 675, 677, 680–684, 686conservatives, 344, 346, 362, 424, 496, 592Constituent Assembly, 221, 224–225, 256,

293, 298, 331, 338–339, 353, 596, 600, 608, 660, 676–677

Copenhagen, 348–349Cossacks, 68–69, 129, 160, 231–232, 277, 282,

286–288, 294, 299, 306, 308, 366, 382, 581, 644, 664, 677

Council of the Congress of Oil Industrial-ists, 380

Council of the Party, 187, 196, 222, 253Cracow. See KrakówCrimean Tatars, 466Croats, 518cultural autonomy, 220, 511–513, 515, 518–522,

525–527, 529, 531, 535, 620

836 • I N D E x

Dvali, Spiridon, 335dvoevlastie (Dual Power), 591, 614Dzhugashvili, Iosif. See StalinDzierżyński, Feliks, 621, 819n14Dzvelaia, Simon, 356

Eastern Front, 670Egnatashvili, Iakob, 19–20, 22Ejmiadzin, 393Ekaterinoslav, 121, 290, 499Elisabedashvili, Giorgi, 22, 86, 164, 179, 334,

398Elisabedashvili, Sandro, 35Elisavetpol (Ganja), 294empire: Austrian Empire, 510; German

Empire, 636; Hapsburg Empire, 508, 518; imperial power, 12, 49, 323, 510; imperialism, 456, 532–533, 578–580, 620–621, 655, 667; Ottoman Empire, 151, 196, 519, 570; Rus sian Empire, 7, 12, 15–16, 39, 77–79, 82, 96–99, 123, 129, 147, 182–184, 271, 341, 363, 375, 392, 410, 456, 504, 508, 568

empirocriticism, 413, 417Engels, Friedrich, 65, 86, 119, 136, 187, 233,

237, 244, 266, 286, 311, 329, 342–343, 418, 508–511, 516, 566, 580, 658, 690, 692

England, 541, 554Enisei River, 541–543, 547, 551, 561Eniseisk Province, 531, 541, 581–582Enukidze, Abel, 129, 131, 138, 388, 469, 485,

697Epremidze, Porpire, 93Eradze, Giorgi, 101, 236–237, 312, 569, 732n74Erfurt Program, 65, 91, 119Erikov, Nikolai, 434Eristavi, Rapiel, 39, 59, 87, 366Erivan (Yerevan), 50, 54, 231, 286–287, 309,

314, 326, 352, 366Erivan Square, 50, 54, 231, 287, 366Ermanskii, Osip, 312Esperanto, 401, 554Evenki, 565

Demokrat, 244, 257–258, 425, 439, 491, 498, 535

demokratiia, 284, 591–592, 596, 602, 615–616, 631, 686, 814n4

Denmark, 348Deutscher, Isaac, 250, 361, 374, 699, 704,

828n6Devdariani, Seit, 64–65, 83–85, 108, 338–339Didube, 231, 299Dietzgen, Joseph, 416–417Diksztajn, Szymon, 86, 112Dolidze, Archil (“Rostom”), 153, 201, 335Dolidze, Kalistrate, 258Dolidze, Prokopi, 109Domostroev, Nikolai, 125Don Cossacks, 664Don Quixote, 210, 218, 647Donskoi, Aleksandr, 434“Down with Bonapartism,” 207“Down with the War,” 599–600druzhiny (bands or regiments), 295, 311, 340Dubinskii- Mukhadze, Ilia, 789n39Dubrovinskii, Iosif (“Innokenti”), 355, 405,

422, 439, 459, 479, 543, 561, 787n4, 794n9Duma: Bolsheviks and, 409, 488, 502,

504–506, 538, 572, 594, 636; Bulygin Duma, 286; city duma, 149, 225, 277, 292; duma deputies, 353–354, 411, 478, 481, 488, 491, 494, 497–498, 502, 504–506, 538, 540, 572–573, 575, 592, 594; duma elections, 303, 311–312, 319, 411, 414, 418, 487; Duma Five, 573; First Duma, 344; Fourth Duma, 477, 500; Petrograd City Duma, 663; Petrograd Duma, 596; SD duma, 462; State Duma, 288, 293, 302, 315, 318, 324, 338, 355, 464; Third Duma, 419, 424, 456, 612, 790n46

Dumas, Alexandre, 14Dumbadze, Lado, 149, 236Durland, Kellogg, 294Durnovo, Petr, 306, 308, 346, 628Dusheti, 276, 280, 326Dvali, Konstantine, 327, 335

i n d e x • 837

Ganja. See ElisavetpolGapon, Father Georgii, 229, 253, 310Garo, Armen. See Pastrmajian, GareginGarvi, Petr, 490Gasitashvili, Dato, 20Gedevanishvili, Ioseb, 326Gegechkori, Evgeni, 284, 457, 508, 540, 628Geladze, Ana, 29, 35Geladze, Giorgi, 191Geladze, Ketevan (“Keke”), 13, 18–24,

26–27, 30, 36–37, 40, 42, 52–53, 85, 163–164, 192, 403, 688, 731n1, 732n5

Gelimbatovskii, Fedor, 450Gellner, Ernest, 516general strike, 477Geneva, 220, 242, 246, 253, 258, 264,

369–370, 410–411, 421, 431, 437, 443, 462, 590

Georgia, Georgians, 2–27, 31–71, 76–85 101–114, 151–169, 179–184, 188, 241–245, 258–260, 306–332, 400–409, 485–500, 527–530, 545–548, 601, 628, 690–694, 700–705; culture of, 5, 38–41, 45; history of, 16, 79; language of, 31, 35–36, 39 45–47, 60–62, 447, 457; Western Georgia, 79, 139, 179–180,194, 212–213, 217, 244–245, 263, 276–278, 282, 284–285, 293, 299, 306–307, 316; women of, 18–19, 23, 35, 69

Georgian Church, 37, 45, 55, 63, 276, 383Georgian Jews, 717n14Georgian Marxists, 59, 64, 77, 80, 99, 106,

173, 324Georgian Military Highway, 38Georgian Muslims, 148Georgian Orthodox Church, 42, 286, 457Georgian Social Democracy (Mensheviks),

169, 172, 260, 268–269, 274, 284, 321, 324–325, 332, 355, 448–449, 485, 512, 519, 520, 569, 691

Georgian Socialist Federalists, 220, 232, 245, 272, 276, 293, 326, 329, 345, 373, 517, 520

Georgianness, 39

Executive Committee, 297, 443, 469, 596–599, 602–606, 613–614, 630–637, 647–649, 657, 660, 665, 668, 671–672

Ezhov, Sergei, 440, 476

February Revolution, 346, 584, 603, 607, 668

Fedorov, G. I., 596, 627, 820n37Field of Mars, 598, 630Finland, 185, 194, 291, 299, 312, 323, 336–337,

344, 348, 367, 409–410, 595, 607, 621, 634–635, 638, 672

Finland Station, 348, 504, 607, 634Finns, 132, 300, 313, 323, 503–504, 619, 621,

639, 641First Machine Gun Regiment, 633, 644Fomich, Rudof, 92France, 116, 356, 541, 545, 569, 578–579, 583,

592Francheski, Georgii, 104, 149Francheski, Ippolit, 125Franz Josef, 566French, 14, 31, 167, 267, 294, 324, 334, 510,

545, 551, 554, 558–559, 566–567, 571, 610, 627, 654, 666

French Revolution, 167, 267, 627, 666French Socialist Party, 567Freud, Sigmund, 700friendship, 91, 93, 102–103, 109, 133,159, 180,

192, 196, 212–213, 239, 243, 279, 300, 310, 313, 327, 333, 355, 375, 378, 385, 398, 405–411, 438, 458, 462–466, 521, 550, 556–557, 560, 573, 593, 668, 675, 688–689, 745n9, 813n55; family friends 19, 54, 80–88; in Stalin’s childhood 6, 8, 13, 18–29, 31–36, 42–43, 50, 52–54, 65–67

Frumkin, Moisei, 375

Gabunia, Mikha, 153gantiadi (Dawn), 112, 115, 153, 311, 410, 501,

635“Galerka.” See Olminskii, MikhailGalicia, 490, 567

838 • I N D E x

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 698Goremykin, Ivan, 306, 324, 346Gori, 26–28, 31, 40, 42–48, 50–56, 64–65, 70,

77, 82–93, 111, 127, 144, 163–164, 279–281, 365–368, 451, 554, 640, 689–690, 694, 698; demographics of, 37, Gorians, 16, 25, 33, 53, 61; history of, 13–22; reading circle in Gori, 93; traditions of, 33–33; vio lence in, 275–276, 308

Gori Church School, 22, 31, 36–37, 40, 45, 48, 55, 86, 92, 93, 111, 127, 689

Goristsikhe (Gori Fortress), 19Gorky, Maxim (Aleksei Maksimovich

Peshkov), 14, 75, 104, 350, 352, 367, 411, 415, 435, 478, 524, 566, 678

Gots, Abram, 660Griaznov, Fedor, 276, 299, 308Grimm, Robert, 577, 626Grossman, Vasilii, 2Gruzinskoe Tserkovnoe Kaznacheistvo

(Georgian Church Trea sury), 55Guchkov, Aleksandr, 575, 592, 614, 625, 664Gudok (Factory Whistle), 380, 389, 393, 430Guesde, Jules, 235, 567, 572Guramishvili, David, 62Guria, 79, 147, 165–166, 168, 180, 231, 241,

243–245, 259, 275, 282, 286, 288, 293–294, 339

Gurians, 40, 168, 206, 241, 245, 282–285, 293–294, 325

Gusinskii, Abram, 171Gyon, Franz, 154

hagiographers, 8, 83Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 152, 417,

579Helsinki, 336, 672Hilferding, Rudolf, 579Himmer, Robert, 767n37Hingley, Ronald, 698History of a Piece of Bread, 86, 93Hnchaks, 193, 389, 725n9Hobson, John, 579

Germans, 3, 96, 165–166, 204, 344, 351, 388, 407, 436, 439, 449, 455, 464, 471, 510, 519, 546, 554, 566–570, 572, 574, 581, 631, 641, 644, 647, 666, 671; advance of, 680; agents of, 636, 644, 668; in the Baltics, 526; camp established by, 550–551; German Empire, 636; German Protes-tants, 50; German social demo crats, 119, 132, 188, 439, 517, 522, 566–567; govern-ment of, 607

