•
vii
Contents
Acknowl edgments xi
A Note on Dating and Spelling xv
A Note on Archives xvii
Maps xix
Introduction: Fortune’s Knave 1
Growing Up Georgian
1 The Georgian 11
2 The Pupil 31
3 Koba 49
Breaking Left
4 Apprentice of the Revolution 75
5 Burning Bridges 95
6 The Outlaw 116
7 Trial by Fire 146
The Making of a Bolshevik
8 On the Margins 177
9 Becoming Bolshevik 193
10 Back in the Game 212
viii • C o n t e n t s
Revolutionary Under ground
11 Revolutionary Baptism 229
12 The Committeeman 250
13 The Terrorist 271
14 Meeting the Mountain Ea gle 291
15 Gendarme of the Revolution 305
16 The Professional 333
Staying the Course
17 The Tiflis “Ex” 361
18 Journeyman for the Revolution 374
19 The Rebel Disarmed 404
20 Labor and Liquidators 428
From Outside In
21 The Roving Agent 455
22 The Man of Steel 481
23 The Expert 507
24 The Exile 537
25 Far from the Front 565
The Steep Path to Power
26 The Revolutionary 589
27 Reaping the Whirlwind 617
28 The Dark Before 642
29 On the Eve 662
C o n t e n t s • ix
Conclusion: The Road Traveled 688
Historians Look at Stalin: A Historiographical Discussion 697
Notes 707
Index 831
1
Introduction
f or t u n e ’s k n av e
No one can be regarded as a born criminal. One cannot look at Stalin in the same light in 1918, in 1924, or in 1937. It is the same person, and yet it is not. In the ten years after he succeeded Lenin, he changed markedly. Yet that is the difficulty of creating his po liti cal portrait: while apparently struggling for the ideals of socialism— however twistedly understood—he committed crime after crime.
— dmitr ii volkogonov, sta li n: t r iu m ph a n d t r agedy (1991)
Do not expect more from the truth than it actually contains.
— russi a n prov er b
In the spring of 1924, Stalin’s nemesis and rival, Lev Trotsky, told the “Old Bolshevik” Vladimir Smirnov, “Stalin will become the dictator of the USSR.” “Stalin?” Smirnov reacted. “But he is a mediocrity, a color-less non- entity.” “Mediocrity, yes,” Trotsky mused, “non- entity, no. The dialectics of history have already hooked him and will raise him up. He is needed by all of them—by the tired radicals, by the bureaucrats, by the Nepmen, the kulaks, the upstarts, the sneaks, by all the worms that are crawling out of the upturned soil of the manured revolution.”1
Stalin continues to fascinate— the central mystery within the riddle inside the enigma that was the Soviet Union. Ordinary in many ways, hardly a mediocrity, he rose to extraordinary heights. Toward the end of his life he was arguably the most power ful individual in the world. Yet at vari ous earlier times he was seen as a “gray blur,” “the man who missed the revolution,” a “mediocrity” hooked by history. He was
2 • I n t r o d u c t i o n
Lenin’s “marvelous Georgian,” in war time the “Generalissimo,” and still later “history’s villain.”
Yet the telling of Stalin’s life story has always been more than biogra-phy. There is won der at the achievement— the son of a Georgian cob-bler ascending the heights of world power, the architect of an industrial revolution and the destruction of millions of the people he ruled, the leader of the state that stopped the bloody expansion of fascism. Stalin’s story is the story of the making of the Soviet Union and a par tic u lar vision of what he called socialism. His biographers have often placed historical imagination at the ser vice of a specific politics of eroding (or lauding) the Stalinist inheritance. Such a life story cannot be separated from an evaluation of that life’s work. In twenty- first century Rus sia vi-sions of Stalin are deployed to justify yet another slide into authoritari-anism, while in the West the entirety of the Soviet experience is often reduced to Stalin and Stalinism, the Great Purges, and the gulag. The drama of his life, the achievements and tragedies, are so morally and emotionally charged that they challenge the usual practices of historical objectivity and scholarly neutrality. As his heirs and victims have tried to make sense of Stalin, tales or rumors have been used to illuminate the dark corners of the Soviet past. Imaginative portraits, like those by great novelists like Alexander Solzhenitsyn or Vasilii Grossman, doubtless help us to sense the interior of the dictator’s mind but contain fictions or at best half- fictions.2 When it comes to Stalin, gossip is reported as fact, legend provides meaning, and scholarship gives way to sensational-ist popu lar lit er a ture with tangential reference to the reliable sources.
Most elusive and obscure have been Stalin’s early years— before he was Stalin. Here the lasting fascination with the demon dictator is matched by an irresistible temptation to make his childhood and youth “useful” by investing them with the first signs of the paranoid revolutionary- from- above of the 1930s, the arch criminal who presided over the death of millions. Those who “know” the autocratic Stalin of totalitarian Rus sia have read back the characteristics of the General Sec-retary into the young Stalin, emphasizing what fits— vio lence, paranoia, arrogance, and the need to dominate— and rejecting what does not— romanticism, literary sensibility, love for his homeland, and
f o r t u n e ’s k n av e • 3
revolutionary idealism. As impor tant as Stalin’s early life was to the for-mation of his personality, the difficulties of reconstructing it from the few extant memoirs of his youth and scanty available documentation have led sometimes to flimsily built psychoanalytic speculation and at other times to fanciful arguments that Stalin must have been an agent for the tsar’s Okhrana (po liti cal police).3
From the earliest attempts at understanding Stalin, biographers have drawn conclusions about the mature Stalin from the psychological, not to mention physical, blows suffered by the young Ioseb Jughashvili. His boyhood friend, Ioseb Iremashvili, later a po liti cal opponent, composed the first memoir of Stalin’s childhood and made the primary psychologi-cal deduction later followed by other biographers: “Undeserved, terri-ble beatings made the boy as hard and heartless as his father himself. Since all men who had authority over others either through power or age reminded him of his father, there soon arose a feeling of revenge against all men who stood above him. From his youth the realization of his thoughts of revenge became the goal toward which every thing was aimed.” Stalin evidently evaluated his parents’ disciplining differently from Iremashvili. When popu lar German biographer Emil Ludwig, known for his interviews with the po liti cal celebrities of the interwar years, met with Stalin in the Kremlin, he indelicately broached the issue of parental abuse: “What pushed you into opposition? Perhaps the bad treatment by your parents?” Stalin did not take the bait, however. “No,” he answered. “My parents were uneducated people, but they treated me not badly at all.” 4
Reducing the complexity of the biographical subject to a single ex-planatory key, in this case parental abuse, impoverishes explanation, and most historians have been suspicious of a method that leaves so much out— culture and context, politics and ideas— and renders stated mo-tivations suspect, reducing them to psychological functions (rational-ization, compensation, sublimation). Stalin is without doubt one of the most tempting and, at the same time, least hospitable subjects for a bio-grapher. Not particularly introspective, he left few intimate letters, no secret diary, and many dubious witnesses to his inner life. Moreover, Bolshevik po liti cal culture was hostile to open personal expression and
4 • I n t r o d u c t i o n
imposed on Stalin and other adherents an enforced modesty. Denial of the importance of self was part of the Social Demo cratic tradition, and even as a grotesque cult of Stalin’s personality grew to gargantuan pro-portions Stalin would continue, disingenuously, to claim that he dis-liked all the fuss. At diff er ent times in his life Stalin created distinct narratives about who he was. In the 1930s that narrative drew parallels with Peter the Great and then with Ivan the Terrible. His earlier narra-tives were romances about Georgia, the revolutionary hero, the practi-cal man of the under ground, the hardened, steeled Bolshevik, who in time became the Lenin loyalist, the man of the moderate middle, and soon afterward the radical transformer of Rus sia’s real ity.
Yet for all his dissembling and deception, his playacting and postur-ing, Stalin revealed himself through what he did and said in public and— now that archives are open and more reliable testimonies have come forth—in private as well. For the first time biographers are able to place the man in his world, show his limits as well as talents, and work toward a portrait that might explain the seemingly inexplicable. Stalin was an exceptional individual because of what he became and what he did, the positions he occupied in a tumultuous time, but like many people in higher politics he was at the same time quite ordinary, a small man placed in extraordinary circumstances.
In this study Stalin’s psychological evolution is treated as the interplay between the boy from Georgia’s developing character and the social and cultural environments through which Soso Jughashvili— later Koba, still later Stalin— moved. Each of these environments— the ethno cultural setting of Georgia, the revolutionary intelligent sia, the Marxist move-ment, the under ground, prison and exile, on to the upper circles of Rus-sian Social Democracy, the fire of civil war, the inner workings of the Soviet po liti cal system, and the po liti cal cultures of socialism— imprinted Stalin, changing him along the way. As life’s experiences molded him, what he was becoming modified what he had been. He was not born a criminal and did not become a Caucasian bandit. Rather than a gangster out to enrich himself, he was both the product of and participant in an evolving culture of the under ground revolutionary. Idealism and ideol-ogy, as well as resentment and ambition, impelled him to endure the risks
f o r t u n e ’s k n av e • 5
and recklessness of a po liti cal outlaw. He hardened himself, accepted the necessity of deception, ruthlessness, and vio lence— all these means justi-fied by the end of social and po liti cal liberation. This is the story of how a po liti cal revolutionary was made, as well as the emergence of the revo-lutionary movement, its possibilities, ambitions, and trials.
Stalin lived almost exactly as long before the revolution as after, and the first third of his life was spent in Georgia. As a Georgian who rose to the top of the Rus sian Communist movement and as the architect of the Soviet multinational state, Stalin’s story is part of a larger story of empires and nations, new forms of imperial construction and national ambitions. Born, raised, and educated in Georgia, this was the first cul-tural environment he experienced. Yet it is hard to claim that Jughashvili became Stalin because of something essentially Georgian, as there is no archetypical Georgian.5 His boyhood country was a lively arena in which people defined and defended what they considered to be their culture and its values, often bitterly disagreeing with other members of the same ethnicity. Nationalists like to think of ethnic culture as harmo-nious and consistent, with those inside that culture sharing character-istics that differ radically from those outside. But Georgia was part of a larger Caucasian cultural sphere and embedded in the imperial Rus sian polity with its own cultural and social influences. Among Georgians values and be hav iors were si mul ta neously shared and contested. Older traditions contended with novel divisions of power and shifts in status and gender hierarchies. Poets and politicians made claims about what was authentically “Georgian.” In the half century before Stalin’s birth there were those ready to “police” the bound aries of Georgian culture, tell others what was au then tic and proper, and discipline deviants. Even as aspects of Stalin’s ethnic culture were breaking down and being re-formulated, while intellectuals turned their attention to what appeared about to be lost, young Soso Jughashvili, influenced by his doting mother, identified intensely with Georgia, its practices and preferences, the beautiful intricacies and cadences of its language, its music, and its hypermasculine gender regime.
A more mature Koba eventually broke through what he found to be the confining limits of nationality to identify with an explic itly
6 • I n t r o d u c t i o n
anti- nationalist po liti cal party and its socialist future. In rapid succes-sion Soso left the largely Georgian town of his birth and entered other cultural milieus: the seminary, the intelligent sia, the movement, and the party. By his twenty- first birthday he had become a professional revo-lutionary defined by a new culture, the po liti cal culture of Rus sian So-cial Democracy, with its specific forms of moral and personal be hav ior, its idealized self- representations of what constituted an intelligent (a radical po liti cal intellectual), and its elaborate codes of loyalty and sacrifice.
Elaborating the cultural worlds through which the young Stalin passed makes pos si ble a fuller understanding of the sources of Stalin’s par tic u lar psy chol ogy and the determinants of his personal and po liti cal trajectory. Understanding the man comes from setting him in his time and place, even though some parts of his inner workings undoubtedly remain elusive, buried in regions to which historians are not admitted. Poverty was the condition of the world into which he came. The constant and demanding attention and fierce adulation that his single pre sent parent, his mother, focused on Soso fed his social resentment at his place in the scheme of things. Aware of being marginalized and at the same time talented, Soso found that hard work and discipline moved him to the front of the class. His inheritance from both parents was ambition.
The usual biographical narrative, with its organic continuity between boy, young adult, and mature man, is challenged by the reconstruction of the available fragments of Stalin’s life that suggest a much more dis-jointed evolution in which Soso/Koba/Stalin shed one identity and took on another. The obedient child and priest- in- training became a rebel; the Georgian patriot became an assimilated Rus sian, though only in part and primarily in his public posture; the militant Bolshevik at times took on the coloring of a moderate. As he moved physically and psychologically away from Georgia, Stalin left behind a culture in which one’s sense of personhood derived from family, friends, and nation and entered a world in which one defined one’s own nature in line with a par tic u lar understanding of historical direction and the unforgiving im-peratives of politics. By becoming a rebel against the existing order,
f o r t u n e ’s k n av e • 7
revolutionaries like Stalin declared war on constituted authorities. For Marxists in the Rus sian Empire politics were less about compromise and persuasion and more about the violent, unforgiving confrontations found on the battlefield. A logic of war prevailed, one that required (sometimes with regret) the use of vio lence. Responding both to inner needs and external possibilities and challenges, deeply changed by the experiences of the seminary, under ground, prison, revolution, civil war, and po liti cal power, the Stalin that emerged on the world stage was both a product of the successive cultures through which he passed and an actor making choices and defining himself in unpre ce dented and un-predictable historical circumstances.
During the Cold War, battalions of Soviet and Western scholars ex-plored the history of Rus sian Social Democracy, the Marxist movement that split irrevocably into Bolshevism and Menshevism by 1905 and whose radical wing led by Vladimir Lenin came to power in Octo-ber 1917. The stories they told were diametrically opposed to one an-other, each a product of the intellectual and po liti cal imperatives of their respective worlds. With the fall of the Soviet Union interest in the intri-cacies of the po liti cal strug gles of the Marxist factions and their mean-ings and influences on the Soviet future evaporated. Yet at the same moment the less contentious environment of the post- Soviet period, along with the opening of Soviet archives, made pos si ble a reevaluation of the history of Rus sian (and Georgian) Marxism and their respective and distinct labor movements. Since those movements and the Marxist under ground were the major breeding grounds for Stalin and those around him, I have undertaken a fresh reading of the history of those movements out of which the Soviet experiment and Stalin himself emerged.