Germanization, 134Germanophile, 571Germany, 323, 328, 334, 377, 414, 504, 510,

541, 567, 578, 583, 607, 617, 621, 626, 636, 654, 658

Gharabagh. See KarabakhGharajian, Gevork (“Arkomed”), 122, 142Girondin, Girondists, 203, 256, 514Giunashvili, Shakro, 261Glebov. See Noskov, V. A.Glurjidze, Grigol, 31, 43–44God Save the Tsar, 229, 289Godziev, Georgii, 154, 162Gogebashvili, A., 42Gogiberidze, Teopil, 158Goglichidze, Simon, 24, 45–46Gogokhia, Domenti, 40, 61, 82Gogol, Nikolai, 408, 736n33, 794n11Gogua, Vladimir, 338Goldenberg, Iosif, 607Goldstein, Moisei. See Volodarskii, V.Goliashvili, Nina, 232Golitsyn, Grigorii, 163, 169, 193Golos sotsial- demokrata (Voice of the Social

Demo crat), 410, 413, 425Goloshchekin, Filipp, 478–479, 491, 544,

553, 573–574, 581, 813n55Goloshchekin, Isai. See Goloshchekin,

FilippGolovinskii Prospect, 50, 55, 231, 288Golubev, Mikhail, 461–462, 464Gomarteli, Ivane, 325Goncharnaia Street, 310, 367, 470

i n d e x • 839

Irkutsk, 170–172, 557, 584; Irkutsk Province, 170, 172

Iskra (Spark), 126–135, 137, 147, 181–182, 185–188, 190, 196–197, 203–204, 206–207, 214, 219, 222, 224, 233, 235, 241, 255–257, 264, 269, 300, 385, 427, 476

Islam, 4. See also MuslimsIsto, Eetu, 323Iurenev, Konstantin, 654, 656Ivan the Terrible, 4, 702Ivaniants, Aram, 463Ivanov, Boris, 560, 574, 581Iveria, 57, 59–60, 78, 107, 111, 148

Jacobins, 203, 236, 247, 256, 267, 318, 514Japan, 212, 214, 223, 278, 292Japaridze, Archil, 195, 338, 354, 776n53Japaridze, Prokopi (“Alesha”), 94, 124, 213,

255, 375, 378, 386, 388, 434, 537, 657Japaridze, Sergo, 325Javakhidze, Ermile, 200Jesuits, 62, 331Jesus, 35, 43jgupi (Group), 279–282, 308Jibladze, Silibistro (Silva), 63–64, 75, 78, 84,

92, 102, 104–107, 109–111, 113, 123–125, 129, 144, 169, 200, 237, 284, 289, 308, 327, 368, 500

Jibuti, S., 199Jibuti, Varden, 241Jones, Stephen F., 719n48, 769n12, 771n56,

811n12Jorjiashvili, Arsena, 308Jughashvili, Bessarion, 13, 17–29, 38, 52, 310,

688, 732n5Jughashvili (Dzhugashvili), Iakob, 347,

777n59Jughashvili (Dzhugashvili), Ioseb. See StalinJughashvili, Keke. See Geladze, Ketevan

“Keke”Jughashvili (Dzhugashvili), Vasilii, 11Jughashvili, Zaza, 17Jughashvilis, 15, 19, 21, 25, 52, 191

Holy Synod, 42, 45“How People Lived Earlier,” 104Hugo, Victor, 85, 87Hummet, 387, 389, 391Hungary, Hungarians, 510, 518, 519

Iakubov, Said, 433Iakutsk, 170, 275Ialansk, 531, 575Imereti, Imeretians, 40, 85, 168, 231, 241, 263,

284indigenous peoples, 565Ingoroqva, Egnate (“Ninoshvili”), 78, 85,

148–149intellectuals, 5, 64, 90, 111, 114, 117, 121–126,

128–130, 139–143, 165, 186–187, 205–206, 213, 219, 223, 230, 241–242, 251–252, 257–260, 265, 284, 287, 296, 312, 319–320, 349, 355–356, 385, 396, 409, 426–427, 432, 441–443, 477, 488, 498, 517, 530, 593, 660, 691; Armenian, 151; Georgian, 12, 38–39, 44–45, 47, 50, 57, 61, 78, 101; and po liti cal activists, 38–39, 97–102, 114, 494, 507; Rus sian, 57; Soviet, 593; and students, 57; and workers, 76–82, 107, 136, 174, 179–182, 223, 244–246, 254, 284, 413

intelligent sia, 99, 118, 140, 180, 205–208, 235–236, 520; bourgeois, 133–134, 203; Georgian, 6, 38, 44, 60, 81–82; radical, 97, 100, 441; Rus sian, 63, 76, 101, 173, 694, 732n51, 756n3

Interdistrict Group (Mezhraionka, Mezhraiontsy), 622, 626, 628, 646, 654. 660

Internationale, 321, 644Internationalists, 569, 577, 598, 604, 606,

622, 626, 645, 648, 655, 684–685Intskirveli, Stepko, 32, 370, 382Iran, 11, 579Ireland, 510, 579, 621Iremashvili, Ioseb, 3, 13, 21, 26, 29, 32, 53,

65–66, 83, 88, 103, 110, 115, 119, 127, 163–164, 365, 699, 720n55

840 • I N D E x

Kars, 309, 326kartli (Eastern Georgia), 14Kartlians, 40kartlis tskhovreba (The Life of Georgia), 39Kartsivadze, Ilya, 401Kasparian, 484“Kato.” See Svanidze, Ekaterinekatsia katsuri (“He is a man’s man!”), 24katsoba (manliness), 26Kautsky, Karl, 86, 91, 188, 204, 209, 233, 235,

237, 257, 317, 344, 387, 436, 507, 510–511, 522, 543, 545, 554, 566, 658

Kavkaz. See CaucasusKavkazskaia rech (Caucasian Speech), 345Kavtaradze, Sergo, 201, 213–218, 263, 311, 382,

482–483, 493Kazbegi (Mount Kazbeg, mqinvari), 57, 66,

168Kedourie, Elie, 516Keke. See Geladze, Ketevan “Keke”Kelbakiani, Vaso, 88Kennan, George, 170Kerenskii, Aleksandr, 592, 596, 614, 627,

631–632, 641, 644–645, 649, 665, 667–668, 670–672, 674–675, 678, 680–682, 686

Ketskhoveli, Lado, 47, 62, 64, 99, 108, 110–114, 122–123, 129–131, 144, 174, 190–191, 279

Ketskhoveli, Vano, 82, 92, 112Ketskhovelis, 110–114, 191KGB, 559Khachaturiants, 147Khanti, 559, 561Kharkov, 123, 170, 464, 499Kharkov University, 464Khartishvili, Datiko (“Mokheve”), 153, 168,

179Khashim, 162Khatisian (Khatisov), Aleksandr, 295, 388,

464Kherkheulidze, Prince Lenko, 276Khevi, 66, 15

Jugheli, Severian, 111–113, 131, 141, 368, 776n53

July Days, 632–641, 643, 647–648, 663, 666, 670, 821n54

Kadets (Constitutional Demo cratic Party), 121, 318, 324–325, 336, 362, 446–448, 473, 489–490, 499, 624–625, 634, 645, 647–651, 655, 663–666, 669–671, 673–675, 772n81; leadership of, 351; liberal, 325, 344–348, 411, 496; and Mensheviks, 350–351, 411; the organ ization of, 291–292; party, 292, 591, 612–614

Kakhetians, 40Kaladze, Nestor, 331Kaladze, Razhden, 123Kalandadze, Geronti, 48, 159, 364, 370Kalandadze, Vano, 364, 370Kalandarashvili, 92Kalandarov, Kote, 26, 29, 35, 150, 165, 232,

261, 308, 335, 364, 370Kalinin, Mikhail, 125, 377, 480, 503, 638Kamenev (Rozenfeld), Lev, 222, 282, 414,

419, 422, 434, 437–438, 459, 521, 531, 534, 558, 561, 563, 568, 572–575, 582–590, 594–595, 597–600, 604–612, 622, 627–630, 638, 641–644, 647, 655, 659–660, 667, 670, 673, 691–692, 751n25; aligned with Lenin, 355, 414, 525, 618; meeting Stalin, 94; opposing Lenin, 254–255, 422; in Paris, 504–506; resignation 675–683

“Kamo.” See Ter- Petrosian, SimonKampf, Der (The Strug gle), 518Kandelaki, Konstantine (Kostia), 150–151,

154–155, 158–159, 162, 164, 179, 284Kant, Immanuel, 555, 694Kapanadze, Petre, 83Kapital, Das, 328Karabakh, 250, 756n1karachokhelebi, 19Karapetian, D., 280Karpinskii, 563, 590

i n d e x • 841

Korolenko, Vladimir, 104Korostelev, Grigorii, 461–462Kostino, 543, 546–547Kostroma, 499“Kostrov.” See Zhordania, NoeKot, Stanisław, 501Kotkin, Stephen, 565, 702–704Kotlas, 405, 407Kraków (Cracow), 479, 490, 491, 499,

501–504, 506, 512, 521, 522, 524, 539, 543, 819n19

Krasin, Leonid, 322, 365, 771n71Krasnoiarsk, 541, 543, 572, 580–582, 605;

Krasnoiarsk City Hospital, 580; Krasnoiarsk Soviet, 605

Kremer, Arkadii, 118Kremlin, 3, 212, 300, 551Krestinskii, Nikolai, 494, 800n54Kronstadt, 336, 595, 613, 623, 634–635,

637, 639; Kronstadt Fortress, 595; Kronstadt Naval Base, 613; Kronstadters, 636

Kronverk Arsenal, 681Kropotkin, Petr, 327, 341, 572Krupskaia, Nadezhda, 128, 190, 194, 234–235,

248, 365, 385, 437, 471, 479–483, 487, 501–504, 521, 541, 543, 548, 558, 575, 627, 682

Krylenko, Nikolai, 568Krzyzanowski (Krzhizhanovskii), Gleb,

194Kshesinskaia Mansion, 607, 635, 637–638,

647Kukulava, Ivliane, 299Kulijanov, Liza, 23Kuokkala, 337, 367Kuprashvili, Bachua, 366, 762n42Kurds, 326Kureika, 547, 551, 553–556, 559–562, 573–574,

580Kuridze, Porpire, 150, 152, 156, 179Kurnatovskii, Viktor, 94, 120, 125, 169Kursk, 405

khma (Voice), 341Khomeriki, Mirian, 180Khomeriki, Noe (“Khunkhuz”), 195, 213,

217, 240–241, 284, 569Khoroshenina, Serafima, 459, 461Khrimiants, Mikhail, 158Khrushchev, Nikita, 418, 552, 559, 697Khubuluri, Sandro, 42Khumarian, Ashot, 289“Khunkhuz.” See Khomeriki, NoeKhutishvili, Vano, 20, 84Kibirov, Ivan, 543, 547, 555, 574, 580–581Kienthal Conference, 579, 606Kiev, 112, 121, 290, 326, 406, 458, 634; Kiev

Opera House, 458; Kiev Seminary, 112Kirtadze- Sikharulidze, Natalia, 167, 200Kitiashvili, Maria, 191–192Klassenkampf und Nation (Class Conflict

and Nation), 517Klestov, Nikolai (“Angarskii”), 824n39Knight in the Panther’s Skin, The. See

vepkhistqaosaniKnuniants, Bogdan (“Ruben”), 181–185,

195–196, 250–251, 296, 375–376, 440–443, 742n11, 746n17, 792n54

Knuniants, Faro, 250–251Koba. See StalinKoberidze, Mikheil, 434Kojori, 378Kolesnikova, Nadezhda, 377Kollontai, Aleksandra, 584, 607Kolomenskaia Street, 493Kolonitskii, Boris, 602Kolpashevo, 492–493Koltsov, D., 440komitetchiki (committeemen), 381, 385, 392,

402–403, 410konspiratsiia (secrecy), 137, 150, 399kontrol (control, supervision), 615, 618, 624,

816n44Kornilov, Lavr, 613–614, 641, 664–665,

668–673, 675; Kornilovite, 675Kornilovshchina, 666, 669–670

842 • I N D E x

682–686, 689–692, 697, 699, 702–703, 732n51, 759n51; diff er ent Lenins, 415, 479; and Eu rope, 576–577; exile in Switzer-land, 571–580; and Marxism, 205, 252–260; and Mensheviks, 190, 194–198, 206, 222–224, 238–239, 241 573, 671–680; and the national question, 511–515, 519–520; return to Rus sia, 296, 607–608; and study circles, 76–77, 83–84; writings of, 119, 205, 222, 252, 259, 264, 296, 412, 550

Leningrad, 377. See Saint PetersburgLeninism: contradictions of, 257, 386, 539;

Marxism- Leninism, 700, 760n65, 760n67, 773n102

Leninists, 112, 138, 187, 204, 206, 208–209, 219, 222–223, 245, 253–255, 261, 264, 410, 413–414, 418–421, 438–445, 461, 468, 478, 484, 495, 504, 573, 578, 583, 659, 689

Leontev, Nikolai 432–433Lermontov, Mikhail, 87Letourneau, Charles, 86, 88, 723n34Lezgins, 527Lezhava, Prokopi, 213Liadov, Martyn (M. N. Mandelshtam), 415,

487Liakhvi River, 34, 42Liber, Mikhail, 636Liebknecht, Karl, 567Likvidatorstvo (Liquidationism), 402, 414,

425, 428, 436, 437, 440–445, 448, 459–462, 463, 467, 468–469, 473, 475–477, 484–487, 489–490, 495, 497, 499; likvidatory (Liquidators), 440–445, 497, 506, 521, 525, 538, 541, 569, 572 573

Linde, 573, 582Liquidationism. See LikvidatorstvoLiquidationism Disenchanted, 440Listok bor’by proletariata (Leaflet of the

Proletariat’s Strug gle), 240, 280, 289Lithuania, Lithuanians, 185, 349, 320, 512,

525, 527Litvintseva, Marta, 171

Kutaisi, 113, 146, 156, 163–169, 177, 191, 198, 202, 207, 209, 213–216, 218–219, 222, 232, 241, 262–264, 284–285, 287–288, 294, 307, 311–312, 324, 345–346, 353, 569; Kutaisi province, 156, 213, 285, 288, 307, 324, 345

Kuzakova, Maria, 458, 461, 464Kuzmin, A., 637kvali (Trace, Furrow), 59–60, 78–79, 83, 85,

90–91, 98–99, 104, 106–107, 110, 113, 122, 125, 131, 133, 139–140, 143–144, 209, 239, 245, 365, 569

labor movement, 383–385; activity of, 383; expression of, 189; leading activists of, 392; legal, 383, 432, 437, 440, 444–445; legal institutions of, 480; mass, 339; open, 385, 402–403; organ izations of, 456

Laletin, Ivan, 555, 560Lanchkhuti, 106, 125, 284Langenzipen Factory, 478Larin, Iurii, 375, 390, 392, 440, 654–655Lashevich, Mikhail, 492Lassalle, Ferdinand, 237, 286, 764n73Latsis, Martyn, 638Latvians, 320, 349, 350, 353, 354, 355, 369,

388, 468, 471, 487, 512, 525, 571, 629Lavrov, Vladimir, 46–47Legran, Boris, 400Leinweber, Anton Rober, 407Leipzig, 207, 370, 399Lelashvili, Giorgi, 109, 273Lena Goldfields Massacre, 473, 489–490,

495–496Lenin (Ulianov), Vladimir, 1–2, 4, 7, 75, 94,

101–102, 112–114, 125–130, 133–138, 178–190, 210, 212, 217, 241–248, 250, 262–273, 278, 291, 296–305, 314–322, 330-331343-344, 349–356, 364–372, 397–398, 418–422, 425–428, 459–460, 467–469, 471, 475–482, 484–488, 490–491, 498–507, 521–529, 531–532, 534–543 558, 563–569, 588–604, 607–651, 654–656, 658–661, 663, 667–669,

i n d e x • 843

Martov, Iulii (Iulii Tsederbaum, “L. Martov”), 112, 118, 127, 133, 183, 185–188, 196–197, 223, 234–238, 252–253, 258, 297–298, 300, 339, 350–351, 354–355, 369–372, 410, 425, 436–440, 443, 448, 462, 476, 490, 539, 542, 566, 568, 576, 614, 622–623, 626, 629, 638, 645, 648, 684, 690; Martovites, 187–188, 196

Martynov, Aleksandr, 237, 297, 308, 318–319, 351, 353

Marx, Karl, 77–78, 80–81, 95–97, 102, 107, 112–113, 118–119, 125, 136, 149, 208–210, 233, 237, 244, 256, 266, 286, 311, 387, 417–418, 423, 477, 482, 531, 691–692, 703, 827n3; and Darwin, 84–85, 343, 518; and Engels, 65, 119, 266, 328–330, 508, 580–511, 658, 692; writings of 65, 317, 342,

Marxism: biological, 343; Caucasian, 196; Eu ro pean, 235; Georgian, 7, 38, 90; Lenin and, 205, 257; nationalist language of, 78; revolutionary, 436, 728n47; Rus sian, 96, 101, 116, 197, 207, 251, 350

Marxists, 4, 28, 86–87, 90, 104–112, 114, 117–125, 134, 135, 149–154, 169, 179–184, 193, 195–197, 214, 221–223, 252, 255, 266, 268, 271–273, 305, 311–317, 322, 324, 329–330, 339–343, 380, 387, 392, 467, 510–513, 520–522, 530, 565–567, 589, 650, 655, 664, 686, 690, 697–703; and anarchists, 701; circles of, 128–130, 150, 441; factions of, 7; Georgian, 39, 59, 64, 77, 80, 99, 106, 173, 324; German, 351; legal, 150; Marxist lit er a ture, 84, 93, 107, 119, 233, 313, 535; and materialism, 410–412; organ izations of, 121, philoso-phy of, 418–421; Rus sian, 80–81, 143, 207; and social democracy, 96, 345; and science, 173; and sociology, 661; and theory, 214, 441, 510, 515–518, 525, 620–621

mass party, 186, 203, 653, 672mastera, 98“Maximov.” See Bogdanov, AleksandrMcNeal, Robert, 29, 698, 828n2

Lomjaria, Silibistro, 150, 153–154Lomjaria, Vera, 160London, 178, 183, 194–195, 253, 255, 305, 349,

353, 355, 376–378, 420Longjumeau, 448, 471Lortkipanidze, Dato, 104, 327Lortkipanidze, Grigol, 214, 262–263, 353,

750n8Loshadze, Bebe, 169, 310Luch (Ray), 479, 500, 503, 506, 538–539,

541Ludwig, Emil, 3, 27, 61–62Ludwig Feuerbach (Friedrich Engels), 342Lugansk, 405, 426Lunacharskii, Anatolii, 247, 314, 411, 415,

422, 622, 638, 644, 668Luxemburg, Rosa, 209, 354, 517, 534–535,

566–567, 577–579Luzin, Ivan, 104, 106, 149Lvov, Prince Georgii, 614, 664

Mach, Ernst, 413, 416–418; Machism, 413, 417–418

Machabelis, 17–18Machavariani, 31–32Maiorov, Fedor, 103Makarov, Aleksandr, 473Makharadze, Gerasime, 284, 776n53Makharadze, Pilipe (Filip), 64, 77, 84, 106,

123, 125, 181, 239, 311, 340, 621, 697Makhtadze, Grisha, 88Malinovskii (Malinowski), Roman, 475,

478–479, 482, 491, 499–500, 502–504, 521, 524, 531, 539–541, 543–544, 546, 548–551, 557

Mamaladze, Leonti, 126Mamediarov, Mamed, 393, 785n64Mandelshtam, M. N. See Liadov, MartynMantashev, Aleksandr, 147, 149, 151, 154, 158,

164; Mantashevs, 51, 158Marchlewski, Julian, 437Marseillaise, La, 225, 231, 288, 630, 638, 644Martinov, 433

844 • I N D E x

Miliutin, Vladimir, 652, 656, 673, 823n31Mingrelia, 31, 168, 199, 285; Mingrelians, 31,

40, 199, 202, 206, 527Minsk, 121, 290Minusinsk, 557Miroedikha, 543, 547moambe (Bulletin), 59, 78Modebadze, Giorgi, 161mogzauri (Traveler), 239, 257mokalakeebi (city dwellers), 50Mokheve. See Khartishvili, DatikoMolokan, 33Molotov (Skriabin), Viacheslav, 458–459,