Understanding Stalin’s psychological makeup, the cognitive under-standings and the emotions that drove him, in these spatial and tempo-ral contexts and influences has involved the careful construction of a mosaic of diverse pieces of information— from the variety of archival documents, official and unofficial memoirs, even photo graphs— until a legible portrait emerged. My aim was to evoke from that mosaic a credible and convincing interpretation of the evolution of the boy, Soso
8 • I n t r o d u c t i o n
Jughashvili, through the young Koba to the mature Stalin—an elucida-tion of his personal, psychological, and po liti cal formation that could shed light on his motivations and choices. In the end exploring where he was and when is fundamental to understanding who Stalin was, why he acted and thought as he did, and how he evolved into the confident, fearless rebel determined to lead.
Throughout this book I pre sent a variety of alternative views of Stalin produced by his friends and enemies, biographers and hagiographers— many of them in the epigraphs opening each chapter—in order to il-lustrate how Stalin has stirred contradictory commentaries on his char-acter, both by contemporaries and historians. In contrast to other biographies I have left narrative gaps where no available material exists and avoided speculating about what he “must have felt” or “might have thought.” This book provides the evidence from which both a compel-ling story can be told as well as a caution that the line between history and fiction is too easily crossed. It also navigates between disciplines, to maintain the historian’s sensitivity to time and place and the anomalies, particularities, and accidents that make up the deep texture of the past, while at the same time borrowing from po liti cal and social science con-cepts, techniques, and insights that can make forests out of empirical trees. In this way we might get closer to unraveling the deeper mysteries of Stalin and understand why a revolution committed to human eman-cipation ended up in dictatorship and terror.
•
831
Abashidze, David. See Abashidze, DmitriiAbashidze, Dmitrii, 88Abkhaz, 162Abkhazia, 701Achinsk, 582, 584Adamishvili, Petre, 40–41Adelkhanovs, 18, 20, 28, 51Adler, Friedrich, 579Adler, Victor, 567Afanasev, Fedor, 103–104Agitation (agitatsiia), 108, 118–120, 122,
131–132, 142, 202, 212, 222, 241, 279, 383, 390, 481, 651
Ajarians, Ajars, 148, 527, 570akhali kvali (New Furrow), 569akhali tskhovreba (New Life), 260, 323, 329,
335Akhaltsikhe, 50, 86Akhmeteli, Vladimir, 191, 310, 323,
328–329Akselrod, Pavel, 127, 183, 186–188, 203–206,
209, 224, 237–238, 258, 319, 339, 354, 356, 436–438, 448, 490, 568, 622
Alajalova, Nina, 201, 241Alekseev, Iakov, 492, 592Alekseeva, Efosina, 492–493Aleksinskii, Grigorii, 302, 314, 356, 397, 422,
475, 568, 636Alesandrovna, Tatiana, 545Alexander II, 80Alexander III, 44Alexander Garden, 126, 157, 371Alikhanov- Avarskii, Maksud, 293–294,
306–307All Land to the Peasants, 305All Power to the Soviets, 614, 624, 631, 646,
649, 654, 656, 668, 672, 674Allied Powers, 592, 603
Inde x
Alliluev, Sergei, 98, 198, 397, 406, 470, 557, 575, 639
Allilueva, Anna, 125, 552, 638Allilueva, Olga, 638–639Allilueva, Svetlana, 24, 27, 29–30, 701, 775n6Alliluevs, 75, 494, 505, 557, 593–594,
638–640, 689Americans, 29, 36, 89, 149, 170, 283, 294, 306,
315, 381, 429, 662, 699Ananiashvili, Kato, 52anarchism, anarchists, 99, 206, 232, 272, 327,
341–343, 394, 560, 607, 628–630, 644, 701Anderson, Benedict, 516, 732–733Anti- Duhring (Friedrich Engels), 342April Crisis, 613, 666Arbeiter und die Nation, Der (The Worker
and the Nation), 517Armand, Inessa, 495, 535, 576Armenia, Armenians, 14–18, 28, 31, 37, 76,
142, 161–162, 193, 220, 232, 244, 256, 263, 272, 325–326, 348, 363, 366, 377, 387, 389, 391, 406, 440, 505, 513, 517, 524, 580, 621, 635; Armenian nationalists, 126–127, 289–290, 321; Armenian refugees, 14, 147; Armenian workers, 134, 148–151; in Baku, 130, 147–149, 309, 380; in Batumi, 151–154; conflicts with Muslims, 250, 274, 276–281, 285–296, 339, 375; as foreigners, 380, 519–520; massacres of, 276, 570; Ottoman Armenia, 14, 196, 570, 603; Soviet Armenia, 463; in Tiflis, 50–52, 61, 64, 70, 78–79, 81, 98, 107, 129, 148, 181–183, 345
Armenian Church, 196, 277, 285, 635Armenian Revolutionary Federation
(Dashnaktsutyun), 151, 193, 272, 276. 345, 517, 725n9, 754–755
Armenophobia, 78Arnould, Arthur, 343, 776n42
832 • I N D E x
Baku Committee, 371, 387–388, 391, 398, 421, 424, 434–435, 469, 757n12, 784n51, 792n49
Baku Commune, 376, 762n30, 797n68Baku Leading Center, 484Bakunin, Mikhail, 83, 318, 327, 607, 817n59Balagansk, 170–171Balakhany, 377, 387, 389–390, 434, 486Balkans, 570Baltic Provinces, 347, 526Baltic region, 84, 194, 230, 273, 347, 408, 457,
526, 666, 680Banurian, 364–365Baramov, Hovsep, 18Baranovskii, 38, 86Bartskhana, 149, 155, 237Basle Congress, 566Batum. See BatumiBatumi, 104, 106, 124, 129, 142, 144–145,
173–174, 206, 212–213, 231–232, 234–239, 241, 243, 259, 275–277, 283, 288, 294, 324, 339, 353, 355, 376, 381, 403, 500; Arme-nians in, 151–154; massacres in,156–157, 160–164, 692; oil in, 147–154, Stalin’s life in, 180, 188, 198–201; workers in, 152, 166–170, 177–181
Batumi Square, 231Bauer, Otto, 507, 518–519, 522, 526, 528, 558Bebel, August, 351, 449, 478, 482, 732n57;
Bebels, 137, 426, 732n57Bednyi, Demian, 540, 634Beilharz, Peter, 698Beirakh, Afroim, 465Belgium, 188, 567, 570Belinskii, Vissarion, 545, 580Bellamy, Edward, 103Belostotskii, I. S., 479, 491, 504Berdzenishvili, Beso, 92, 125–126Beria, Lavrenti, 377, 697, 722n20Berlin, 329, 349, 367, 369Bialystok, 326Bibineishvili, Baron, 165, 311, 368biography, 3, 8, 597, 703
arsenaoba, 20, 33Arsenidze, Razhden, 198–199, 231, 238–239,
241–242, 259, 263, 327–328, 338, 372, 752n4 331
Artillery Square, 295Artsybashev, Mikhail, 467Astrakhan, 505autocracy, 230–235; police state, 265;
autocratic po liti cal systems, 189; autocratic power, 230, 247, 265, 273, 391; Down with [the] Autocracy, 122, 125, 126, 225, 231, 235; power and, 160–162; tsarist, 61, 182, 260
Avlabar, 143, 326, 341Azef, Evno, 372Azerbaijan Communist Party, 377Azerbaijanis, 380Azeri, 18, 37, 51Azizbekov, Meshadi, 393, 486, 785n64
Bacon, Arthur, 349Badaev, Aleksei, 478, 498–499, 503–504, 538,
544, 548, 573, 575, 581, 801n64Baikalov, Anatol, 582–583Bakinskii Proletariat (Baku Proletariat), 356,
380, 425, 432Bakradze, David, 434Baku, 14, 16, 113, 123–124, 139, 178, 181, 183,
190, 196, 198, 206, 231–232, 242, 244, 251, 255, 259, 275–278, 293, 312, 319–320, 335–336, 338–339, 347–348, 353, 356, 368, 483–487, 492, 494, 498, 505, 512, 523, 543, 557, 570, 657, 661, 689, 695, 782n17, 783n29; Armenians in, 130, 147–149, 309, 380; ethnic tensions in, 130, 285–286, 289–290, 295; as oil- producing center, 97, 129–131, 147–149, 188, 429–435, 440; periphery of, 386; pogroms in, 276–278; Stalin’s life in, 370–389, 391–400, 403, 405–407, 409, 415–416, 421–426, 438, 443–445, 449–451, 461–462, 468–471, 480
Baku Bolsheviks, 235, 356, 376, 382, 416, 422–423, 425, 469, 471, 790n5, 799n22
i n d e x • 833
488, 678; Petrograd Bolsheviks, 494–507, 557, 593–600, 617–638, 647–657, 666–687
Bolshevism, 7, 110, 114, 138, 178, 206, 236, 259, 329, 387, 394, 411, 413–416, 418–419, 440–441, 474, 486, 496, 499, 523, 612, 618, 625, 632, 637, 650, 663, 666, 681, 699, 743n16
Bonapartist methods, 188Bonch- Bruevich, Vladimir, 210, 750n60Bondarev, Anton, 406Borchalo, 348, 352Borchoridze, Mikha, 240borderlands, 185, 273, 304, 527, 619, 621, 692,
694Bosh, Evgeniia, 578bourgeois class, 251–265; bourgeois-
democratic revolution, 252, 265, 448, 535–536, 609; bourgeois forces, 605; bourgeois- hegemony nations, 511; bourgeois ideas, 251, 265; bourgeois intellectuals, 251, 257; bourgeois po liti cal order, 447; bourgeois power, 266; bourgeois revolutionary government, 266, 441; national bourgeoisies, 510
Bozarjiants, 127brdzola, 131–134, 149, 157, 161, 219, 222, 239,
260, 269, 279, 512, 731n45Brezhnev, Leonid, 698Britain, 510, 583, 592, 619British people, 305, 362, 381, 510, 579, 621Brotherhood Church, 349Brusilov, Aleksei, 579Brussels, 178, 182–183Bryce, James, 51, 717n3Bubnov, Andrei, 480, 658, 677, 680, 824n45Bukharin, Nikolai, 66, 75, 523, 549, 554, 568,
578–579, 654–655, 804n40Bulgaria, 508Bund, 107, 182–185, 187, 320–321, 349, 471,
512, 517, 521, 525, 528Bundism, 183, 187, 196, 201, 213, 259, 439, 525,
535, 691Burtsev, Vladimir, 550
Bismarck, Otto von, 336Black City, 387–389, 397Black Hundreds Movement (Chornotso-
tentsy), 272, 289, 320, 382, 719n40Black Sea, 14, 106, 129, 147, 286, 373Blanc, Louis, 83; Blanquism, 236, 747n48;
Blanquists, 205, 330, 610Bloody Sunday, 229, 231, 239, 247, 252, 274,
309, 500, 647Bobrovskii, Vladimir, 217, 461–462Bochoridze, Mikha, 102, 169, 181, 198, 289,
310, 366Bochorishvili, Mikha, 153Bogdanov, Aleksandr (“Maximov,”
“Riadavoi”), 167, 209, 254–255, 322, 350, 367, 411–419, 421–423, 425, 438, 443, 475, 749n54; Bogdanovites, 416, 421, 423; Bodganovs, 337, 365; Maximov, 422; Maximovists, 423
Bogdanov, Boris, 637Bogoslovskaia, Maria, 465Bokov, I., 403Bolshevik Center, 322, 411, 439, 486, 535Bolshevik CUC, 239Bolshevik Military Organ ization, 651Bolshevik praktiki, 385Bolsheviks, 1, 3–4, 6, 28, 83–84, 94, 130, 165,
175, 177, 184, 187–197, 201–203, 206, 210, 215–217, 222, 224, 231–269, 272–276, 281, 284–305, 318–331, 334–356, 363–373, 379–382, 384–397, 400–446, 458–469, 512–515, 522–529, 535–545, 549–553, 557, 560–568, 571–578, 583–584, 589–590, 602–615, 641–645, 659–664, 689–694, 697–702; Armenian, 278–279, 505, 580; Baku Bolsheviks, 235, 356, 375–377, 382, 416, 422–423, 425, 469, 471, 790n5, 799n22; Bolshevik Party, 414, 440, 471–472, 597–598, 612, 623, 628, 667; Caucasian, 260, 278, 353, 364, 371, 429; Georgian, 113, 255, 310–315, 448–449; leadership of, 471–492, 608, 632–634, 676; newspapers of, 233, 356, 432–433,
834 • I N D E x
425–426, 435, 438–439, 443, 468, 478–484, 486–491, 497, 500–505, 521–524, 543, 563, 572, 590, 595–596, 622–637, 642–656, 659–660, 667, 671; and Lenin, 186–187, 194, 196; Bolshevik, 293, 458, 537, 539, 635, 674–683; conciliation-ist, 206, 209, 337; Menshevik- led, 253, 325, 336, 775n12
Central Labor Exchange, 595Charkviani, David, 21–22, 26, 29, 35, 159, 232Charkviani, Kote, 26, 29, 35, 232Charkviani, Kristepore, 21–22Chavchavadze, Ilia, 23, 39–40, 57, 60–62, 68,
78, 87, 103, 107, 276, 308–309Chechens, 67, 69Chekhov, Anton, 104Cheliabinsk, 170Cherkess, 11, 366Cherkezishvili, Varlaam. See Cherkezov, V.Cherkezov, V., 341, 343, 776n33Cherniavskii, Pavel, 584Chernomazov, Miron, 433, 469, 505Chernov, Viktor, 465, 569, 614, 636, 674Chernyshevskii, Nikolai, 77, 100, 554, 580Chiatura, 165, 178, 213, 217, 231–232, 242–243,
261–263, 276, 311, 364–365Chichinadze, Zakaria, 65, 725n6Chichiradze, Lavrenti, 199chilikaoba (stick kicking), 33China, 194, 305, 329, 464, 579Chitadze, Shio, 308Chizhikov, Petr, 405, 465–466, 469–472Chkheidze, Giorgi, 102–103, 124, 150,
733n69, 733n73Chkheidze, Nikoloz (“Karlo,” Nikolai), 106,
149–150, 151, 161, 179, 284, 309, 498, 499, 503, 508, 539, 544, 592, 614, 630, 635, 665, 728n46, 735n11, 735n12, 790n46
Chkhenkeli, Akaki, 479, 498–499, 508, 519–520, 789n79
Chochia, Grigol, 355–356Chodrishvili, Mikha, 105Chodrishvili, Zakaria, 75, 102, 124, 153
Buryats, 170Bychowski, Gustav, 699
Capri, 415, 443Caspian Sea, 14, 338, 371, 378, 382, 390Catherine the Great, 635catholicos (head of Georgian Orthodox
Church), 42, 393Caucasia, 16, 49, 139, 151, 169–170, 190, 222,
242, 244, 258, 314, 320, 322, 340–341, 345, 353, 380, 394, 422, 451, 466, 472, 486, 498, 505, 513, 520, 527, 691, 700; as borderland, 13, 143; ethnic diversity in, 37, 181, 193–196, 274, 363, 430; oil in, 147, 179; vio lence in, 194, 231–234, 260, 269, 271–274, 282, 289–294, 306–308, 327
Caucasian Bureau, 260Caucasian Military Headquarters, 276, 299Caucasian Regional Committee (Oblastnoi
komitet, Obkom), 485–486Caucasians, 54, 314, 370, 377, 421, 480, 512,
563Caucasian Social Democracy, 181, 235,
738n71Caucasian Union, 181, 194–196, 201–202,
206, 212–214, 217–218, 224, 233–234, 238–239, 242, 284
Caucasian Union Committee (Kavkazskii soiuznyi komitet, CUC), 181, 194–195, 200–201, 213–218, 224, 233–236, 238–240, 241, 242, 244, 259–260, 284, 311
Caucasus, 11–16 50, 92, 125–129, 144, 151, 174, 183, 185, 193–209, 258–259, 319–320, 333, 339, 345, 347, 349, 352–353, 407, 446–450, 457, 463, 465, 467–468, 499, 521, 543, 693–697; as borderland, 273; radicals in, 222–225, relationships in, 74–76, 339; Rus sian authority in, 60, 69, 163, 193, 230–239 389, 425; terrorism in, 273–280, 284–287, 305–309; workers in, 121–129
Caucasus Mountains, 280Central Committee, 121, 180, 196, 222, 234,
241, 244, 256, 314, 321–322, 369–370, 388,
i n d e x • 835
cultural rights, 508, 511, 515, 526Czechs, 510, 516, 518
Dan, Fedor, 188, 297, 322, 436–437, 578Dan, Lidia, 372, 539, 557Daneshevskii (“German”), 388Dan family, 188, 238, 297, 322, 355, 372, 410,
425, 436–437, 494, 539, 557, 578Danilov, 481Darakhvelidzes, 150, 158, 161–163Darwinism, 43, 84–85, 102, 151, 343, 513, 516,
518Dashnaktsuyun. See Armenian Revolution-
ary FederationDashtoian, P., 280Davidov, Mikhail, 88, 280, 335Davidovna, Olga, 582–583Davis, Jerome, 29, 89Davitashvili, Mikha, 53, 91, 207, 239, 340Davitashvili, Zakaria, 47Davrichewy, Joseph. See Davrishev, Iosep
“Soso”Davrishev, Damian, 21, 23Davrishev, Iosep “Soso,” 26–27, 31–32, 94,
243–244, 275–276, 279–282, 303, 343, 368, 373, 709n17; Davrishevs, 40
de Jonge, Alex, 698deda ena ( Mother Tongue), 57, 718n24Deich, Lev, 235democracy, 254; demo cratic government,
684; demo cratic revolution, 448, 536, 609; democ ratization, 615; party democracy, 248, 652; revolutionary democracy, 657, 669; union democracy, 431
demo cratic movements, 106, 111, 209, 225, 252–253, 258, 267, 284, 309, 313, 319, 344–345, 376, 385, 388, 437, 448, 483, 487, 536, 609, 673, 684, 694
Demo crats, 99, 104, 108, 123, 126, 138, 184–185, 190, 195, 206, 237, 256, 266–268, 288, 332, 349, 448, 464, 471, 484, 487, 512, 515, 526, 538, 583
Chonkadze, Daniel, 48Chto delat. See What Is to Be Done?Chubinidze, Toma, 382Chudetskii, Pavel, 63chveni tskhovreba (Our Life), 347, 409, 450city government, 392City Hall, 54, 277, 287Civil War, 335, 378class, 347, 567; class consciousness, 205, 347;
class education, 447; class ideologies, 567; class in school, 41; class polarization, 602, 661; class solidarity, 339, 535, 621; class strife, 61; class strug gle, 567; class warfare, 441, 578; social classes, 15, 37, 121, 184, 189, 266, 288, 313, 363, 380, 431, 619, 694; working class (see working class)
Cold War, 7, 559, 650, 698–699committeeman. See komitetchikiCommunards, 343Communist International, 523, 579Communist League, 311Communist Party, 377, 559, 611–612Communists, 134, 305, 583, 686conciliationism, 197, 204, 206, 209, 234, 244,
260, 303, 337, 388, 420, 443, 659, 661, 671Congress of Soviets, 606, 613, 626, 628,
630–631, 671, 673, 675, 677, 680–684, 686conservatives, 344, 346, 362, 424, 496, 592Constituent Assembly, 221, 224–225, 256,
293, 298, 331, 338–339, 353, 596, 600, 608, 660, 676–677
Copenhagen, 348–349Cossacks, 68–69, 129, 160, 231–232, 277, 282,
286–288, 294, 299, 306, 308, 366, 382, 581, 644, 664, 677
Council of the Congress of Oil Industrial-ists, 380
Council of the Party, 187, 196, 222, 253Cracow. See KrakówCrimean Tatars, 466Croats, 518cultural autonomy, 220, 511–513, 515, 518–522,
525–527, 529, 531, 535, 620
836 • I N D E x
Dvali, Spiridon, 335dvoevlastie (Dual Power), 591, 614Dzhugashvili, Iosif. See StalinDzierżyński, Feliks, 621, 819n14Dzvelaia, Simon, 356
Eastern Front, 670Egnatashvili, Iakob, 19–20, 22Ejmiadzin, 393Ekaterinoslav, 121, 290, 499Elisabedashvili, Giorgi, 22, 86, 164, 179, 334,
398Elisabedashvili, Sandro, 35Elisavetpol (Ganja), 294empire: Austrian Empire, 510; German
Empire, 636; Hapsburg Empire, 508, 518; imperial power, 12, 49, 323, 510; imperialism, 456, 532–533, 578–580, 620–621, 655, 667; Ottoman Empire, 151, 196, 519, 570; Rus sian Empire, 7, 12, 15–16, 39, 77–79, 82, 96–99, 123, 129, 147, 182–184, 271, 341, 363, 375, 392, 410, 456, 504, 508, 568
empirocriticism, 413, 417Engels, Friedrich, 65, 86, 119, 136, 187, 233,
237, 244, 266, 286, 311, 329, 342–343, 418, 508–511, 516, 566, 580, 658, 690, 692
England, 541, 554Enisei River, 541–543, 547, 551, 561Eniseisk Province, 531, 541, 581–582Enukidze, Abel, 129, 131, 138, 388, 469, 485,
697Epremidze, Porpire, 93Eradze, Giorgi, 101, 236–237, 312, 569, 732n74Erfurt Program, 65, 91, 119Erikov, Nikolai, 434Eristavi, Rapiel, 39, 59, 87, 366Erivan (Yerevan), 50, 54, 231, 286–287, 309,
314, 326, 352, 366Erivan Square, 50, 54, 231, 287, 366Ermanskii, Osip, 312Esperanto, 401, 554Evenki, 565
Demokrat, 244, 257–258, 425, 439, 491, 498, 535
demokratiia, 284, 591–592, 596, 602, 615–616, 631, 686, 814n4
Denmark, 348Deutscher, Isaac, 250, 361, 374, 699, 704,
828n6Devdariani, Seit, 64–65, 83–85, 108, 338–339Didube, 231, 299Dietzgen, Joseph, 416–417Diksztajn, Szymon, 86, 112Dolidze, Archil (“Rostom”), 153, 201, 335Dolidze, Kalistrate, 258Dolidze, Prokopi, 109Domostroev, Nikolai, 125Don Cossacks, 664Don Quixote, 210, 218, 647Donskoi, Aleksandr, 434“Down with Bonapartism,” 207“Down with the War,” 599–600druzhiny (bands or regiments), 295, 311, 340Dubinskii- Mukhadze, Ilia, 789n39Dubrovinskii, Iosif (“Innokenti”), 355, 405,
422, 439, 459, 479, 543, 561, 787n4, 794n9Duma: Bolsheviks and, 409, 488, 502,
504–506, 538, 572, 594, 636; Bulygin Duma, 286; city duma, 149, 225, 277, 292; duma deputies, 353–354, 411, 478, 481, 488, 491, 494, 497–498, 502, 504–506, 538, 540, 572–573, 575, 592, 594; duma elections, 303, 311–312, 319, 411, 414, 418, 487; Duma Five, 573; First Duma, 344; Fourth Duma, 477, 500; Petrograd City Duma, 663; Petrograd Duma, 596; SD duma, 462; State Duma, 288, 293, 302, 315, 318, 324, 338, 355, 464; Third Duma, 419, 424, 456, 612, 790n46
Dumas, Alexandre, 14Dumbadze, Lado, 149, 236Durland, Kellogg, 294Durnovo, Petr, 306, 308, 346, 628Dusheti, 276, 280, 326Dvali, Konstantine, 327, 335
i n d e x • 837
Ganja. See ElisavetpolGapon, Father Georgii, 229, 253, 310Garo, Armen. See Pastrmajian, GareginGarvi, Petr, 490Gasitashvili, Dato, 20Gedevanishvili, Ioseb, 326Gegechkori, Evgeni, 284, 457, 508, 540, 628Geladze, Ana, 29, 35Geladze, Giorgi, 191Geladze, Ketevan (“Keke”), 13, 18–24,
26–27, 30, 36–37, 40, 42, 52–53, 85, 163–164, 192, 403, 688, 731n1, 732n5
Gelimbatovskii, Fedor, 450Gellner, Ernest, 516general strike, 477Geneva, 220, 242, 246, 253, 258, 264,
369–370, 410–411, 421, 431, 437, 443, 462, 590
Georgia, Georgians, 2–27, 31–71, 76–85 101–114, 151–169, 179–184, 188, 241–245, 258–260, 306–332, 400–409, 485–500, 527–530, 545–548, 601, 628, 690–694, 700–705; culture of, 5, 38–41, 45; history of, 16, 79; language of, 31, 35–36, 39 45–47, 60–62, 447, 457; Western Georgia, 79, 139, 179–180,194, 212–213, 217, 244–245, 263, 276–278, 282, 284–285, 293, 299, 306–307, 316; women of, 18–19, 23, 35, 69
Georgian Church, 37, 45, 55, 63, 276, 383Georgian Jews, 717n14Georgian Marxists, 59, 64, 77, 80, 99, 106,
173, 324Georgian Military Highway, 38Georgian Muslims, 148Georgian Orthodox Church, 42, 286, 457Georgian Social Democracy (Mensheviks),
169, 172, 260, 268–269, 274, 284, 321, 324–325, 332, 355, 448–449, 485, 512, 519, 520, 569, 691
Georgian Socialist Federalists, 220, 232, 245, 272, 276, 293, 326, 329, 345, 373, 517, 520
Georgianness, 39
Executive Committee, 297, 443, 469, 596–599, 602–606, 613–614, 630–637, 647–649, 657, 660, 665, 668, 671–672
Ezhov, Sergei, 440, 476
February Revolution, 346, 584, 603, 607, 668
Fedorov, G. I., 596, 627, 820n37Field of Mars, 598, 630Finland, 185, 194, 291, 299, 312, 323, 336–337,
344, 348, 367, 409–410, 595, 607, 621, 634–635, 638, 672
Finland Station, 348, 504, 607, 634Finns, 132, 300, 313, 323, 503–504, 619, 621,
639, 641First Machine Gun Regiment, 633, 644Fomich, Rudof, 92France, 116, 356, 541, 545, 569, 578–579, 583,
592Francheski, Georgii, 104, 149Francheski, Ippolit, 125Franz Josef, 566French, 14, 31, 167, 267, 294, 324, 334, 510,
545, 551, 554, 558–559, 566–567, 571, 610, 627, 654, 666
French Revolution, 167, 267, 627, 666French Socialist Party, 567Freud, Sigmund, 700friendship, 91, 93, 102–103, 109, 133,159, 180,
192, 196, 212–213, 239, 243, 279, 300, 310, 313, 327, 333, 355, 375, 378, 385, 398, 405–411, 438, 458, 462–466, 521, 550, 556–557, 560, 573, 593, 668, 675, 688–689, 745n9, 813n55; family friends 19, 54, 80–88; in Stalin’s childhood 6, 8, 13, 18–29, 31–36, 42–43, 50, 52–54, 65–67
Frumkin, Moisei, 375