489, 491, 499, 590, 595–596, 599–601, 606–607, 609, 622, 639–640, 642, 646–647, 649, 692, 700, 823n26

Monaselidze, Aleksandra (“Sashiko”), 323, 335, 336

Monaselidze, Davit, 334Monaselidze, Mikheil, 113, 323, 334–335,

398–399Monaseldizes, 113, 323, 334–336Monastyrskoe, 541–544, 547, 553, 555–556,

560–562, 572–573, 580–581Montefiore, Simon Sebag, 271, 361, 700–702,

707n5, 736n33, 737n41, 747n20, 786n82, 788n12

Morning Post, 349Morozov, Savva, 367Moscow, 38, 98, 121, 139, 275, 293, 304–306,

309, 335, 347, 371, 376–377, 389, 405, 451, 461–463, 468, 473–479, 482–483, 488, 551, 558, 633, 640, 646, 650, 699; City Duma, 672; Moscow Agricultural Institute, 66; Muscovites, 419, 659; Okhrana, branch of, 478; workers of, 298–299, 499–500, 664–665

Motherland, 57, 59, 644, 664, 668Mtatsminda, 50, 103, 280, 438Mtkvari (Kura) River, 14, 34, 49Mtskheta, 14, 308multinational states, 221, 529, 533–536, 620Munich, 127–128

Mdivani, Polikarp (“Budu”), 241, 279, 289, 395, 761n33

Medvedev, Roy, 504, 698Megrelishvili, Isidore, 371Mehring, Franz, 464Melia, Beglar, 158Mensheviks, 84, 105, 130, 149, 167, 187–202,

215–216, 219–224, 231, 233–256, 272, 279-280-284, 302–303, 308, 336–341, 344–348, 364–383, 386–389, 397, 400, 409–414, 420–426, 430–432, 457–464, 468–481, 490, 503–508, 523–527, 535–541, 545, 557, 560, 562, 578, 582–583, 592–593, 596, 598, 601, 605–607, 613–615, 622–655, 659–669, 671–673, 675–677, 684–686, 689, 702; and Bolsheviks, 287–298, 310–331, 377, 391–393, 435–446, 458, 475, 486; in the Duma, 478, 498–499; Georgian, 172, 260–269, 274–276, 284, 321, 324–325, 355, 448–449, 485, 512, 519, 569; Menshevism, 7, 114, 178, 206, 234, 245, 339, 415, 436, 442, 747n50; Menshies, 417, 422; Rus sian, 268, 311, 351, 355, 448

meore dasi (second group), 78Merzliakov, Mikhail, 555–556, 581mesame dasi (third group); mesame dasi

leaders, 114, 269Meskhi, Sergi, 39Metekhi Prison, 49, 126, 138, 143, 190, 289Mezhraionka, Mezhraiontsy. See Inter-

district GroupMgaloblishvili, Soprom, 47, 111Mgeladze, Ilarion, 438, 486Mgeladze, Ivane, 237Mgeladze, Vlasa, 319, 582Mikaberidze, Aleksandre, 310Mikhailovich, Iakov, 562Mikhailovskii Hospital, 29, 310Mikoyan, Anastas, 377, 395, 700Military Organ ization, 646, 651Miliukov, Pavel, 351, 591, 603, 612, 614, 616,

625–626, 664–665

i n d e x • 845

movements, 485, 532–533; national mythologies, 508; national oppression, 532, 619; national parties, 324, 518, 520; national patriotism, 566; national peculiarities, 509, 528; national politics, 374; national regions, 533, 621; national resources, 527; national rights, 511, 578; national sentiments, 45, 106, 508; national separation, 533–534; national solidarity, 508–510; national states, 134, 185, 513, 535; national territorial auton-omy, 220, 340, 515; national territories, 534; national wars, 578; nation formation, 515, 518

Nation, R. Craig, 577National Bolsheviks, 376nationalism: Armenian, 289–290; Georgian,

133–134, 727n33; idiom of, 12; nationalist intellectuals, 12, 45; nationalist move-ments, 134, 510, 579; nationalists, 5, 12, 23, 38–40, 44–46, 57, 60, 64, 68, 71, 76–79, 103, 107, 113, 126, 134, 148, 183, 185, 196, 201, 213, 245, 276, 289, 295, 308, 321, 324, 345, 384, 424, 448, 496, 509–511, 517, 519–520, 529–530, 578–579, 634, 664, 694, 703; Rus sian, 528, 536; social demo crats and, 133–134, 183, 196

nationalities, 78, 98, 309, 485, 512, 568national question: Lenin and, 514–515;

Marxism and the National Question, 457–458, 530, 532; Natsionnal’nyi vopros, 106; social demo crats and the national question, 220, 523; Stalin and, 519–536

Nauka Club, 469Nepmen, 1Nestroev, 88Neue Zeit, Die (New Time), 522Neva River, 408, 474, 634Nevskii (district), 483Nevskii, Vladimir, 613, 627, 635, 818n82Nevskii Prospekt, 408, 470, 493, 635New Economic Policy, 414

Muranov, Matvei, 479, 502–503, 573, 582, 585, 589–590, 594, 597, 599–600

Muromets, 506Muslims, 14, 37, 129–130, 147–148, 162,

193, 269, 276–277, 307, 348, 384, 386–387, 389, 430, 483, 540, 570; conflicts with Armenians 250, 274, 276–281, 285–296, 339, 375; Muslim peasants 363; Muslim workers, 379–380, 397

Nadezhdin, Mikhail, 493Nadiradze, I. P., 402–403Nadzaladevi. See Nakhalovkanagizhari, 34Nakashidze, Mikhail, 276, 286Nakaz, 497–498Nakhalovka (Nadzaladevi), 50, 107, 240,

282, 288, 299, 308, 341Nakhichevan, 286napertskali (Spark), 383narodnichestvo (Pop u lism), 716n70, 721n8.

See also pop u lismNarvskaia zastava, 497Narym, 491–493, 506Nasha zaria (Our Dawn), 410Nashe slovo (Our Word), 568Natanson, Mark, 569nation: educated national actors, 57;

national ambitions, 5; national aware-ness, 38; national bound aries, 509; national character, 519, 530, 704; national claims, 529; national cultural autonomy, 511, 513, 515, 518–522, 525–527, 531, 535, 620; national cultural rights, 526; national culture, 185, 516, 520; national distinction, 185, 528; national feelings, 59, 64; national formation, 79, 518; national homogeniza-tion, 527; national impoverishment, 668; national interest, 212, 220; national liberation movements, 510; national loyalties, 509, 516; national markets, 509, 516; national minorities, 620; national

846 • I N D E x

Okhrana, 3, 172, 434, 475, 478, 538, 541, 550; Moscow Okhrana, 478; Petersburg Okhrana, 541

Okinshevich, Leo, 486Okinshevich, Raisa, 312Okuashvili, Arakela, 108–109, 122, 126Okujava, Mikheil, 340Olminskii, Mikhail (“Galerka”), 207, 210,

375, 481, 490, 596, 599, 749n54Onufrieva, Pelegeia (Polia), 465–467, 472Origins of the Family, Private Property, and

the State (Friedrich Engels), 86Orjonikidze, Grigol (“Sergo”), 201, 213, 263,

311, 325, 375, 375–376, 378, 387, 400–402, 420, 434–435, 449, 468–469, 472, 475, 478–483, 488, 489, 505, 561, 639, 691, 700, 782n7

Orjonikidze, Sergo. See Orjonikidze, GrigolOrthodox Church, 37, 55, 62, 115, 137, 173,

179, 196–197, 202–203, 233, 257, 268–269, 284, 296–297, 309, 342, 496, 516, 595; Eastern, 41; Georgian, 41–42, 286, 457; Rus sian, 42, 472, 664

Osetins, 18, 309, 527, 543, 709n20Ostiaki, 561Ottoman Empire, 147, 151, 154, 196, 508, 519,

570, 603otzovizm, 411, 414, 416, 418, 421, 467Ozurgeti, 307

Paikar (Strug gle), 580Palestine, 528Pannekoek, Anton, 517, 543, 554Pares, Bernard, 362Paris, 16, 282, 355, 396, 410, 414, 416, 420,

436, 438, 448, 459, 468, 471, 475, 490–491, 504, 522, 567–568, 610, 792n49

Paris Commune, 343, 610, 686Pastrmajian, Garegin (Armen Garo), 295Patricide, 67–68, 70Payne, Robert, 698peasants: communal, 456; displaced, 189;

individual, 172; peasant agriculture, 317;

newspapers, 38, 45, 60, 62–63, 128–131, 137, 149, 201, 209, 251, 256, 289, 311, 323, 327, 341, 370, 383, 425–426, 477, 488, 501–503, 555, 651–652, 663; Bolshevik, 233, 356, 432–433, 628, 671, 681; conservative, 667; En glish, 545; factional, 439; Rabochaia gazeta (Workers’ Newspaper), 439, 467; socialist, 204; workers’, 383, 570

Nicholas II, 77, 199, 236, 241, 256, 285, 288, 424, 686

Nikoladze, Niko, 39Nikolaevskii, Boris, 354, 368, 372, 484–486,

557, 584, 796n50Nikolai Station, 589Nikolsk, 461Nikon, 276, 309“Ninoshvili.” See Ingoroqva, EgnateNinua, Giorgi, 75, 105, 108Nogin, Viktor, 459, 479, 606, 627–628, 639,

646, 658, 794n9Northern Front, 636Norwegians, 348Noskov, V.A. (“Glebov”), 234–235, 753n15Novaia Uda, 170–171Novaia zhizn (New Life), 296, 299, 678, 685Novgorod Chronicles, 465Novogorodtseva, Klavdiia, 563Novorossiisk, 170Novozhilova, 465Ob agitatsii (On Agitation), 118

Ob River, 492Obkom. See Caucasian Regional CommitteeOctober Manifesto, 288, 291, 306, 399October Revolution, 451, 681, 685Octobrist Party, Octobrists, 291, 345, 424,

496, 664Odessa, 170, 262, 286, 290, 293, 373odnorodnoe demokraticheskoe pravitel‘stvo,

645odnorodnoe sotsialisticheskoe pravitel‘stvo, 645Odzelashvili, Arsena, 20, 34, 43, 48, 308,