Gabunia, Mikha, 153gantiadi (Dawn), 112, 115, 153, 311, 410, 501,
635“Galerka.” See Olminskii, MikhailGalicia, 490, 567
838 • I N D E x
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 698Goremykin, Ivan, 306, 324, 346Gori, 26–28, 31, 40, 42–48, 50–56, 64–65, 70,
77, 82–93, 111, 127, 144, 163–164, 279–281, 365–368, 451, 554, 640, 689–690, 694, 698; demographics of, 37, Gorians, 16, 25, 33, 53, 61; history of, 13–22; reading circle in Gori, 93; traditions of, 33–33; vio lence in, 275–276, 308
Gori Church School, 22, 31, 36–37, 40, 45, 48, 55, 86, 92, 93, 111, 127, 689
Goristsikhe (Gori Fortress), 19Gorky, Maxim (Aleksei Maksimovich
Peshkov), 14, 75, 104, 350, 352, 367, 411, 415, 435, 478, 524, 566, 678
Gots, Abram, 660Griaznov, Fedor, 276, 299, 308Grimm, Robert, 577, 626Grossman, Vasilii, 2Gruzinskoe Tserkovnoe Kaznacheistvo
(Georgian Church Trea sury), 55Guchkov, Aleksandr, 575, 592, 614, 625, 664Gudok (Factory Whistle), 380, 389, 393, 430Guesde, Jules, 235, 567, 572Guramishvili, David, 62Guria, 79, 147, 165–166, 168, 180, 231, 241,
243–245, 259, 275, 282, 286, 288, 293–294, 339
Gurians, 40, 168, 206, 241, 245, 282–285, 293–294, 325
Gusinskii, Abram, 171Gyon, Franz, 154
hagiographers, 8, 83Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 152, 417,
579Helsinki, 336, 672Hilferding, Rudolf, 579Himmer, Robert, 767n37Hingley, Ronald, 698History of a Piece of Bread, 86, 93Hnchaks, 193, 389, 725n9Hobson, John, 579
Germans, 3, 96, 165–166, 204, 344, 351, 388, 407, 436, 439, 449, 455, 464, 471, 510, 519, 546, 554, 566–570, 572, 574, 581, 631, 641, 644, 647, 666, 671; advance of, 680; agents of, 636, 644, 668; in the Baltics, 526; camp established by, 550–551; German Empire, 636; German Protes-tants, 50; German social demo crats, 119, 132, 188, 439, 517, 522, 566–567; govern-ment of, 607
Germanization, 134Germanophile, 571Germany, 323, 328, 334, 377, 414, 504, 510,
541, 567, 578, 583, 607, 617, 621, 626, 636, 654, 658
Gharabagh. See KarabakhGharajian, Gevork (“Arkomed”), 122, 142Girondin, Girondists, 203, 256, 514Giunashvili, Shakro, 261Glebov. See Noskov, V. A.Glurjidze, Grigol, 31, 43–44God Save the Tsar, 229, 289Godziev, Georgii, 154, 162Gogebashvili, A., 42Gogiberidze, Teopil, 158Goglichidze, Simon, 24, 45–46Gogokhia, Domenti, 40, 61, 82Gogol, Nikolai, 408, 736n33, 794n11Gogua, Vladimir, 338Goldenberg, Iosif, 607Goldstein, Moisei. See Volodarskii, V.Goliashvili, Nina, 232Golitsyn, Grigorii, 163, 169, 193Golos sotsial- demokrata (Voice of the Social
Demo crat), 410, 413, 425Goloshchekin, Filipp, 478–479, 491, 544,
553, 573–574, 581, 813n55Goloshchekin, Isai. See Goloshchekin,
FilippGolovinskii Prospect, 50, 55, 231, 288Golubev, Mikhail, 461–462, 464Gomarteli, Ivane, 325Goncharnaia Street, 310, 367, 470
i n d e x • 839
Irkutsk, 170–172, 557, 584; Irkutsk Province, 170, 172
Iskra (Spark), 126–135, 137, 147, 181–182, 185–188, 190, 196–197, 203–204, 206–207, 214, 219, 222, 224, 233, 235, 241, 255–257, 264, 269, 300, 385, 427, 476
Islam, 4. See also MuslimsIsto, Eetu, 323Iurenev, Konstantin, 654, 656Ivan the Terrible, 4, 702Ivaniants, Aram, 463Ivanov, Boris, 560, 574, 581Iveria, 57, 59–60, 78, 107, 111, 148
Jacobins, 203, 236, 247, 256, 267, 318, 514Japan, 212, 214, 223, 278, 292Japaridze, Archil, 195, 338, 354, 776n53Japaridze, Prokopi (“Alesha”), 94, 124, 213,
255, 375, 378, 386, 388, 434, 537, 657Japaridze, Sergo, 325Javakhidze, Ermile, 200Jesuits, 62, 331Jesus, 35, 43jgupi (Group), 279–282, 308Jibladze, Silibistro (Silva), 63–64, 75, 78, 84,
92, 102, 104–107, 109–111, 113, 123–125, 129, 144, 169, 200, 237, 284, 289, 308, 327, 368, 500
Jibuti, S., 199Jibuti, Varden, 241Jones, Stephen F., 719n48, 769n12, 771n56,
811n12Jorjiashvili, Arsena, 308Jughashvili, Bessarion, 13, 17–29, 38, 52, 310,
688, 732n5Jughashvili (Dzhugashvili), Iakob, 347,
777n59Jughashvili (Dzhugashvili), Ioseb. See StalinJughashvili, Keke. See Geladze, Ketevan
“Keke”Jughashvili (Dzhugashvili), Vasilii, 11Jughashvili, Zaza, 17Jughashvilis, 15, 19, 21, 25, 52, 191
Holy Synod, 42, 45“How People Lived Earlier,” 104Hugo, Victor, 85, 87Hummet, 387, 389, 391Hungary, Hungarians, 510, 518, 519
Iakubov, Said, 433Iakutsk, 170, 275Ialansk, 531, 575Imereti, Imeretians, 40, 85, 168, 231, 241, 263,
284indigenous peoples, 565Ingoroqva, Egnate (“Ninoshvili”), 78, 85,
148–149intellectuals, 5, 64, 90, 111, 114, 117, 121–126,
128–130, 139–143, 165, 186–187, 205–206, 213, 219, 223, 230, 241–242, 251–252, 257–260, 265, 284, 287, 296, 312, 319–320, 349, 355–356, 385, 396, 409, 426–427, 432, 441–443, 477, 488, 498, 517, 530, 593, 660, 691; Armenian, 151; Georgian, 12, 38–39, 44–45, 47, 50, 57, 61, 78, 101; and po liti cal activists, 38–39, 97–102, 114, 494, 507; Rus sian, 57; Soviet, 593; and students, 57; and workers, 76–82, 107, 136, 174, 179–182, 223, 244–246, 254, 284, 413
intelligent sia, 99, 118, 140, 180, 205–208, 235–236, 520; bourgeois, 133–134, 203; Georgian, 6, 38, 44, 60, 81–82; radical, 97, 100, 441; Rus sian, 63, 76, 101, 173, 694, 732n51, 756n3
Interdistrict Group (Mezhraionka, Mezhraiontsy), 622, 626, 628, 646, 654. 660
Internationale, 321, 644Internationalists, 569, 577, 598, 604, 606,
622, 626, 645, 648, 655, 684–685Intskirveli, Stepko, 32, 370, 382Iran, 11, 579Ireland, 510, 579, 621Iremashvili, Ioseb, 3, 13, 21, 26, 29, 32, 53,
65–66, 83, 88, 103, 110, 115, 119, 127, 163–164, 365, 699, 720n55
840 • I N D E x
Kars, 309, 326kartli (Eastern Georgia), 14Kartlians, 40kartlis tskhovreba (The Life of Georgia), 39Kartsivadze, Ilya, 401Kasparian, 484“Kato.” See Svanidze, Ekaterinekatsia katsuri (“He is a man’s man!”), 24katsoba (manliness), 26Kautsky, Karl, 86, 91, 188, 204, 209, 233, 235,
237, 257, 317, 344, 387, 436, 507, 510–511, 522, 543, 545, 554, 566, 658
Kavkaz. See CaucasusKavkazskaia rech (Caucasian Speech), 345Kavtaradze, Sergo, 201, 213–218, 263, 311, 382,
482–483, 493Kazbegi (Mount Kazbeg, mqinvari), 57, 66,
168Kedourie, Elie, 516Keke. See Geladze, Ketevan “Keke”Kelbakiani, Vaso, 88Kennan, George, 170Kerenskii, Aleksandr, 592, 596, 614, 627,
631–632, 641, 644–645, 649, 665, 667–668, 670–672, 674–675, 678, 680–682, 686
Ketskhoveli, Lado, 47, 62, 64, 99, 108, 110–114, 122–123, 129–131, 144, 174, 190–191, 279
Ketskhoveli, Vano, 82, 92, 112Ketskhovelis, 110–114, 191KGB, 559Khachaturiants, 147Khanti, 559, 561Kharkov, 123, 170, 464, 499Kharkov University, 464Khartishvili, Datiko (“Mokheve”), 153, 168,
179Khashim, 162Khatisian (Khatisov), Aleksandr, 295, 388,
464Kherkheulidze, Prince Lenko, 276Khevi, 66, 15
Jugheli, Severian, 111–113, 131, 141, 368, 776n53
July Days, 632–641, 643, 647–648, 663, 666, 670, 821n54
Kadets (Constitutional Demo cratic Party), 121, 318, 324–325, 336, 362, 446–448, 473, 489–490, 499, 624–625, 634, 645, 647–651, 655, 663–666, 669–671, 673–675, 772n81; leadership of, 351; liberal, 325, 344–348, 411, 496; and Mensheviks, 350–351, 411; the organ ization of, 291–292; party, 292, 591, 612–614
Kakhetians, 40Kaladze, Nestor, 331Kaladze, Razhden, 123Kalandadze, Geronti, 48, 159, 364, 370Kalandadze, Vano, 364, 370Kalandarashvili, 92Kalandarov, Kote, 26, 29, 35, 150, 165, 232,
261, 308, 335, 364, 370Kalinin, Mikhail, 125, 377, 480, 503, 638Kamenev (Rozenfeld), Lev, 222, 282, 414,
419, 422, 434, 437–438, 459, 521, 531, 534, 558, 561, 563, 568, 572–575, 582–590, 594–595, 597–600, 604–612, 622, 627–630, 638, 641–644, 647, 655, 659–660, 667, 670, 673, 691–692, 751n25; aligned with Lenin, 355, 414, 525, 618; meeting Stalin, 94; opposing Lenin, 254–255, 422; in Paris, 504–506; resignation 675–683
“Kamo.” See Ter- Petrosian, SimonKampf, Der (The Strug gle), 518Kandelaki, Konstantine (Kostia), 150–151,
154–155, 158–159, 162, 164, 179, 284Kant, Immanuel, 555, 694Kapanadze, Petre, 83Kapital, Das, 328Karabakh, 250, 756n1karachokhelebi, 19Karapetian, D., 280Karpinskii, 563, 590
i n d e x • 841
Korolenko, Vladimir, 104Korostelev, Grigorii, 461–462Kostino, 543, 546–547Kostroma, 499“Kostrov.” See Zhordania, NoeKot, Stanisław, 501Kotkin, Stephen, 565, 702–704Kotlas, 405, 407Kraków (Cracow), 479, 490, 491, 499,
501–504, 506, 512, 521, 522, 524, 539, 543, 819n19
Krasin, Leonid, 322, 365, 771n71Krasnoiarsk, 541, 543, 572, 580–582, 605;
Krasnoiarsk City Hospital, 580; Krasnoiarsk Soviet, 605
Kremer, Arkadii, 118Kremlin, 3, 212, 300, 551Krestinskii, Nikolai, 494, 800n54Kronstadt, 336, 595, 613, 623, 634–635,
637, 639; Kronstadt Fortress, 595; Kronstadt Naval Base, 613; Kronstadters, 636
Kronverk Arsenal, 681Kropotkin, Petr, 327, 341, 572Krupskaia, Nadezhda, 128, 190, 194, 234–235,
248, 365, 385, 437, 471, 479–483, 487, 501–504, 521, 541, 543, 548, 558, 575, 627, 682
Krylenko, Nikolai, 568Krzyzanowski (Krzhizhanovskii), Gleb,
194Kshesinskaia Mansion, 607, 635, 637–638,
647Kukulava, Ivliane, 299Kulijanov, Liza, 23Kuokkala, 337, 367Kuprashvili, Bachua, 366, 762n42Kurds, 326Kureika, 547, 551, 553–556, 559–562, 573–574,
580Kuridze, Porpire, 150, 152, 156, 179Kurnatovskii, Viktor, 94, 120, 125, 169Kursk, 405
khma (Voice), 341Khomeriki, Mirian, 180Khomeriki, Noe (“Khunkhuz”), 195, 213,
217, 240–241, 284, 569Khoroshenina, Serafima, 459, 461Khrimiants, Mikhail, 158Khrushchev, Nikita, 418, 552, 559, 697Khubuluri, Sandro, 42Khumarian, Ashot, 289“Khunkhuz.” See Khomeriki, NoeKhutishvili, Vano, 20, 84Kibirov, Ivan, 543, 547, 555, 574, 580–581Kienthal Conference, 579, 606Kiev, 112, 121, 290, 326, 406, 458, 634; Kiev
Opera House, 458; Kiev Seminary, 112Kirtadze- Sikharulidze, Natalia, 167, 200Kitiashvili, Maria, 191–192Klassenkampf und Nation (Class Conflict
and Nation), 517Klestov, Nikolai (“Angarskii”), 824n39Knight in the Panther’s Skin, The. See
vepkhistqaosaniKnuniants, Bogdan (“Ruben”), 181–185,
195–196, 250–251, 296, 375–376, 440–443, 742n11, 746n17, 792n54
Knuniants, Faro, 250–251Koba. See StalinKoberidze, Mikheil, 434Kojori, 378Kolesnikova, Nadezhda, 377Kollontai, Aleksandra, 584, 607Kolomenskaia Street, 493Kolonitskii, Boris, 602Kolpashevo, 492–493Koltsov, D., 440komitetchiki (committeemen), 381, 385, 392,
402–403, 410konspiratsiia (secrecy), 137, 150, 399kontrol (control, supervision), 615, 618, 624,
816n44Kornilov, Lavr, 613–614, 641, 664–665,
668–673, 675; Kornilovite, 675Kornilovshchina, 666, 669–670
842 • I N D E x
682–686, 689–692, 697, 699, 702–703, 732n51, 759n51; diff er ent Lenins, 415, 479; and Eu rope, 576–577; exile in Switzer-land, 571–580; and Marxism, 205, 252–260; and Mensheviks, 190, 194–198, 206, 222–224, 238–239, 241 573, 671–680; and the national question, 511–515, 519–520; return to Rus sia, 296, 607–608; and study circles, 76–77, 83–84; writings of, 119, 205, 222, 252, 259, 264, 296, 412, 550
Leningrad, 377. See Saint PetersburgLeninism: contradictions of, 257, 386, 539;
Marxism- Leninism, 700, 760n65, 760n67, 773n102
Leninists, 112, 138, 187, 204, 206, 208–209, 219, 222–223, 245, 253–255, 261, 264, 410, 413–414, 418–421, 438–445, 461, 468, 478, 484, 495, 504, 573, 578, 583, 659, 689
Leontev, Nikolai 432–433Lermontov, Mikhail, 87Letourneau, Charles, 86, 88, 723n34Lezgins, 527Lezhava, Prokopi, 213Liadov, Martyn (M. N. Mandelshtam), 415,
487Liakhvi River, 34, 42Liber, Mikhail, 636Liebknecht, Karl, 567Likvidatorstvo (Liquidationism), 402, 414,
425, 428, 436, 437, 440–445, 448, 459–462, 463, 467, 468–469, 473, 475–477, 484–487, 489–490, 495, 497, 499; likvidatory (Liquidators), 440–445, 497, 506, 521, 525, 538, 541, 569, 572 573
Linde, 573, 582Liquidationism. See LikvidatorstvoLiquidationism Disenchanted, 440Listok bor’by proletariata (Leaflet of the
Proletariat’s Strug gle), 240, 280, 289Lithuania, Lithuanians, 185, 349, 320, 512,
525, 527Litvintseva, Marta, 171
Kutaisi, 113, 146, 156, 163–169, 177, 191, 198, 202, 207, 209, 213–216, 218–219, 222, 232, 241, 262–264, 284–285, 287–288, 294, 307, 311–312, 324, 345–346, 353, 569; Kutaisi province, 156, 213, 285, 288, 307, 324, 345
Kuzakova, Maria, 458, 461, 464Kuzmin, A., 637kvali (Trace, Furrow), 59–60, 78–79, 83, 85,
90–91, 98–99, 104, 106–107, 110, 113, 122, 125, 131, 133, 139–140, 143–144, 209, 239, 245, 365, 569
labor movement, 383–385; activity of, 383; expression of, 189; leading activists of, 392; legal, 383, 432, 437, 440, 444–445; legal institutions of, 480; mass, 339; open, 385, 402–403; organ izations of, 456
Laletin, Ivan, 555, 560Lanchkhuti, 106, 125, 284Langenzipen Factory, 478Larin, Iurii, 375, 390, 392, 440, 654–655Lashevich, Mikhail, 492Lassalle, Ferdinand, 237, 286, 764n73Latsis, Martyn, 638Latvians, 320, 349, 350, 353, 354, 355, 369,
388, 468, 471, 487, 512, 525, 571, 629Lavrov, Vladimir, 46–47Legran, Boris, 400Leinweber, Anton Rober, 407Leipzig, 207, 370, 399Lelashvili, Giorgi, 109, 273Lena Goldfields Massacre, 473, 489–490,
495–496Lenin (Ulianov), Vladimir, 1–2, 4, 7, 75, 94,
101–102, 112–114, 125–130, 133–138, 178–190, 210, 212, 217, 241–248, 250, 262–273, 278, 291, 296–305, 314–322, 330-331343-344, 349–356, 364–372, 397–398, 418–422, 425–428, 459–460, 467–469, 471, 475–482, 484–488, 490–491, 498–507, 521–529, 531–532, 534–543 558, 563–569, 588–604, 607–651, 654–656, 658–661, 663, 667–669,
i n d e x • 843
Martov, Iulii (Iulii Tsederbaum, “L. Martov”), 112, 118, 127, 133, 183, 185–188, 196–197, 223, 234–238, 252–253, 258, 297–298, 300, 339, 350–351, 354–355, 369–372, 410, 425, 436–440, 443, 448, 462, 476, 490, 539, 542, 566, 568, 576, 614, 622–623, 626, 629, 638, 645, 648, 684, 690; Martovites, 187–188, 196
Martynov, Aleksandr, 237, 297, 308, 318–319, 351, 353
Marx, Karl, 77–78, 80–81, 95–97, 102, 107, 112–113, 118–119, 125, 136, 149, 208–210, 233, 237, 244, 256, 266, 286, 311, 387, 417–418, 423, 477, 482, 531, 691–692, 703, 827n3; and Darwin, 84–85, 343, 518; and Engels, 65, 119, 266, 328–330, 508, 580–511, 658, 692; writings of 65, 317, 342,
Marxism: biological, 343; Caucasian, 196; Eu ro pean, 235; Georgian, 7, 38, 90; Lenin and, 205, 257; nationalist language of, 78; revolutionary, 436, 728n47; Rus sian, 96, 101, 116, 197, 207, 251, 350
Marxists, 4, 28, 86–87, 90, 104–112, 114, 117–125, 134, 135, 149–154, 169, 179–184, 193, 195–197, 214, 221–223, 252, 255, 266, 268, 271–273, 305, 311–317, 322, 324, 329–330, 339–343, 380, 387, 392, 467, 510–513, 520–522, 530, 565–567, 589, 650, 655, 664, 686, 690, 697–703; and anarchists, 701; circles of, 128–130, 150, 441; factions of, 7; Georgian, 39, 59, 64, 77, 80, 99, 106, 173, 324; German, 351; legal, 150; Marxist lit er a ture, 84, 93, 107, 119, 233, 313, 535; and materialism, 410–412; organ izations of, 121, philoso-phy of, 418–421; Rus sian, 80–81, 143, 207; and social democracy, 96, 345; and science, 173; and sociology, 661; and theory, 214, 441, 510, 515–518, 525, 620–621
mass party, 186, 203, 653, 672mastera, 98“Maximov.” See Bogdanov, AleksandrMcNeal, Robert, 29, 698, 828n2
Lomjaria, Silibistro, 150, 153–154Lomjaria, Vera, 160London, 178, 183, 194–195, 253, 255, 305, 349,
353, 355, 376–378, 420Longjumeau, 448, 471Lortkipanidze, Dato, 104, 327Lortkipanidze, Grigol, 214, 262–263, 353,
750n8Loshadze, Bebe, 169, 310Luch (Ray), 479, 500, 503, 506, 538–539,
541Ludwig, Emil, 3, 27, 61–62Ludwig Feuerbach (Friedrich Engels), 342Lugansk, 405, 426Lunacharskii, Anatolii, 247, 314, 411, 415,
422, 622, 638, 644, 668Luxemburg, Rosa, 209, 354, 517, 534–535,
566–567, 577–579Luzin, Ivan, 104, 106, 149Lvov, Prince Georgii, 614, 664
Mach, Ernst, 413, 416–418; Machism, 413, 417–418
Machabelis, 17–18Machavariani, 31–32Maiorov, Fedor, 103Makarov, Aleksandr, 473Makharadze, Gerasime, 284, 776n53Makharadze, Pilipe (Filip), 64, 77, 84, 106,
123, 125, 181, 239, 311, 340, 621, 697Makhtadze, Grisha, 88Malinovskii (Malinowski), Roman, 475,
478–479, 482, 491, 499–500, 502–504, 521, 524, 531, 539–541, 543–544, 546, 548–551, 557
Mamaladze, Leonti, 126Mamediarov, Mamed, 393, 785n64Mandelshtam, M. N. See Liadov, MartynMantashev, Aleksandr, 147, 149, 151, 154, 158,
164; Mantashevs, 51, 158Marchlewski, Julian, 437Marseillaise, La, 225, 231, 288, 630, 638, 644Martinov, 433
844 • I N D E x
Miliutin, Vladimir, 652, 656, 673, 823n31Mingrelia, 31, 168, 199, 285; Mingrelians, 31,
40, 199, 202, 206, 527Minsk, 121, 290Minusinsk, 557Miroedikha, 543, 547moambe (Bulletin), 59, 78Modebadze, Giorgi, 161mogzauri (Traveler), 239, 257mokalakeebi (city dwellers), 50Mokheve. See Khartishvili, DatikoMolokan, 33Molotov (Skriabin), Viacheslav, 458–459,
489, 491, 499, 590, 595–596, 599–601, 606–607, 609, 622, 639–640, 642, 646–647, 649, 692, 700, 823n26
Monaselidze, Aleksandra (“Sashiko”), 323, 335, 336
Monaselidze, Davit, 334Monaselidze, Mikheil, 113, 323, 334–335,
398–399Monaseldizes, 113, 323, 334–336Monastyrskoe, 541–544, 547, 553, 555–556,
560–562, 572–573, 580–581Montefiore, Simon Sebag, 271, 361, 700–702,
707n5, 736n33, 737n41, 747n20, 786n82, 788n12
Morning Post, 349Morozov, Savva, 367Moscow, 38, 98, 121, 139, 275, 293, 304–306,
309, 335, 347, 371, 376–377, 389, 405, 451, 461–463, 468, 473–479, 482–483, 488, 551, 558, 633, 640, 646, 650, 699; City Duma, 672; Moscow Agricultural Institute, 66; Muscovites, 419, 659; Okhrana, branch of, 478; workers of, 298–299, 499–500, 664–665
Motherland, 57, 59, 644, 664, 668Mtatsminda, 50, 103, 280, 438Mtkvari (Kura) River, 14, 34, 49Mtskheta, 14, 308multinational states, 221, 529, 533–536, 620Munich, 127–128
Mdivani, Polikarp (“Budu”), 241, 279, 289, 395, 761n33
Medvedev, Roy, 504, 698Megrelishvili, Isidore, 371Mehring, Franz, 464Melia, Beglar, 158Mensheviks, 84, 105, 130, 149, 167, 187–202,
215–216, 219–224, 231, 233–256, 272, 279-280-284, 302–303, 308, 336–341, 344–348, 364–383, 386–389, 397, 400, 409–414, 420–426, 430–432, 457–464, 468–481, 490, 503–508, 523–527, 535–541, 545, 557, 560, 562, 578, 582–583, 592–593, 596, 598, 601, 605–607, 613–615, 622–655, 659–669, 671–673, 675–677, 684–686, 689, 702; and Bolsheviks, 287–298, 310–331, 377, 391–393, 435–446, 458, 475, 486; in the Duma, 478, 498–499; Georgian, 172, 260–269, 274–276, 284, 321, 324–325, 355, 448–449, 485, 512, 519, 569; Menshevism, 7, 114, 178, 206, 234, 245, 339, 415, 436, 442, 747n50; Menshies, 417, 422; Rus sian, 268, 311, 351, 355, 448
meore dasi (second group), 78Merzliakov, Mikhail, 555–556, 581mesame dasi (third group); mesame dasi
leaders, 114, 269Meskhi, Sergi, 39Metekhi Prison, 49, 126, 138, 143, 190, 289Mezhraionka, Mezhraiontsy. See Inter-
district GroupMgaloblishvili, Soprom, 47, 111Mgeladze, Ilarion, 438, 486Mgeladze, Ivane, 237Mgeladze, Vlasa, 319, 582Mikaberidze, Aleksandre, 310Mikhailovich, Iakov, 562Mikhailovskii Hospital, 29, 310Mikoyan, Anastas, 377, 395, 700Military Organ ization, 646, 651Miliukov, Pavel, 351, 591, 603, 612, 614, 616,
625–626, 664–665
i n d e x • 845
movements, 485, 532–533; national mythologies, 508; national oppression, 532, 619; national parties, 324, 518, 520; national patriotism, 566; national peculiarities, 509, 528; national politics, 374; national regions, 533, 621; national resources, 527; national rights, 511, 578; national sentiments, 45, 106, 508; national separation, 533–534; national solidarity, 508–510; national states, 134, 185, 513, 535; national territorial auton-omy, 220, 340, 515; national territories, 534; national wars, 578; nation formation, 515, 518
Nation, R. Craig, 577National Bolsheviks, 376nationalism: Armenian, 289–290; Georgian,
133–134, 727n33; idiom of, 12; nationalist intellectuals, 12, 45; nationalist move-ments, 134, 510, 579; nationalists, 5, 12, 23, 38–40, 44–46, 57, 60, 64, 68, 71, 76–79, 103, 107, 113, 126, 134, 148, 183, 185, 196, 201, 213, 245, 276, 289, 295, 308, 321, 324, 345, 384, 424, 448, 496, 509–511, 517, 519–520, 529–530, 578–579, 634, 664, 694, 703; Rus sian, 528, 536; social demo crats and, 133–134, 183, 196
nationalities, 78, 98, 309, 485, 512, 568national question: Lenin and, 514–515;
Marxism and the National Question, 457–458, 530, 532; Natsionnal’nyi vopros, 106; social demo crats and the national question, 220, 523; Stalin and, 519–536
Nauka Club, 469Nepmen, 1Nestroev, 88Neue Zeit, Die (New Time), 522Neva River, 408, 474, 634Nevskii (district), 483Nevskii, Vladimir, 613, 627, 635, 818n82Nevskii Prospekt, 408, 470, 493, 635New Economic Policy, 414
Muranov, Matvei, 479, 502–503, 573, 582, 585, 589–590, 594, 597, 599–600
Muromets, 506Muslims, 14, 37, 129–130, 147–148, 162,
193, 269, 276–277, 307, 348, 384, 386–387, 389, 430, 483, 540, 570; conflicts with Armenians 250, 274, 276–281, 285–296, 339, 375; Muslim peasants 363; Muslim workers, 379–380, 397
Nadezhdin, Mikhail, 493Nadiradze, I. P., 402–403Nadzaladevi. See Nakhalovkanagizhari, 34Nakashidze, Mikhail, 276, 286Nakaz, 497–498Nakhalovka (Nadzaladevi), 50, 107, 240,
282, 288, 299, 308, 341Nakhichevan, 286napertskali (Spark), 383narodnichestvo (Pop u lism), 716n70, 721n8.