714n19

i n d e x • 847

468, 558, 567–568, 571–572, 644, 690, and Lenin, 112, 127, 183–187, 194–196, 258, 300, 319, 459–460; and Mensheviks, 239; and Rus sian Marxism 116–118, 174; and Social Democracy, 127, 183, 207–210, 235–239; and Stalin, 207, 318, 342, 350, 415–417, 420, 425

Plekhanovites, 460–461, 475plenipotentiaries, 393, 497–498Podvoiskii, Nikolai, 541, 633, 635, 643, 652Pokrovskii, Mikhail, 415, 481, 540Poland, Poles, 44, 77, 112, 132, 183, 185, 194,

230, 273, 320, 347–349, 350, 353–354, 437, 439, 457–458, 471, 478, 487, 490, 498–503, 508–512, 517, 521, 527, 538, 553, 568, 619, 621

Poletaev, Nikolai, 409, 481, 488, 491, 502, 540, 638

police, 97, 105, 127, 137, 141, 179, 204, 274, 276, 288, 290, 291, 402, 433, 470, 492, 494, 542, 539, 569, 781n51

police agents, spies, 126, 139–140, 272–273, 337–338, 346, 372, 408, 422, 432–433, 438, 470, 475, 483–484, 487–488; “Molochnyi,” 449; police surveillance, 125, 127, 139, 163, 168, 463

Polish Socialist Party, 498, 517Poltava, 170pop u lism, 39, 48, 78, 80, 86, 98–123, 128, 135,

232, 272, 276, 297, 315, 345, 567, 569, 716n70

Port Arthur, 194, 247Potemkin, Grigorii, 286, 701Poti, 14, 147, 178, 232Potresov, Aleksandr, 127, 187–188, 258, 410,

437, 443, 494, 788n19practical work, 75, 112, 141Prague Conference, 472–473, 475, 478–479,

482–487, 495, 797n68praktiki, 102, 128, 138, 259, 381, 392, 417, 430,

440, 442, 459, 473, 485, 491Pravda, 424, 433, 481, 488–499, 501–505,

523–524, 538–541, 554, 589, 594–598, 607–609, 612–613, 625, 638, 651

peasant demands, 317; peasant farming, 80; peasant grievances, 283; peasant immigrants, 474; peasant movement, 180, 282, 426; peasant proprietors, 317; peasant rebels, 15, 293; peasant seizures, 666; peasant socialism, 80, 182; peasant terrorism, 260; peasant unrest, 326; peasant uprisings, 249; peasant villages, 304; peasant workers, 148; rebel, 166, 231, 275; resistant, 693; smallholding, 317; women, 458

Peradze, I., 36Pereprygina, Lidiia, 555, 559–560Pereverzev, Pavel, 636Perm, 590Persia, Persians, 11, 14, 15, 16, 35, 50, 374, 380,

434, 530Peshkov, Aleksei Maksimovich. See Gorky,

MaximPeter the Great, 4, 408Peterin, Martin, 559Petersburg. See Saint PetersburgPetersburg Bolsheviks, 494, 557, 635Petersburg Committee, 179–180, 254, 491,

494, 497, 503, 568, 590, 595–597, 599–600, 607, 623, 627, 629, 646, 652

Petersburg Soviet, 298, 351–352, 375Petersburg University, 482Petrograd. See Saint PetersburgPetrograd Bolsheviks, 597, 647, 654, 675Petrograd District, 637Petrograd Soviet, 591–592, 597, 599,

602–604, 613, 670–672, 675, 678, 680, 683, 686

Petrovskaia, Stefaniia , 406–407, 449–451Petrovskii, Grigorii, 478, 503–505, 544, 548,

573, 582Petukhov, Ivan, 574Piatakov, Georgii, 578, 620–621, 813n49Piłsudski, Józef, 517pirveli dasi (first group), 78Plekhanov, Georgii, 75, 80–81, 83, 86, 137,

174, 244, 272, 297, 370, 438, 446–448, 462,

848 • I N D E x

Qazbegi, Aleksandre, 66–67, 69–70, 87, 690qeenoba, 15Qvirila (River), 261Qvirili, 307

Rabinowitch, Alexander, 684, 818n82, 819n23

Rabochaia gazeta (Workers’ Newspaper), 439, 467

Rabochii i Soldat (Worker and Soldier), 651–652

Radek, Karl, 577–578, 813n43, 813n44radical intellectuals, 82, 97, 128–129, 165, 223,

287Radzevich, Vladimir, 125Rakhmetov, 77, 100Ramishvili, Isidore, 150, 161–162, 179, 199,

295, 314, 325, 331, 349, 351, 602, 735, 735n12, 736

Ramishvili, Noe (“Petr Kavkazskii”), 195, 219, 236–238, 240–241, 245, 261, 284, 338–339, 354, 370, 437–438, 485, 569, 751n18, 753n19

Ramishvili, Vano, 162Razhden, 331Razmadze, Grigol, 42, 83Razmirovich, Elena, 504Razumovich, Elena, 549, 568Red Army, 245, 341, 449, 559Red Guard, 300, 600Red Hundreds, 237, 262, 326, 340religion, 15, 31, 37, 40–41, 44–45, 51, 65, 76,

85, 92, 174, 411, 415, 513, 620Renner, Karl, 518–520revisionists, 132, 207, 443revolution: bourgeois, 441; the coming, 75,

114, 116; international, 580; older revolutionaries, 125; proletarian, 297, 447; revolutionary action, 97, 191, 268, 273, 339, 355, 362, 410; revolutionary activists, 189; revolutionary center, 330, 623; revolu-tionary change, 343, 413; revolutionary civil war, 282; revolutionary combat, 374;

Preobrazhenskii, Evgenii, 656, 658prison: Bailov Prison, 378, 399, 402, 405,

449, 462; Metekhi Prison, 138, 289; po liti cal prisoners, 170; prison life, 109–110; several prisoners, 165; Shissel-burg Prison, 561

Prokhorov, 649proletariat, 80, 95, 118–120, 127, 134, 137,

183–185, 213, 224, 240, 252–253, 258–262, 309–311, 317–322, 330, 337, 348–353, 383–393, 400–401, 435, 490, 509, 513–518, 526–529, 533, 536, 565–566, 578–579, 593–599, 617, 620–621, 629, 633, 643, 694; Baku, 356, 380, 425, 432; dictatorship of, 203–208, 267, 343–345, 447, 599, 608–611, 649–659, 676; leadership of, 297–298; Menshevik views on, 446; party, 417; proletarian energy, 247; proletarian socialism, 343; revolutionary, 142, 266, 297, 446–448, 646, 670; Stalin’s notion of, 417–419, 446–447

proletariatis brdzola (Strug gle of the Prole-tariat), 219, 222, 239, 260, 269, 279, 760n67

Proletarii (Proletarian), 245, 256, 356, 414, 417, 421–422, 425, 432, 439, 652

Proletarskaia Revoliutsiia (Proletarian Revolution), 697

Promyslovyi vestnik (Craft Bulletin), 380propaganda circle, 102, 108, 144, 222, 262,

430, 477, 618Prosveshchenie (Enlightenment), 504, 507,

522, 524–525, 531, 535, 546, 661Protestants, 50, 350, 659Provisional Government, 591–593, 596–597,

599–601, 603–606, 608–613, 619, 621, 626–628, 634, 636, 639, 644, 652, 666, 670, 674, 681, 683

Prusakov, Aleksandr, 432Psalms, 42, 48psychohistorians, 174, 704Purishkevich, Vladimir, 409, 644Pushkin, Aleksandr, 48, 87, 373Putilov Factory, 156, 634, 680

i n d e x • 849

Revolutionary Defensists, 622, 625–626, 645revolutionary government, 253, 256, 260,

262, 266–267, 269, 296, 327, 341, 585, 593, 595–596, 633, 670, 685

revolutionary situation, 382Riabushinskii, Pavel, 575, 664, 667Riazanov, David, 531Riga, 233, 275, 525, 666–667, 671Rioni River, 215Rodzianko, Mikhail, 550, 591Romanov, Alia, 475Romanov, Mikhail, 590Romanovs, 508, 511Rome, 457Russkaia kollegiia Organizatsionnoi Komissii

(ROK, Rus sian Collegium of the Organ izing Commission), 469

Rostov, 170, 290, 298, 405, 488Rostovskii, Sava, 400Rothschilds, 147–149, 153, 155, 160, 162, 166,

180, 219, 236Rozenfeld, Lev. See Kamenev, LevRSDRP (Rus sian Social Demo cratic

Workers’ Party), 121–122, 177, 180–183, 186, 206, 207, 214, 221, 239, 247, 248, 250, 269, 313, 321, 329, 336, 339, 345, 364, 368, 369, 377, 386, 409, 414, 416, 431, 436, 441, 469, 476, 477, 479, 488, 498, 512, 515, 571, 595, 617, 653, 680; committees of, 183, 188, 195, 255, 269, 296, 385, 387, 391, 425, 476, 512; conference of, 468, 487; congresses of, 197, 284, 297, 364, 469, 660; court of, 144, 371; editorial board of, 131, 187–188, 233, 242, 252, 260, 311, 321, 417, 419, 421–423, 439, 467, 469, 490–491, 502, 505, 538, 540, 551, 595, 597, 598–599, 652, 653, 660, 671, 679, 681; First Party Congress (Minsk), 121; Fourth Party Congress (Stockholm), 305, 313–321, 323 344, 744n28; Fifth Party Congress (London), 194–195, 377, 420; historians of, 313; leaders of, 185, 197, 204, 248, 302, 415, 448, 468–469, 487, 567, 573, 675; party discipline, 195,

revolutionary conduct, 280; revolution-ary consciousness, 117, 136, 415; revolutionary demonstrations, 247; revolutionary energy, 197, 253, 352; revolutionary events, 642; revolutionary extremism, 206; revolutionary fervor, 315; revolutionary gestation, 118; revolutionary heroism, 272; revolution-ary history, 102; revolutionary institu-tions, 632; revolutionary intellectuals, 77; revolutionary leaders, 114; revolutionary luminaries, 622; revolutionary manifesta-tions, 447; revolutionary means, 292; revolutionary methods, 672; revolution-ary militants, 191; revolutionary movements, 5, 64, 75, 99, 113, 162, 309, 338, 441, 448, 450, 600, 655; revolutionary organ ization, 153; revolutionary overtones, 375; revolutionary party, 121, 123, 151, 182, 194, 219–220, 224, 276, 288, 296–297, 336, 372, 433, 569, 612, 657; revolutionary phrases, 318; revolutionary politics, 102, 598; revolutionary power, 600; revolutionary proletarian energy, 247; revolutionary proletariat, 142, 266, 646, 670; revolutionary propaganda, 253; revolutionary retreat, 388; revolutionary robberies, 367; revolutionary socialists, 252, 308; revolutionary songs, 157, 231; revolutionary strategy, 233, 338; revolutionary success, 499; revolutionary tactics, 330; revolutionary tendencies, 204; revolutionary transformation, 143, 252, 530; Revolutionary Tribunal, 371; revolutionary views, 415, 641; revolution-ary villages, 288; revolutionary war, 576, 676; revolutionary work, 95, 151, 200, 213, 374, 395, 701; social, 44, 96, 447, 583

revolutionaries, 66, 83, 597revolutionary activity, 136, 139, 300, 335,

413, 424Revolutionary Committee, 669, 680–683;