See also pop u lismNarvskaia zastava, 497Narym, 491–493, 506Nasha zaria (Our Dawn), 410Nashe slovo (Our Word), 568Natanson, Mark, 569nation: educated national actors, 57;
national ambitions, 5; national aware-ness, 38; national bound aries, 509; national character, 519, 530, 704; national claims, 529; national cultural autonomy, 511, 513, 515, 518–522, 525–527, 531, 535, 620; national cultural rights, 526; national culture, 185, 516, 520; national distinction, 185, 528; national feelings, 59, 64; national formation, 79, 518; national homogeniza-tion, 527; national impoverishment, 668; national interest, 212, 220; national liberation movements, 510; national loyalties, 509, 516; national markets, 509, 516; national minorities, 620; national
846 • I N D E x
Okhrana, 3, 172, 434, 475, 478, 538, 541, 550; Moscow Okhrana, 478; Petersburg Okhrana, 541
Okinshevich, Leo, 486Okinshevich, Raisa, 312Okuashvili, Arakela, 108–109, 122, 126Okujava, Mikheil, 340Olminskii, Mikhail (“Galerka”), 207, 210,
375, 481, 490, 596, 599, 749n54Onufrieva, Pelegeia (Polia), 465–467, 472Origins of the Family, Private Property, and
the State (Friedrich Engels), 86Orjonikidze, Grigol (“Sergo”), 201, 213, 263,
311, 325, 375, 375–376, 378, 387, 400–402, 420, 434–435, 449, 468–469, 472, 475, 478–483, 488, 489, 505, 561, 639, 691, 700, 782n7
Orjonikidze, Sergo. See Orjonikidze, GrigolOrthodox Church, 37, 55, 62, 115, 137, 173,
179, 196–197, 202–203, 233, 257, 268–269, 284, 296–297, 309, 342, 496, 516, 595; Eastern, 41; Georgian, 41–42, 286, 457; Rus sian, 42, 472, 664
Osetins, 18, 309, 527, 543, 709n20Ostiaki, 561Ottoman Empire, 147, 151, 154, 196, 508, 519,
570, 603otzovizm, 411, 414, 416, 418, 421, 467Ozurgeti, 307
Paikar (Strug gle), 580Palestine, 528Pannekoek, Anton, 517, 543, 554Pares, Bernard, 362Paris, 16, 282, 355, 396, 410, 414, 416, 420,
436, 438, 448, 459, 468, 471, 475, 490–491, 504, 522, 567–568, 610, 792n49
Paris Commune, 343, 610, 686Pastrmajian, Garegin (Armen Garo), 295Patricide, 67–68, 70Payne, Robert, 698peasants: communal, 456; displaced, 189;
individual, 172; peasant agriculture, 317;
newspapers, 38, 45, 60, 62–63, 128–131, 137, 149, 201, 209, 251, 256, 289, 311, 323, 327, 341, 370, 383, 425–426, 477, 488, 501–503, 555, 651–652, 663; Bolshevik, 233, 356, 432–433, 628, 671, 681; conservative, 667; En glish, 545; factional, 439; Rabochaia gazeta (Workers’ Newspaper), 439, 467; socialist, 204; workers’, 383, 570
Nicholas II, 77, 199, 236, 241, 256, 285, 288, 424, 686
Nikoladze, Niko, 39Nikolaevskii, Boris, 354, 368, 372, 484–486,
557, 584, 796n50Nikolai Station, 589Nikolsk, 461Nikon, 276, 309“Ninoshvili.” See Ingoroqva, EgnateNinua, Giorgi, 75, 105, 108Nogin, Viktor, 459, 479, 606, 627–628, 639,
646, 658, 794n9Northern Front, 636Norwegians, 348Noskov, V.A. (“Glebov”), 234–235, 753n15Novaia Uda, 170–171Novaia zhizn (New Life), 296, 299, 678, 685Novgorod Chronicles, 465Novogorodtseva, Klavdiia, 563Novorossiisk, 170Novozhilova, 465Ob agitatsii (On Agitation), 118
Ob River, 492Obkom. See Caucasian Regional CommitteeOctober Manifesto, 288, 291, 306, 399October Revolution, 451, 681, 685Octobrist Party, Octobrists, 291, 345, 424,
496, 664Odessa, 170, 262, 286, 290, 293, 373odnorodnoe demokraticheskoe pravitel‘stvo,
645odnorodnoe sotsialisticheskoe pravitel‘stvo, 645Odzelashvili, Arsena, 20, 34, 43, 48, 308,
714n19
i n d e x • 847
468, 558, 567–568, 571–572, 644, 690, and Lenin, 112, 127, 183–187, 194–196, 258, 300, 319, 459–460; and Mensheviks, 239; and Rus sian Marxism 116–118, 174; and Social Democracy, 127, 183, 207–210, 235–239; and Stalin, 207, 318, 342, 350, 415–417, 420, 425
Plekhanovites, 460–461, 475plenipotentiaries, 393, 497–498Podvoiskii, Nikolai, 541, 633, 635, 643, 652Pokrovskii, Mikhail, 415, 481, 540Poland, Poles, 44, 77, 112, 132, 183, 185, 194,
230, 273, 320, 347–349, 350, 353–354, 437, 439, 457–458, 471, 478, 487, 490, 498–503, 508–512, 517, 521, 527, 538, 553, 568, 619, 621
Poletaev, Nikolai, 409, 481, 488, 491, 502, 540, 638
police, 97, 105, 127, 137, 141, 179, 204, 274, 276, 288, 290, 291, 402, 433, 470, 492, 494, 542, 539, 569, 781n51
police agents, spies, 126, 139–140, 272–273, 337–338, 346, 372, 408, 422, 432–433, 438, 470, 475, 483–484, 487–488; “Molochnyi,” 449; police surveillance, 125, 127, 139, 163, 168, 463
Polish Socialist Party, 498, 517Poltava, 170pop u lism, 39, 48, 78, 80, 86, 98–123, 128, 135,
232, 272, 276, 297, 315, 345, 567, 569, 716n70
Port Arthur, 194, 247Potemkin, Grigorii, 286, 701Poti, 14, 147, 178, 232Potresov, Aleksandr, 127, 187–188, 258, 410,
437, 443, 494, 788n19practical work, 75, 112, 141Prague Conference, 472–473, 475, 478–479,
482–487, 495, 797n68praktiki, 102, 128, 138, 259, 381, 392, 417, 430,
440, 442, 459, 473, 485, 491Pravda, 424, 433, 481, 488–499, 501–505,
523–524, 538–541, 554, 589, 594–598, 607–609, 612–613, 625, 638, 651
peasant demands, 317; peasant farming, 80; peasant grievances, 283; peasant immigrants, 474; peasant movement, 180, 282, 426; peasant proprietors, 317; peasant rebels, 15, 293; peasant seizures, 666; peasant socialism, 80, 182; peasant terrorism, 260; peasant unrest, 326; peasant uprisings, 249; peasant villages, 304; peasant workers, 148; rebel, 166, 231, 275; resistant, 693; smallholding, 317; women, 458
Peradze, I., 36Pereprygina, Lidiia, 555, 559–560Pereverzev, Pavel, 636Perm, 590Persia, Persians, 11, 14, 15, 16, 35, 50, 374, 380,
434, 530Peshkov, Aleksei Maksimovich. See Gorky,
MaximPeter the Great, 4, 408Peterin, Martin, 559Petersburg. See Saint PetersburgPetersburg Bolsheviks, 494, 557, 635Petersburg Committee, 179–180, 254, 491,
494, 497, 503, 568, 590, 595–597, 599–600, 607, 623, 627, 629, 646, 652
Petersburg Soviet, 298, 351–352, 375Petersburg University, 482Petrograd. See Saint PetersburgPetrograd Bolsheviks, 597, 647, 654, 675Petrograd District, 637Petrograd Soviet, 591–592, 597, 599,
602–604, 613, 670–672, 675, 678, 680, 683, 686
Petrovskaia, Stefaniia , 406–407, 449–451Petrovskii, Grigorii, 478, 503–505, 544, 548,
573, 582Petukhov, Ivan, 574Piatakov, Georgii, 578, 620–621, 813n49Piłsudski, Józef, 517pirveli dasi (first group), 78Plekhanov, Georgii, 75, 80–81, 83, 86, 137,
174, 244, 272, 297, 370, 438, 446–448, 462,
848 • I N D E x
Qazbegi, Aleksandre, 66–67, 69–70, 87, 690qeenoba, 15Qvirila (River), 261Qvirili, 307
Rabinowitch, Alexander, 684, 818n82, 819n23
Rabochaia gazeta (Workers’ Newspaper), 439, 467
Rabochii i Soldat (Worker and Soldier), 651–652
Radek, Karl, 577–578, 813n43, 813n44radical intellectuals, 82, 97, 128–129, 165, 223,
287Radzevich, Vladimir, 125Rakhmetov, 77, 100Ramishvili, Isidore, 150, 161–162, 179, 199,
295, 314, 325, 331, 349, 351, 602, 735, 735n12, 736
Ramishvili, Noe (“Petr Kavkazskii”), 195, 219, 236–238, 240–241, 245, 261, 284, 338–339, 354, 370, 437–438, 485, 569, 751n18, 753n19
Ramishvili, Vano, 162Razhden, 331Razmadze, Grigol, 42, 83Razmirovich, Elena, 504Razumovich, Elena, 549, 568Red Army, 245, 341, 449, 559Red Guard, 300, 600Red Hundreds, 237, 262, 326, 340religion, 15, 31, 37, 40–41, 44–45, 51, 65, 76,
85, 92, 174, 411, 415, 513, 620Renner, Karl, 518–520revisionists, 132, 207, 443revolution: bourgeois, 441; the coming, 75,
114, 116; international, 580; older revolutionaries, 125; proletarian, 297, 447; revolutionary action, 97, 191, 268, 273, 339, 355, 362, 410; revolutionary activists, 189; revolutionary center, 330, 623; revolu-tionary change, 343, 413; revolutionary civil war, 282; revolutionary combat, 374;
Preobrazhenskii, Evgenii, 656, 658prison: Bailov Prison, 378, 399, 402, 405,
449, 462; Metekhi Prison, 138, 289; po liti cal prisoners, 170; prison life, 109–110; several prisoners, 165; Shissel-burg Prison, 561
Prokhorov, 649proletariat, 80, 95, 118–120, 127, 134, 137,
183–185, 213, 224, 240, 252–253, 258–262, 309–311, 317–322, 330, 337, 348–353, 383–393, 400–401, 435, 490, 509, 513–518, 526–529, 533, 536, 565–566, 578–579, 593–599, 617, 620–621, 629, 633, 643, 694; Baku, 356, 380, 425, 432; dictatorship of, 203–208, 267, 343–345, 447, 599, 608–611, 649–659, 676; leadership of, 297–298; Menshevik views on, 446; party, 417; proletarian energy, 247; proletarian socialism, 343; revolutionary, 142, 266, 297, 446–448, 646, 670; Stalin’s notion of, 417–419, 446–447
proletariatis brdzola (Strug gle of the Prole-tariat), 219, 222, 239, 260, 269, 279, 760n67
Proletarii (Proletarian), 245, 256, 356, 414, 417, 421–422, 425, 432, 439, 652
Proletarskaia Revoliutsiia (Proletarian Revolution), 697
Promyslovyi vestnik (Craft Bulletin), 380propaganda circle, 102, 108, 144, 222, 262,
430, 477, 618Prosveshchenie (Enlightenment), 504, 507,
522, 524–525, 531, 535, 546, 661Protestants, 50, 350, 659Provisional Government, 591–593, 596–597,
599–601, 603–606, 608–613, 619, 621, 626–628, 634, 636, 639, 644, 652, 666, 670, 674, 681, 683
Prusakov, Aleksandr, 432Psalms, 42, 48psychohistorians, 174, 704Purishkevich, Vladimir, 409, 644Pushkin, Aleksandr, 48, 87, 373Putilov Factory, 156, 634, 680
i n d e x • 849
Revolutionary Defensists, 622, 625–626, 645revolutionary government, 253, 256, 260,
262, 266–267, 269, 296, 327, 341, 585, 593, 595–596, 633, 670, 685
revolutionary situation, 382Riabushinskii, Pavel, 575, 664, 667Riazanov, David, 531Riga, 233, 275, 525, 666–667, 671Rioni River, 215Rodzianko, Mikhail, 550, 591Romanov, Alia, 475Romanov, Mikhail, 590Romanovs, 508, 511Rome, 457Russkaia kollegiia Organizatsionnoi Komissii
(ROK, Rus sian Collegium of the Organ izing Commission), 469
Rostov, 170, 290, 298, 405, 488Rostovskii, Sava, 400Rothschilds, 147–149, 153, 155, 160, 162, 166,
180, 219, 236Rozenfeld, Lev. See Kamenev, LevRSDRP (Rus sian Social Demo cratic
Workers’ Party), 121–122, 177, 180–183, 186, 206, 207, 214, 221, 239, 247, 248, 250, 269, 313, 321, 329, 336, 339, 345, 364, 368, 369, 377, 386, 409, 414, 416, 431, 436, 441, 469, 476, 477, 479, 488, 498, 512, 515, 571, 595, 617, 653, 680; committees of, 183, 188, 195, 255, 269, 296, 385, 387, 391, 425, 476, 512; conference of, 468, 487; congresses of, 197, 284, 297, 364, 469, 660; court of, 144, 371; editorial board of, 131, 187–188, 233, 242, 252, 260, 311, 321, 417, 419, 421–423, 439, 467, 469, 490–491, 502, 505, 538, 540, 551, 595, 597, 598–599, 652, 653, 660, 671, 679, 681; First Party Congress (Minsk), 121; Fourth Party Congress (Stockholm), 305, 313–321, 323 344, 744n28; Fifth Party Congress (London), 194–195, 377, 420; historians of, 313; leaders of, 185, 197, 204, 248, 302, 415, 448, 468–469, 487, 567, 573, 675; party discipline, 195,
revolutionary conduct, 280; revolution-ary consciousness, 117, 136, 415; revolutionary demonstrations, 247; revolutionary energy, 197, 253, 352; revolutionary events, 642; revolutionary extremism, 206; revolutionary fervor, 315; revolutionary gestation, 118; revolutionary heroism, 272; revolution-ary history, 102; revolutionary institu-tions, 632; revolutionary intellectuals, 77; revolutionary leaders, 114; revolutionary luminaries, 622; revolutionary manifesta-tions, 447; revolutionary means, 292; revolutionary methods, 672; revolution-ary militants, 191; revolutionary movements, 5, 64, 75, 99, 113, 162, 309, 338, 441, 448, 450, 600, 655; revolutionary organ ization, 153; revolutionary overtones, 375; revolutionary party, 121, 123, 151, 182, 194, 219–220, 224, 276, 288, 296–297, 336, 372, 433, 569, 612, 657; revolutionary phrases, 318; revolutionary politics, 102, 598; revolutionary power, 600; revolutionary proletarian energy, 247; revolutionary proletariat, 142, 266, 646, 670; revolutionary propaganda, 253; revolutionary retreat, 388; revolutionary robberies, 367; revolutionary socialists, 252, 308; revolutionary songs, 157, 231; revolutionary strategy, 233, 338; revolutionary success, 499; revolutionary tactics, 330; revolutionary tendencies, 204; revolutionary transformation, 143, 252, 530; Revolutionary Tribunal, 371; revolutionary views, 415, 641; revolution-ary villages, 288; revolutionary war, 576, 676; revolutionary work, 95, 151, 200, 213, 374, 395, 701; social, 44, 96, 447, 583
revolutionaries, 66, 83, 597revolutionary activity, 136, 139, 300, 335,
413, 424Revolutionary Committee, 669, 680–683;
ROK, 469
850 • I N D E x
Saakadze, Giorgi, 34, 43Safarov, Georgii, 127, 495, 800n56Saghirashvili, Davit, 105, 191, 219, 328Saint Petersburg (Petrograd from 1914), 38,
107, 139, 179–180, 198, 229, 232, 250–251, 274–275, 291–293, 296–299, 305–309, 324, 330, 336–337, 347–348, 351–352, 365–367, 561, 572–577, 589–592, 602–604, 607–613, 631–634, 636–637, 639, 644–645, 647, 654, 656–657; and Bolsheviks, 494–507, 557, 593–600, 617–638, 647–657, 666–687; Central Committee of, 244, 254; city duma, 596, 663; government of, 119, 306; Petrograd Soviet, 591–592, 597, 599, 602–604, 613, 670–672, 675, 678, 680, 683, 686; and police, 290; and workers, 478, 499, 569–570, 584–585, 665
Sakvarelidze, Grigol, 400–402Salin, K., 491Samara, 170, 351Samartsev, 389–390Samegrelo, 241. See also MingreliaSami people, 542, 807n12Samoilov, Fedor, 538, 573–574, 581Samson, 215San Remo, 475Sandro, 20, 34–36, 42–43Sarajishvili, David, 51Saratov, 170, 254Saratovets, 374, 400Savchenko, Kuzma, 408, 435–436Savelev, Maksimilian, 646Schmidt, Elizabeth, 439Seagull, The, 537Second International, 122, 370, 510, 516,
565–566, 577Sekretariat, 406Seldiakov, Sergei, 435Selivanikha, 544, 547, 553, 562seminary, 6–7, 22, 28–29, 34–35, 40, 42, 44,
47, 52–56, 61–66, 70, 76–77, 82–84, 87–93, 100–101, 103–105, 107–108, 111–112, 140, 165, 173–174, 262, 280, 284, 286, 334, 366, 689
RSDRP (continued) 216, 242, 251, 419, 550, 599; press of, 447,
660; program of, 185–186, 220, 519, 521, 535; Second Party Congress, 174, 177–178, 182, 187, 195, 201–202, 204, 206, 233–235, 240, 269, 321, 423, 512, 620, 680–681, 684; Seventh Conference, 617; Stalin as activist of, 198, 213, 255, 386, 418, 425, 448, 461, 478, 482, 487, 504; Third Party Congress, 222, 253; unity of, 196, 244, 260, 269, 311–312, 321, 356, 377, 438, 444, 460, 468, 480, 484, 489, 679, 692; work and workers for, 194, 213–214, 248, 257, 278, 312, 328, 335, 376, 383, 386, 392, 409, 426, 427, 432, 461, 462, 484, 490, 495, 622
“Ruben.” See Knuniants, BogdanRumania, 429, 508Russell, Bertrand, 412Rus sia, 99, 119, 133, 297, 415, 425, 447, 561,
610, 620Rus sians, Rus, 12, 18, 37, 39–40, 44, 55, 63,
70, 78, 93–94, 107, 130, 152, 180, 183–185, 220, 263, 273, 286, 309–315, 424–425, 439, 448, 471, 485, 495, 524, 545, 554, 590, 594–595, 600, 603, 606, 619–621, 626, 667, 675; Rus sian authority in the Caucasus, 60, 69, 163, 193, 230–239 389, 425; Rus sian Empire, 7, 12, 15–16, 39, 77–79, 82, 96–99, 123, 129, 147, 182–184, 271, 341, 363, 375, 392, 410, 456, 504, 508, 568; Rus sian intellectuals, 57; Rus sian intelligent sia, 63, 76, 101, 173, 694, 732n51, 756n3; Rus sian Marxism, 96, 101, 116, 197, 207, 251, 350; Rus sian nationalism, 528, 536; Rus sian Social Democracy, 4, 220, 471
Rus sian Army, 667Rus sian Bureau, 590, 594–595, 815n14Rus sian Congress of Soviets, 606, 626,
675Rus sian Mensheviks, 448Russification, 60, 63–64, 458Rustaveli, Shota, 18, 34, 39–41, 53, 62, 65, 174Rykov, Aleksei, 255, 414, 459, 618, 646, 673
i n d e x • 851
Slezkine, Yuri, 83, 721n1, 722n14, 808n24, 810n95, 814n55
Slovatinskaia, Tatiana, 545, 808n24Slusser, Robert, 698Slutskii, Abram, 649Smagin, Aleksei, 156Smilga, Ivars, 629, 639, 652, 658Smirnov, Aleksandr, 464, 480Smirnov, E. L., 302–303Smirnov, Ivan, 492Smirnov, Vladimir, 1Smith, Edward Ellis, 29, 698Smolny Institute, 551, 681–683Smyrba, Khashim, 162Social Democracy: Caucasus Social
Democracy, 196; Rus sian Social Democracy, 4, 220, 471; Social Demo crats, 99, 104, 106, 108, 111, 123, 126, 138, 184–185, 190, 195, 206, 209, 237, 241, 253, 256, 258, 266–268, 288, 309, 332, 345, 349, 368, 385, 388, 389, 437, 448, 462, 464, 471, 483, 484, 487, 512, 515, 524–525, 526, 538, 544, 583; Transcaucasian Social Democ-racy, 110
Social Demo cratic Party of Germany (SPD), 96, 518, 566
social estates, 285, 456social forces, 79, 285, 363, 530, 704social mobility, 17, 45social polarization, 496, 615, 622social science, 8, 86, 118social status, 15, 51, 70socialism: bourgeois, 316; Georgian, 105;
peasant, 80, 182; proletarian, 343; Prus sian, 514; socialist consciousness, 137, 186, 202, 208, 223, 245, 257–258, 265, 732n51; socialist parties, 293, 315, 443, 498, 517, 567, 627, 643, 645, 672–673, 686; socialist republic, 511; stillborn, 316; theory of, 247, 265
Socialist Federalists. See Georgian Socialist Federalists
Socialist International. See Second International
seraphim, 55, 62, 89Serbia, 508Serov, Ivan, 559Sevelev, M. A., 522, 524Sevriugin, V., 400Shagov, Nikolai, 573Shahumian, Ekaterina, 395Shahumian, Stepan, 314, 340, 346, 349, 382,
422–425, 436, 450, 480–486, 505, 513–514, 580, 691, 761n30; relationship with Stalin, 278–280, 289, 320–325, 352–556, 375–378, 416, 418, 431–433, 468–469, 486; Stalin’s denouncement of, 387–396.
Shamil, 67, 69, 720n58Shapatava, Despina, 161–162Shapatava, Ivliane, 161Shatilov, Aleksandr, 168Shaverdov, Datush, 201Shavishvili, Khariton, 237–238, 262, 369–370Shendrikov brothers, 224, 384Shingarev, Andrei, 666Shkarpetkin, Sergei, 406Shliapnikov, Aleksandr, 590, 595, 600, 677,
814n3Shmidt, Nikolai, 367Shumiatskii, Boris, 556, 562, 571, 809n67Shur, Aleksandr, 463–464Shusha, 250, 756n1Shushenskoe, 543Shushi. See ShushaShvartsman, D. M., 478, 491Shveitser, Vera, 409, 541, 547Siberia, 68, 104, 127, 169–174, 177, 198, 201,
244, 300, 351, 376, 404, 424, 431, 450, 473, 489, 491–492, 531, 534, 536, 537, 541, 550, 554, 557, 561, 563, 565, 574–575, 576, 578, 580–582, 584, 589, 590, 593, 594, 597, 601, 640, 687, 695, 697, 702, 705
Siberian Express, 589, 594Siberian Zimmerwaldists, 578skhivi (Ray), 309Skobelev, Matvei, 498–499, 523, 592, 614Skrypnik, Mikola, 414, 605–606
852 • I N D E x
626–629, 636, 661, 666; soldiers’ soviets, 597; of the Tsar, 308–310; and workers, 570–571, 591, 644–645, 669
“Soldiers to the Trenches, Workers to the Benches,” 601
Solin, K., 491Sololaki, 50, 239, 324, 334Solvychegodsk, 396, 405–406, 409, 425, 450,
458–459, 461, 464, 795n18Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 2, 692Somme, 579Sosnovskii, Lev, 383, 484, 799n14South Caucasia, 16, 147, 179, 193, 234, 394Souvarine, Boris, 352, 698Soviet Executive Committee, 597, 604,
613–614, 630, 637, 648Soviet Power, 618, 635–638, 645–646, 658,
667, 673–674, 676, 680, 686Soviet Union, 1–2, 7, 33, 83, 125, 165, 184,
376–377, 501, 514, 525, 589, 699, 703soviets, 302, 440, 595–597, 600–601, 610–611,
617–618, 633–634, 637, 643 653–661, 663–665, 668, 671–677, 679–686; First All- Russian Conference of, 603–606, 626, 628, 630–631; Menshevik, 293; peasants’, 608, 646–651, 661; soldiers’, 597, 615; workers’, 608, 624
Sovremennyi Mir (Con temporary World), 545Spandarian, Suren, 94, 331, 348–349,
375–376, 387–388, 393, 395–396, 422, 432, 469, 472, 477–480, 483–484, 488, 532, 541, 556, 558, 560–563, 571–575, 580, 582, 691
Spinoza, Baruch, 554Staat und Nation (State and Nation), 520Stalin: Anarchism or Socialism?, 27, 342;
“Besoshvili,” 27, 310; birth, 19; as Bolshevik, 193–211; called Osip, 312, 406–407, 548, 562, 583; Citizen Stalin, 371–372; childhood friends, 6, 8, 13, 18–29, 31–36, 42–43, 50, 52–54, 65–67; and Credo, 120, 201, 214, 691; dila (Morning), 57; education of, 31–49; in exile, 537–564; as historical actor, 688–695; life in Baku, 370–389, 391–400, 403, 405–407, 409,
Socialist Revolution, 80, 117, 252–253, 256, 267–268, 297–298, 337, 570, 576, 608–609, 611, 618, 620–621, 656
Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 99, 105, 121, 123, 170, 182, 194, 223–224, 272–273, 276, 293, 308, 316, 344, 372, 389, 391, 392, 393–394, 401, 458–459, 465–466, 473, 492, 497, 560, 562, 569, 578, 592, 605, 613–615, 624–625, 627, 631, 633, 635–636, 641, 643, 646–651, 655, 657, 659–660, 663–665, 668–677, 684–685
socialists: moderate, 224, 477, 607, 613–614, 624–625, 643, 645, 648, 656, 665–667, 672–676, 680, 684; Populist Socialist Revolutionaries, 99; socialist activists, 143; socialist activity, 128; socialist brochures, 334; socialist congresses, 566; socialist ideas, 119, 127, 136; socialist intellectuals, 97, 121, 126, 130, 179, 230, 234, 252; socialist material, 104, 128; socialist movement, 77, 93, 568, 576; socialist nationalists, 276, 517; socialist newspa-pers, 204; socialist practice, 206; socialist propaganda, 130, 435; socialist reforms, 659; socialist victories, 659; socialist workers, 122, 275
Society for Intellectual Aid, 545Society for the Spread of Literacy, 39Soghorashvili, G., 104, 355Sogorovaia, Evgeniia, 150, 355Sokolnikov, Grigorii (“Girsh”), 652, 657,
660, 677, 823n31Sokolovskii, N., 125Soldat (Soldier), 651–653Soldatskaia Pravda (Soldier’s Truth), 613, 651soldiers, 98, 124, 126, 158–161, 178, 180, 186,
193, 212, 230–231, 233, 242, 261, 271–272, 280, 282, 285, 288–289, 294, 296, 298–299, 307, 326, 473, 568, 579, 582, 585–592, 599, 601, 605, 631–633, 636–638, 647–648, 650–651, 653, 657, 675–677, 680–686; and peasants, 275, 682; and police, 275; Rus sian, 603, 608–615; and sailors,
i n d e x • 853
strike bureau, 299, 766n26strikes, 384, 473, 584, 666, 740n113, 784n39striking workers, 156, 249, 473, 495Struve, Petr, 94, 118study circles, 64, 77, 149, 155Sturua, Vano, 75, 105Sturua, Razhden, 295Sudakov, P. I., 498Sukhanov, Nikolai, 592, 597, 604, 630, 662,