ROK, 469

850 • I N D E x

Saakadze, Giorgi, 34, 43Safarov, Georgii, 127, 495, 800n56Saghirashvili, Davit, 105, 191, 219, 328Saint Petersburg (Petrograd from 1914), 38,

107, 139, 179–180, 198, 229, 232, 250–251, 274–275, 291–293, 296–299, 305–309, 324, 330, 336–337, 347–348, 351–352, 365–367, 561, 572–577, 589–592, 602–604, 607–613, 631–634, 636–637, 639, 644–645, 647, 654, 656–657; and Bolsheviks, 494–507, 557, 593–600, 617–638, 647–657, 666–687; Central Committee of, 244, 254; city duma, 596, 663; government of, 119, 306; Petrograd Soviet, 591–592, 597, 599, 602–604, 613, 670–672, 675, 678, 680, 683, 686; and police, 290; and workers, 478, 499, 569–570, 584–585, 665

Sakvarelidze, Grigol, 400–402Salin, K., 491Samara, 170, 351Samartsev, 389–390Samegrelo, 241. See also MingreliaSami people, 542, 807n12Samoilov, Fedor, 538, 573–574, 581Samson, 215San Remo, 475Sandro, 20, 34–36, 42–43Sarajishvili, David, 51Saratov, 170, 254Saratovets, 374, 400Savchenko, Kuzma, 408, 435–436Savelev, Maksimilian, 646Schmidt, Elizabeth, 439Seagull, The, 537Second International, 122, 370, 510, 516,

565–566, 577Sekretariat, 406Seldiakov, Sergei, 435Selivanikha, 544, 547, 553, 562seminary, 6–7, 22, 28–29, 34–35, 40, 42, 44,

47, 52–56, 61–66, 70, 76–77, 82–84, 87–93, 100–101, 103–105, 107–108, 111–112, 140, 165, 173–174, 262, 280, 284, 286, 334, 366, 689

RSDRP (continued) 216, 242, 251, 419, 550, 599; press of, 447,

660; program of, 185–186, 220, 519, 521, 535; Second Party Congress, 174, 177–178, 182, 187, 195, 201–202, 204, 206, 233–235, 240, 269, 321, 423, 512, 620, 680–681, 684; Seventh Conference, 617; Stalin as activist of, 198, 213, 255, 386, 418, 425, 448, 461, 478, 482, 487, 504; Third Party Congress, 222, 253; unity of, 196, 244, 260, 269, 311–312, 321, 356, 377, 438, 444, 460, 468, 480, 484, 489, 679, 692; work and workers for, 194, 213–214, 248, 257, 278, 312, 328, 335, 376, 383, 386, 392, 409, 426, 427, 432, 461, 462, 484, 490, 495, 622

“Ruben.” See Knuniants, BogdanRumania, 429, 508Russell, Bertrand, 412Rus sia, 99, 119, 133, 297, 415, 425, 447, 561,

610, 620Rus sians, Rus, 12, 18, 37, 39–40, 44, 55, 63,

70, 78, 93–94, 107, 130, 152, 180, 183–185, 220, 263, 273, 286, 309–315, 424–425, 439, 448, 471, 485, 495, 524, 545, 554, 590, 594–595, 600, 603, 606, 619–621, 626, 667, 675; Rus sian authority in the Caucasus, 60, 69, 163, 193, 230–239 389, 425; Rus sian Empire, 7, 12, 15–16, 39, 77–79, 82, 96–99, 123, 129, 147, 182–184, 271, 341, 363, 375, 392, 410, 456, 504, 508, 568; Rus sian intellectuals, 57; Rus sian intelligent sia, 63, 76, 101, 173, 694, 732n51, 756n3; Rus sian Marxism, 96, 101, 116, 197, 207, 251, 350; Rus sian nationalism, 528, 536; Rus sian Social Democracy, 4, 220, 471

Rus sian Army, 667Rus sian Bureau, 590, 594–595, 815n14Rus sian Congress of Soviets, 606, 626,

675Rus sian Mensheviks, 448Russification, 60, 63–64, 458Rustaveli, Shota, 18, 34, 39–41, 53, 62, 65, 174Rykov, Aleksei, 255, 414, 459, 618, 646, 673

i n d e x • 851

Slezkine, Yuri, 83, 721n1, 722n14, 808n24, 810n95, 814n55

Slovatinskaia, Tatiana, 545, 808n24Slusser, Robert, 698Slutskii, Abram, 649Smagin, Aleksei, 156Smilga, Ivars, 629, 639, 652, 658Smirnov, Aleksandr, 464, 480Smirnov, E. L., 302–303Smirnov, Ivan, 492Smirnov, Vladimir, 1Smith, Edward Ellis, 29, 698Smolny Institute, 551, 681–683Smyrba, Khashim, 162Social Democracy: Caucasus Social

Democracy, 196; Rus sian Social Democracy, 4, 220, 471; Social Demo crats, 99, 104, 106, 108, 111, 123, 126, 138, 184–185, 190, 195, 206, 209, 237, 241, 253, 256, 258, 266–268, 288, 309, 332, 345, 349, 368, 385, 388, 389, 437, 448, 462, 464, 471, 483, 484, 487, 512, 515, 524–525, 526, 538, 544, 583; Transcaucasian Social Democ-racy, 110

Social Demo cratic Party of Germany (SPD), 96, 518, 566

social estates, 285, 456social forces, 79, 285, 363, 530, 704social mobility, 17, 45social polarization, 496, 615, 622social science, 8, 86, 118social status, 15, 51, 70socialism: bourgeois, 316; Georgian, 105;

peasant, 80, 182; proletarian, 343; Prus sian, 514; socialist consciousness, 137, 186, 202, 208, 223, 245, 257–258, 265, 732n51; socialist parties, 293, 315, 443, 498, 517, 567, 627, 643, 645, 672–673, 686; socialist republic, 511; stillborn, 316; theory of, 247, 265

Socialist Federalists. See Georgian Socialist Federalists

Socialist International. See Second International

seraphim, 55, 62, 89Serbia, 508Serov, Ivan, 559Sevelev, M. A., 522, 524Sevriugin, V., 400Shagov, Nikolai, 573Shahumian, Ekaterina, 395Shahumian, Stepan, 314, 340, 346, 349, 382,

422–425, 436, 450, 480–486, 505, 513–514, 580, 691, 761n30; relationship with Stalin, 278–280, 289, 320–325, 352–556, 375–378, 416, 418, 431–433, 468–469, 486; Stalin’s denouncement of, 387–396.

Shamil, 67, 69, 720n58Shapatava, Despina, 161–162Shapatava, Ivliane, 161Shatilov, Aleksandr, 168Shaverdov, Datush, 201Shavishvili, Khariton, 237–238, 262, 369–370Shendrikov brothers, 224, 384Shingarev, Andrei, 666Shkarpetkin, Sergei, 406Shliapnikov, Aleksandr, 590, 595, 600, 677,

814n3Shmidt, Nikolai, 367Shumiatskii, Boris, 556, 562, 571, 809n67Shur, Aleksandr, 463–464Shusha, 250, 756n1Shushenskoe, 543Shushi. See ShushaShvartsman, D. M., 478, 491Shveitser, Vera, 409, 541, 547Siberia, 68, 104, 127, 169–174, 177, 198, 201,

244, 300, 351, 376, 404, 424, 431, 450, 473, 489, 491–492, 531, 534, 536, 537, 541, 550, 554, 557, 561, 563, 565, 574–575, 576, 578, 580–582, 584, 589, 590, 593, 594, 597, 601, 640, 687, 695, 697, 702, 705

Siberian Express, 589, 594Siberian Zimmerwaldists, 578skhivi (Ray), 309Skobelev, Matvei, 498–499, 523, 592, 614Skrypnik, Mikola, 414, 605–606

852 • I N D E x

626–629, 636, 661, 666; soldiers’ soviets, 597; of the Tsar, 308–310; and workers, 570–571, 591, 644–645, 669

“Soldiers to the Trenches, Workers to the Benches,” 601

Solin, K., 491Sololaki, 50, 239, 324, 334Solvychegodsk, 396, 405–406, 409, 425, 450,

458–459, 461, 464, 795n18Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 2, 692Somme, 579Sosnovskii, Lev, 383, 484, 799n14South Caucasia, 16, 147, 179, 193, 234, 394Souvarine, Boris, 352, 698Soviet Executive Committee, 597, 604,

613–614, 630, 637, 648Soviet Power, 618, 635–638, 645–646, 658,

667, 673–674, 676, 680, 686Soviet Union, 1–2, 7, 33, 83, 125, 165, 184,

376–377, 501, 514, 525, 589, 699, 703soviets, 302, 440, 595–597, 600–601, 610–611,

617–618, 633–634, 637, 643 653–661, 663–665, 668, 671–677, 679–686; First All- Russian Conference of, 603–606, 626, 628, 630–631; Menshevik, 293; peasants’, 608, 646–651, 661; soldiers’, 597, 615; workers’, 608, 624

Sovremennyi Mir (Con temporary World), 545Spandarian, Suren, 94, 331, 348–349,

375–376, 387–388, 393, 395–396, 422, 432, 469, 472, 477–480, 483–484, 488, 532, 541, 556, 558, 560–563, 571–575, 580, 582, 691

Spinoza, Baruch, 554Staat und Nation (State and Nation), 520Stalin: Anarchism or Socialism?, 27, 342;

“Besoshvili,” 27, 310; birth, 19; as Bolshevik, 193–211; called Osip, 312, 406–407, 548, 562, 583; Citizen Stalin, 371–372; childhood friends, 6, 8, 13, 18–29, 31–36, 42–43, 50, 52–54, 65–67; and Credo, 120, 201, 214, 691; dila (Morning), 57; education of, 31–49; in exile, 537–564; as historical actor, 688–695; life in Baku, 370–389, 391–400, 403, 405–407, 409,

Socialist Revolution, 80, 117, 252–253, 256, 267–268, 297–298, 337, 570, 576, 608–609, 611, 618, 620–621, 656

Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 99, 105, 121, 123, 170, 182, 194, 223–224, 272–273, 276, 293, 308, 316, 344, 372, 389, 391, 392, 393–394, 401, 458–459, 465–466, 473, 492, 497, 560, 562, 569, 578, 592, 605, 613–615, 624–625, 627, 631, 633, 635–636, 641, 643, 646–651, 655, 657, 659–660, 663–665, 668–677, 684–685

socialists: moderate, 224, 477, 607, 613–614, 624–625, 643, 645, 648, 656, 665–667, 672–676, 680, 684; Populist Socialist Revolutionaries, 99; socialist activists, 143; socialist activity, 128; socialist brochures, 334; socialist congresses, 566; socialist ideas, 119, 127, 136; socialist intellectuals, 97, 121, 126, 130, 179, 230, 234, 252; socialist material, 104, 128; socialist movement, 77, 93, 568, 576; socialist nationalists, 276, 517; socialist newspa-pers, 204; socialist practice, 206; socialist propaganda, 130, 435; socialist reforms, 659; socialist victories, 659; socialist workers, 122, 275

Society for Intellectual Aid, 545Society for the Spread of Literacy, 39Soghorashvili, G., 104, 355Sogorovaia, Evgeniia, 150, 355Sokolnikov, Grigorii (“Girsh”), 652, 657,

660, 677, 823n31Sokolovskii, N., 125Soldat (Soldier), 651–653Soldatskaia Pravda (Soldier’s Truth), 613, 651soldiers, 98, 124, 126, 158–161, 178, 180, 186,

193, 212, 230–231, 233, 242, 261, 271–272, 280, 282, 285, 288–289, 294, 296, 298–299, 307, 326, 473, 568, 579, 582, 585–592, 599, 601, 605, 631–633, 636–638, 647–648, 650–651, 653, 657, 675–677, 680–686; and peasants, 275, 682; and police, 275; Rus sian, 603, 608–615; and sailors,

i n d e x • 853

strike bureau, 299, 766n26strikes, 384, 473, 584, 666, 740n113, 784n39striking workers, 156, 249, 473, 495Struve, Petr, 94, 118study circles, 64, 77, 149, 155Sturua, Vano, 75, 105Sturua, Razhden, 295Sudakov, P. I., 498Sukhanov, Nikolai, 592, 597, 604, 630, 662,

669, 676, 680–681, 685Sukhova, Tatiana, 406–407Sukhumi, 232Sunday school, 108, 151, 161Supreme, 418, 641, 668, 692suramis tsikhe (Surami Fortress), 48, 307Surin, Semen, 459, 492Svanidze, Aleksandra (“Sashiko”), 323, 335,

336, 398Svanidze, Aleksandre, 323, 334Svanidze, Ekaterine (“Kato”), 52, 334–336,

366, 378, 398–399Svanidze, Sepora, 399Svans, 40, 527Sveaborg, 336Sveitser, Vera, 472, 491, 556, 560, 574, 580,

582, 584, 810n87Sveneti, 18, 56Sverdlov, Iakov, 405–406, 479, 489, 492,

504–506, 537, 542–545, 547–548, 551–553, 556, 559, 562–563, 571, 573–574, 581, 625, 627, 634–635, 642, 646, 651, 653, 678, 680, 691, 813n55

Sverdlova, Klavdia, 542Sviatapolk- Mirskii, Prince Petr, 278, 367Swedes, 312–313, 348, 667Switzerland, Swiss, 244, 296–297, 526, 535,

567, 576, 577, 603, 607, 619, 626, 627

taiga, 404, 542, 561Takuev, Stepan, 406Talaqvadze, Sebastian, 142, 213–214, 241tamada, 25, 279, 335Tamar of Georgia, 41

415–416, 421–426, 438, 443–445, 449–451 461–462, 468–471, 480; life in Batumi, 180, 188, 198–201; mokhutsi ninika (The Old Man Ninika), 59; mtvares (Moon), 57–58; multiple Stalins, 688, 700; nickname Ioska the Pockmarked, 539; nom de guerre Stalin, 458; Notes of a Delegate, 420; notion of proletariat, 417–419, 446–447; “Our Goals,” 489; peletoni (Feuilleton), 58; pen name “Soselo,” 57, 59–60, 81–82, 366; personal-ity of, 4, 699; pseudonyms, 214, 433; relationship with his father, 22–30; relationship with his mother, 24–56, 76, 89, 115; relationship with Lenin, 187, 519, 524, 535, 620, 661, 703; and terrorism, 271–290; thoughts on the national question, 519–536; “Vaska,” 541, 544; wedding to Ekaterine Svanidze, 334–335; young Stalin, 2–71, 83, 230, 697–699; Young Stalin, 231, 701

Stalinism, 2, 33, 639, 697–699, 704Stalinist, 2, 109–110, 113–114, 178, 202, 224,

397, 697Stalin Museum, 708–709Staroselskii, Vladimir, 285, 288, 294, 307Stasova, Elena, 375, 480, 483, 486–487, 489,

491, 541, 639State Conference, Baku, 389, 392State Conference, Moscow, 665state institutions, 133, 276, 362state power, 293, 343, 447, 511, 570, 622, 626,

643, 658, 675, 685, 688Stepantsminda, 66Stockholm, 312–314, 323, 348, 660, 667Stockholm Conference, 667Stolypin, Petr, 274, 285, 336, 338, 344, 346,

362, 372, 378, 394, 402, 423–424, 455–458, 470, 472, 476–477

Stopani, Aleksandr, 235, 245–246, 386, 486, 753n17

Strasser, Josef, 517, 543, 554street demonstrations, 128, 133, 157, 179, 628

854 • I N D E x

Tiflis Seminary, 29, 40, 44, 47, 52, 54, 56, 61, 66, 70, 76, 92, 101, 111, 280, 366

Tikhomirova, Lukeria, 492Tkachev, Petr, 318Todria, Silibistro (Silva, Sila), 99, 151, 156,

161, 409, 470, 500Tolstoy, Lev, 85, 104, 400, 472Tomsk, 491–493Tomskii, Mikhail, 414, 623, 634, 819n21Topuridze, Diomide, 181, 183, 194–196, 742n11,

743n12toska, 456, 459Totomiants, Oganes Vartanov, 409, 450trade unions, 96, 375, 379, 385–386, 391–392,

410, 424, 426, 429, 444, 477Transcaucasia, 75, 340, 345, 375, 377, 526,

619–621, 697Transcaucasian Obkom, 485Trepov, Dmitrii, 306Tribunal, 241, 371–372, 498, 550, 566Troianovskii, Aleksandr, 504, 522–525, 531,

538, 549, 554Trotsky (Bronstein), Lev, 1, 75, 164, 172, 183,

185, 202, 230, 233, 282, 297–298, 351–353, 356, 424, 439, 460–462, 468, 476, 495, 520–523, 530–531, 539, 568, 570, 576–577, 597, 602, 607, 611–612, 622–623, 626, 635–636, 638, 641–642, 644, 647, 655, 658–660, 663, 673–685, 690, 698–699, 702–704

Trotskyists, 461, 532Trudoviki, 324, 344Trzebinia, 501–502Tsabadze, Vaso, 103, 106, 121, 142, 219tsar, 3, 29, 37–38, 42, 44, 77, 143, 166, 173,

193–194, 221, 229, 231–232, 241, 285–286, 288–294, 296, 304, 306–307, 313, 326, 336, 346, 361–363, 376, 492, 568, 584, 590–591, 660, 687, 694; abdication of, 595; “Address from the Throne,” 324; subjects of, 12, 456–458; power of, 15, 520; and soldiers, 308–309;

tsarism, 37, 67, 81, 121, 139–140, 143, 151, 160, 170, 172, 185, 189, 221, 231, 252, 254, 271, 278, 285–286, 292, 296, 299, 325, 361, 367, 404,

Tamashev, 51, 289Tammerfors, 299,Tammerfors (Tampere) Conference, 299,

302–304, 344Taraseev, Aleksandr, 547, 556Taraseeva, Afisa, 547–548, 556Tarnopol (Ternopil), 667Tashkent, 672, 674Tatarinov, Nikolai, 463, 465Tatars, 269, 294, 295, 324, 339, 380, 466, 506,

524, 694Tauride Palace, 324, 409, 500, 591, 635–636Tbilisi. See TiflisTchaikovsky, Petr, 45Telavi, 53, 326Telia, Giorgi, 109, 299Teodorovich, Ivan, 606teoretiki, 128, 427Ter- Petrosian, Simon (“Kamo”), 28, 93, 127,

156, 231, 271, 279–282, 289, 335, 365–370, 373, 689, 691

Terek River, 38, 67terrorism: opponents of, 369, 372–373;

peasant, 260; po liti cal, 182, 283; revolutionary, 362, 364; revolutionary mass terror, 382; worker, 242, 260

Tiflis (Tbilisi), 14–21, 28–29, 39–40, 44, 61, 64–67, 70, 75–77, 79, 82, 89, 92–94, 98, 101–112, 120–127, 160–165, 168, 181, 194–195, 198–206, 212–213, 215–225, 250–251, 258–261, 273–314, 323–331, 334, 338–340, 345–348, 361–378, 381–382, 388, 398, 405–406, 421–422, 426, 436, 438–439, 449, 462, 469–470, 483–487, 541, 554, 557, 583, 695; Armenians in, 50–52, 61, 64, 70, 78–79, 81, 98, 107, 129, 148, 181–183, 345; duma in, 289; factories in, 16, 123, 129; labor movement in, 139, 188–191; Mensheviks in, 244, 312, 319, 353; name of, 49; police in, 154–155, 191; strikes in, 277, 286, 289, 326; Tiflis Committee, 122, 131, 139–141, 143, 150, 153, 178, 190, 235–236, 239–240, 242, 244, 259, 261, 273, 311, 326, 345; workers in, 129, 148, 189, 225, 276, 363, 371,

i n d e x • 855

475, 569; under ground press, 129, 138, 156; under ground revolutionary movement, 4, 383; under ground work, 151, 301, 443

“uninterrupted” or “permanent revolution,” 297–298

Union of Landlords, 664Union of Liberation, 221, 224Union of Mechanical Workers, 379–380Union of Oil Workers, 379, 386, 390, 430,

432, 483Union of Printers, 473Union of Strug gle for the Emancipation of

Labor (Soiuz bor’by za osvobozhdenie truda), 119

unions: union leaders, 391; union workers, 432; unionist work, 435

unitary state, 457, 514United States of Amer i ca, 147, 429, 436, 522,

534–535, 568, 576, 592United States of Eu rope, 535, 806n78Urals, 170, 347, 426, 461, 468, 534, 541, 590Uratadze, Giorgii. See Uratadze, GrigolUratadze, Grigol (Giorgii), 167–168, 274,

279, 284, 314, 364, 438, 448, 471–472, 569, 734n77, 796n57

urban workers, 99, 179, 661Uritskii, Moisei, 660, 680Ushakov, Mikhail, 310USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Repub-

lics), 1, 404, 418, 698–699

Vadachkoria, Domenti, 151–152, 158, 160van Ree, Erik, 343, 662, 714n19, 733n73, 760n2,

762n27, 803n6, 804n23, 806n75, 812n40Vandervelde, Emile, 567, 572Vanguardism, 137, 631Vardoian, Georgii, 34, 93Vasadze, 357, 779n107Vatsek, 374Veiland, Olga, 504, 522–532Veinberg, Gavril, 649vengeance, 68, 191, 275, 282–283vepkhistqaosani (The Knight in the

Panther’s Skin), 18, 39, 62

445, 455, 487, 567–568, 580, 598, 603, 605; tsarist authorities, 44, 180, 276, 292; tsarist autocracy, 61, 182–183, 260; tsarist empire, 37, 140; tsarist officials, 69, 273, 276; tsarist police, 104, 172, 217, 269, 275, 370, 443; tsarist regime, 104–105, 231, 286, 339, 477, 496, 583, 598

Tsederbaums, 371, 437, 539Tsereteli, Akaki, 39, 59, 62Tsereteli, Giorgi, 78, 106, 123, 346Tsereteli, Irakli, 59, 94, 195, 346, 351, 354,

424, 578, 601–602, 606, 626, 629–630, 636, 649–650, 654, 666, 745n8

Tsereteli, Mikheil, 341Tsentral’nyi ispolnitel’nyi komitet (Central

Executive Committee, TsIK), 634Tsikhitatrishvili, Maria, 19Tsikhitatrishvili, Mikha, 19Tsintsadze, Kote, 165, 261, 279, 308, 335,

364–365, 367–368, 370, 378, 779n13Tsioglinskii, 539Tskhakaia, Mikha, 64, 77, 106, 112, 149, 181,

200–202, 212–217, 236, 240–241, 245, 250, 254–255, 262, 284, 287, 289, 310, 331, 335, 340, 348, 353, 355, 416, 421, 423, 431, 462, 563, 691

Tsuladze, Viktor, 130Tsulukidze, Aleksandre, 110–111, 113–114, 124,

134, 216–217, 241, 262–264, 279Tucker, Robert, 698–700, 704, 767n37Tula, 98, 405Turgenev, Ivan, 48, 76, 94Turkestan, 382Turkey, 18, 50, 147–148, 156, 162, 262, 579Turkmenistan, 376Turks, 11, 307, 530Turukhansk, 479, 531, 537, 541–544, 547, 555,

558, 565, 571–572, 575, 619

Ukraine, Ukrainians, 123, 182, 527, 508, 568, 605, 619, 621, 634

Ulam, Adam, 698, 700, 704Ulanovskii, Aleksandr, 537, 554–555under ground, the: under ground move-

ment, 152; under ground party, 432, 445,

856 • I N D E x

Western Eu rope, 517Western Georgia, 79, 111, 113, 139, 179–180,

194, 212–213, 217, 244–245, 263, 276, 278, 282, 284–285, 293, 299, 306–307, 316

What Is Not to Be Done, 207, 410What Is the Party?, 257What Is to Be Done? (Chto Delat’?), 77, 100,

114, 135, 137–138, 161, 178, 190, 203, 205, 213, 223–224, 234, 255, 260, 262, 409, 415, 442

White City, 387, 389Who Lives on What, 112Winter Palace, 229, 647, 682–685Woitinsky, Wladimir, 605 women: Georgian, 18–19, 23, 35, 69; peasant,

458; urban, 16; women workers, 159, 377, 538, 590; women’s literacy, 18–19, 710n24

Women’s Battalion, 682workers, 225, 283, 313, 526, 568, 570, 600,

694; activist, 97, 105, 107–108, 122, 124, 126, 150, 162, 260; armed, 261, 600; backward, 386; city factory, 497; Council of Workers, 393; dedicated party, 622; dismissed, 155; factory, 20, 51, 96, 148, 155, 158, 230, 269, 497, 635; house factory, 635; incarcerated, 158; industrial, 95, 117, 129, 356, 474; local, 107, 112, 126, 152, 212, 240, 242, 274; loyal, 155, 248; manganese, 217; militant, 212; occasional representative of, 234; oil-field, 381; other, 19, 95, 102–103, 153–154; protesting, 500; radicalized mine, 276; railroad, 98, 104–105, 107, 109, 122, 129, 231, 241, 288–289, 669; rebellious, 276, 701; skilled, 153, 380, 386, 429; textile, 81, 499; unskilled, 390; worker activity, 152, 539; worker adherents, 96, 278; worker and peasant militancy, 139; worker authority, 624; worker comrades, 131, 158, 199; worker conditions, 231; worker control, 245; worker correspon-dent, 149; worker discontent, 141; worker dominance, 141; worker initiative, 179, 386; worker leaders, 242; worker militancy, 499, 615; worker organ ization,

Veprintsev, Nikolai (Peterburgets), Peterburgets, 400, 433

Vereshchak, Semen, 401, 492Vermishev, Khristopor, 287, 772n79Vienna, 495, 506, 521–524, 538–539, 549Vilna, 525Vilnius. See VilnaVolga, 76, 119, 170, 379, 391Volodarskii, V., 646, 649–650, 652, 654,

656, 822n9Vologda, 403, 405–406, 450, 463–465, 467,

472, 482, 541von Clausewitz, Carl, 579von Pleve, Viacheslav, 194, 221Voprosy strakhovaniia (Questions of

Insurance), 575Vorontsov, Mikhail, 38Vorontsov- Dashkov, Illarion, 278, 285, 293,

307, 326, 394Voroshilov, Kliment, 313, 348, 375–376, 378Voznesenskii, 366–368Vpered (Forward), 222, 233, 241–242, 247,

284, 415, 660; editorial board, 242Vperedisti (Forwardists), 443, 460–461,

463, 475Vulikh, Tatiana, 395–398, 406–407, 543, 545Vyborg, 336, 338, 409, 470, 483, 593, 595, 625,

628, 635, 815n14Vyborg Manifesto, 338Vyborg Side, 470, 593Vychegda River, 405, 407Vyshinskii, Andrei, 376, 381, 402, 782n10

war, attitudes on, 567, 573, 576–577, 583, 591, 597–600, 602, 606, 612, 623, 625, 632

War Communism, 414war party, 567war patriotism, 567“War to a Victorious End,” 571Warsaw, 77, 233, 498West, the, 2, 11, 14, 44, 49–50, 80, 95, 100,

103, 111, 113, 261, 278, 428, 443, 445, 469, 582, 618, 659, 667, 698

i n d e x • 857

Zelikson, Tsetsiliia, 200, 217Zelindzon, David, 382Zemliachka, Rosaliia, 206Zevin, Iakov (“Pavel”), 475, 797n68Zharov, Maksim, 382Zhgenti, Tengiz, 737n39, 742n8Zhordania, Noe (“Kostrov”), 64, 77–79,

81, 83, 90–91, 98, 106–107, 109–111, 113, 122–123, 125, 131, 140, 144, 174, 181, 185–186, 194–195, 204–206, 209, 235–237, 240, 244–245, 251, 257–258, 260, 274, 284, 295, 310–312, 314, 318, 320, 325, 336, 338, 354–355, 364–365, 368–370, 372, 388, 396, 438, 446–449, 500, 512, 520, 527, 530, 531, 532, 540, 545–546, 554, 569, 690, 753n19

Zhordania, Tedo, 52–53Zimmerwald Conference, 577–579, 606,

626; Zimmerwaldist, 578, 606Zimnaia, 171Zinoviev, Grigorii, 322, 414, 422, 437–439,

478, 502, 504–505, 531–532, 543, 545–546, 554, 563, 607, 611, 621–622, 627, 629, 635, 638–639, 641, 643–644, 647, 654–655, 659–660, 676–680, 683, 771n72

Zionists, 183, 528Zubatovshchina, 182; Zubatovist, 235Zurabov, Arshak (Rashid- bek), 181,

183, 195–196, 345–346, 424, 742n11

Zvezda (Star), 481, 488–491

657; worker origin, 184; worker participa-tion, 123, 129, 141, 446; worker power, 392; worker pressure, 391; worker resentment, 426; worker solidarity, 96; worker study circles, 149; worker support, 239, 625, 646

workers’ circles, 102–103, 153, 727n26working class, 50, 78–82, 87, 95, 103, 117–121,

126–127, 132, 136–137, 160, 182, 203, 206, 223, 253, 256–257, 260, 265–267, 296, 321–322, 350, 355–356, 373, 376, 379, 402–403, 440–441, 474, 481, 490, 496, 498–499, 509, 579, 593, 605, 613, 630, 686, 724n2, 797n67

World War I, 445, 473, 496World War II, 501Woytinsky, Wladimir, 635, 816n45

Yakut, 565Yaroslavl, 275Yerevan. See ErivanYiddish, 183, 528

Zabelin, 463, 471Zabolote, 171Zagranichnaia Organizatsionnaia Komissiia

(Orga nizational Commission Abroad, ZOK), 468

Zakopane, 538Zalutskii, Petr, 590, 606, 639, 658, 814n3Zarnitsyn, 469Zasulich, Vera, 127, 188, 209, 235, 238, 258, 265