669, 676, 680–681, 685Sukhova, Tatiana, 406–407Sukhumi, 232Sunday school, 108, 151, 161Supreme, 418, 641, 668, 692suramis tsikhe (Surami Fortress), 48, 307Surin, Semen, 459, 492Svanidze, Aleksandra (“Sashiko”), 323, 335,
336, 398Svanidze, Aleksandre, 323, 334Svanidze, Ekaterine (“Kato”), 52, 334–336,
366, 378, 398–399Svanidze, Sepora, 399Svans, 40, 527Sveaborg, 336Sveitser, Vera, 472, 491, 556, 560, 574, 580,
582, 584, 810n87Sveneti, 18, 56Sverdlov, Iakov, 405–406, 479, 489, 492,
504–506, 537, 542–545, 547–548, 551–553, 556, 559, 562–563, 571, 573–574, 581, 625, 627, 634–635, 642, 646, 651, 653, 678, 680, 691, 813n55
Sverdlova, Klavdia, 542Sviatapolk- Mirskii, Prince Petr, 278, 367Swedes, 312–313, 348, 667Switzerland, Swiss, 244, 296–297, 526, 535,
567, 576, 577, 603, 607, 619, 626, 627
taiga, 404, 542, 561Takuev, Stepan, 406Talaqvadze, Sebastian, 142, 213–214, 241tamada, 25, 279, 335Tamar of Georgia, 41
415–416, 421–426, 438, 443–445, 449–451 461–462, 468–471, 480; life in Batumi, 180, 188, 198–201; mokhutsi ninika (The Old Man Ninika), 59; mtvares (Moon), 57–58; multiple Stalins, 688, 700; nickname Ioska the Pockmarked, 539; nom de guerre Stalin, 458; Notes of a Delegate, 420; notion of proletariat, 417–419, 446–447; “Our Goals,” 489; peletoni (Feuilleton), 58; pen name “Soselo,” 57, 59–60, 81–82, 366; personal-ity of, 4, 699; pseudonyms, 214, 433; relationship with his father, 22–30; relationship with his mother, 24–56, 76, 89, 115; relationship with Lenin, 187, 519, 524, 535, 620, 661, 703; and terrorism, 271–290; thoughts on the national question, 519–536; “Vaska,” 541, 544; wedding to Ekaterine Svanidze, 334–335; young Stalin, 2–71, 83, 230, 697–699; Young Stalin, 231, 701
Stalinism, 2, 33, 639, 697–699, 704Stalinist, 2, 109–110, 113–114, 178, 202, 224,
397, 697Stalin Museum, 708–709Staroselskii, Vladimir, 285, 288, 294, 307Stasova, Elena, 375, 480, 483, 486–487, 489,
491, 541, 639State Conference, Baku, 389, 392State Conference, Moscow, 665state institutions, 133, 276, 362state power, 293, 343, 447, 511, 570, 622, 626,
643, 658, 675, 685, 688Stepantsminda, 66Stockholm, 312–314, 323, 348, 660, 667Stockholm Conference, 667Stolypin, Petr, 274, 285, 336, 338, 344, 346,
362, 372, 378, 394, 402, 423–424, 455–458, 470, 472, 476–477
Stopani, Aleksandr, 235, 245–246, 386, 486, 753n17
Strasser, Josef, 517, 543, 554street demonstrations, 128, 133, 157, 179, 628
854 • I N D E x
Tiflis Seminary, 29, 40, 44, 47, 52, 54, 56, 61, 66, 70, 76, 92, 101, 111, 280, 366
Tikhomirova, Lukeria, 492Tkachev, Petr, 318Todria, Silibistro (Silva, Sila), 99, 151, 156,
161, 409, 470, 500Tolstoy, Lev, 85, 104, 400, 472Tomsk, 491–493Tomskii, Mikhail, 414, 623, 634, 819n21Topuridze, Diomide, 181, 183, 194–196, 742n11,
743n12toska, 456, 459Totomiants, Oganes Vartanov, 409, 450trade unions, 96, 375, 379, 385–386, 391–392,
410, 424, 426, 429, 444, 477Transcaucasia, 75, 340, 345, 375, 377, 526,
619–621, 697Transcaucasian Obkom, 485Trepov, Dmitrii, 306Tribunal, 241, 371–372, 498, 550, 566Troianovskii, Aleksandr, 504, 522–525, 531,
538, 549, 554Trotsky (Bronstein), Lev, 1, 75, 164, 172, 183,
185, 202, 230, 233, 282, 297–298, 351–353, 356, 424, 439, 460–462, 468, 476, 495, 520–523, 530–531, 539, 568, 570, 576–577, 597, 602, 607, 611–612, 622–623, 626, 635–636, 638, 641–642, 644, 647, 655, 658–660, 663, 673–685, 690, 698–699, 702–704
Trotskyists, 461, 532Trudoviki, 324, 344Trzebinia, 501–502Tsabadze, Vaso, 103, 106, 121, 142, 219tsar, 3, 29, 37–38, 42, 44, 77, 143, 166, 173,
193–194, 221, 229, 231–232, 241, 285–286, 288–294, 296, 304, 306–307, 313, 326, 336, 346, 361–363, 376, 492, 568, 584, 590–591, 660, 687, 694; abdication of, 595; “Address from the Throne,” 324; subjects of, 12, 456–458; power of, 15, 520; and soldiers, 308–309;
tsarism, 37, 67, 81, 121, 139–140, 143, 151, 160, 170, 172, 185, 189, 221, 231, 252, 254, 271, 278, 285–286, 292, 296, 299, 325, 361, 367, 404,
Tamashev, 51, 289Tammerfors, 299,Tammerfors (Tampere) Conference, 299,
302–304, 344Taraseev, Aleksandr, 547, 556Taraseeva, Afisa, 547–548, 556Tarnopol (Ternopil), 667Tashkent, 672, 674Tatarinov, Nikolai, 463, 465Tatars, 269, 294, 295, 324, 339, 380, 466, 506,
524, 694Tauride Palace, 324, 409, 500, 591, 635–636Tbilisi. See TiflisTchaikovsky, Petr, 45Telavi, 53, 326Telia, Giorgi, 109, 299Teodorovich, Ivan, 606teoretiki, 128, 427Ter- Petrosian, Simon (“Kamo”), 28, 93, 127,
156, 231, 271, 279–282, 289, 335, 365–370, 373, 689, 691
Terek River, 38, 67terrorism: opponents of, 369, 372–373;
peasant, 260; po liti cal, 182, 283; revolutionary, 362, 364; revolutionary mass terror, 382; worker, 242, 260
Tiflis (Tbilisi), 14–21, 28–29, 39–40, 44, 61, 64–67, 70, 75–77, 79, 82, 89, 92–94, 98, 101–112, 120–127, 160–165, 168, 181, 194–195, 198–206, 212–213, 215–225, 250–251, 258–261, 273–314, 323–331, 334, 338–340, 345–348, 361–378, 381–382, 388, 398, 405–406, 421–422, 426, 436, 438–439, 449, 462, 469–470, 483–487, 541, 554, 557, 583, 695; Armenians in, 50–52, 61, 64, 70, 78–79, 81, 98, 107, 129, 148, 181–183, 345; duma in, 289; factories in, 16, 123, 129; labor movement in, 139, 188–191; Mensheviks in, 244, 312, 319, 353; name of, 49; police in, 154–155, 191; strikes in, 277, 286, 289, 326; Tiflis Committee, 122, 131, 139–141, 143, 150, 153, 178, 190, 235–236, 239–240, 242, 244, 259, 261, 273, 311, 326, 345; workers in, 129, 148, 189, 225, 276, 363, 371,
i n d e x • 855
475, 569; under ground press, 129, 138, 156; under ground revolutionary movement, 4, 383; under ground work, 151, 301, 443
“uninterrupted” or “permanent revolution,” 297–298
Union of Landlords, 664Union of Liberation, 221, 224Union of Mechanical Workers, 379–380Union of Oil Workers, 379, 386, 390, 430,
432, 483Union of Printers, 473Union of Strug gle for the Emancipation of
Labor (Soiuz bor’by za osvobozhdenie truda), 119
unions: union leaders, 391; union workers, 432; unionist work, 435
unitary state, 457, 514United States of Amer i ca, 147, 429, 436, 522,
534–535, 568, 576, 592United States of Eu rope, 535, 806n78Urals, 170, 347, 426, 461, 468, 534, 541, 590Uratadze, Giorgii. See Uratadze, GrigolUratadze, Grigol (Giorgii), 167–168, 274,
279, 284, 314, 364, 438, 448, 471–472, 569, 734n77, 796n57
urban workers, 99, 179, 661Uritskii, Moisei, 660, 680Ushakov, Mikhail, 310USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Repub-
lics), 1, 404, 418, 698–699
Vadachkoria, Domenti, 151–152, 158, 160van Ree, Erik, 343, 662, 714n19, 733n73, 760n2,
762n27, 803n6, 804n23, 806n75, 812n40Vandervelde, Emile, 567, 572Vanguardism, 137, 631Vardoian, Georgii, 34, 93Vasadze, 357, 779n107Vatsek, 374Veiland, Olga, 504, 522–532Veinberg, Gavril, 649vengeance, 68, 191, 275, 282–283vepkhistqaosani (The Knight in the
Panther’s Skin), 18, 39, 62
445, 455, 487, 567–568, 580, 598, 603, 605; tsarist authorities, 44, 180, 276, 292; tsarist autocracy, 61, 182–183, 260; tsarist empire, 37, 140; tsarist officials, 69, 273, 276; tsarist police, 104, 172, 217, 269, 275, 370, 443; tsarist regime, 104–105, 231, 286, 339, 477, 496, 583, 598
Tsederbaums, 371, 437, 539Tsereteli, Akaki, 39, 59, 62Tsereteli, Giorgi, 78, 106, 123, 346Tsereteli, Irakli, 59, 94, 195, 346, 351, 354,
424, 578, 601–602, 606, 626, 629–630, 636, 649–650, 654, 666, 745n8
Tsereteli, Mikheil, 341Tsentral’nyi ispolnitel’nyi komitet (Central
Executive Committee, TsIK), 634Tsikhitatrishvili, Maria, 19Tsikhitatrishvili, Mikha, 19Tsintsadze, Kote, 165, 261, 279, 308, 335,
364–365, 367–368, 370, 378, 779n13Tsioglinskii, 539Tskhakaia, Mikha, 64, 77, 106, 112, 149, 181,
200–202, 212–217, 236, 240–241, 245, 250, 254–255, 262, 284, 287, 289, 310, 331, 335, 340, 348, 353, 355, 416, 421, 423, 431, 462, 563, 691
Tsuladze, Viktor, 130Tsulukidze, Aleksandre, 110–111, 113–114, 124,
134, 216–217, 241, 262–264, 279Tucker, Robert, 698–700, 704, 767n37Tula, 98, 405Turgenev, Ivan, 48, 76, 94Turkestan, 382Turkey, 18, 50, 147–148, 156, 162, 262, 579Turkmenistan, 376Turks, 11, 307, 530Turukhansk, 479, 531, 537, 541–544, 547, 555,
558, 565, 571–572, 575, 619
Ukraine, Ukrainians, 123, 182, 527, 508, 568, 605, 619, 621, 634
Ulam, Adam, 698, 700, 704Ulanovskii, Aleksandr, 537, 554–555under ground, the: under ground move-
ment, 152; under ground party, 432, 445,
856 • I N D E x
Western Eu rope, 517Western Georgia, 79, 111, 113, 139, 179–180,
194, 212–213, 217, 244–245, 263, 276, 278, 282, 284–285, 293, 299, 306–307, 316
What Is Not to Be Done, 207, 410What Is the Party?, 257What Is to Be Done? (Chto Delat’?), 77, 100,
114, 135, 137–138, 161, 178, 190, 203, 205, 213, 223–224, 234, 255, 260, 262, 409, 415, 442
White City, 387, 389Who Lives on What, 112Winter Palace, 229, 647, 682–685Woitinsky, Wladimir, 605 women: Georgian, 18–19, 23, 35, 69; peasant,
458; urban, 16; women workers, 159, 377, 538, 590; women’s literacy, 18–19, 710n24
Women’s Battalion, 682workers, 225, 283, 313, 526, 568, 570, 600,
694; activist, 97, 105, 107–108, 122, 124, 126, 150, 162, 260; armed, 261, 600; backward, 386; city factory, 497; Council of Workers, 393; dedicated party, 622; dismissed, 155; factory, 20, 51, 96, 148, 155, 158, 230, 269, 497, 635; house factory, 635; incarcerated, 158; industrial, 95, 117, 129, 356, 474; local, 107, 112, 126, 152, 212, 240, 242, 274; loyal, 155, 248; manganese, 217; militant, 212; occasional representative of, 234; oil-field, 381; other, 19, 95, 102–103, 153–154; protesting, 500; radicalized mine, 276; railroad, 98, 104–105, 107, 109, 122, 129, 231, 241, 288–289, 669; rebellious, 276, 701; skilled, 153, 380, 386, 429; textile, 81, 499; unskilled, 390; worker activity, 152, 539; worker adherents, 96, 278; worker and peasant militancy, 139; worker authority, 624; worker comrades, 131, 158, 199; worker conditions, 231; worker control, 245; worker correspon-dent, 149; worker discontent, 141; worker dominance, 141; worker initiative, 179, 386; worker leaders, 242; worker militancy, 499, 615; worker organ ization,
Veprintsev, Nikolai (Peterburgets), Peterburgets, 400, 433
Vereshchak, Semen, 401, 492Vermishev, Khristopor, 287, 772n79Vienna, 495, 506, 521–524, 538–539, 549Vilna, 525Vilnius. See VilnaVolga, 76, 119, 170, 379, 391Volodarskii, V., 646, 649–650, 652, 654,
656, 822n9Vologda, 403, 405–406, 450, 463–465, 467,
472, 482, 541von Clausewitz, Carl, 579von Pleve, Viacheslav, 194, 221Voprosy strakhovaniia (Questions of
Insurance), 575Vorontsov, Mikhail, 38Vorontsov- Dashkov, Illarion, 278, 285, 293,
307, 326, 394Voroshilov, Kliment, 313, 348, 375–376, 378Voznesenskii, 366–368Vpered (Forward), 222, 233, 241–242, 247,
284, 415, 660; editorial board, 242Vperedisti (Forwardists), 443, 460–461,
463, 475Vulikh, Tatiana, 395–398, 406–407, 543, 545Vyborg, 336, 338, 409, 470, 483, 593, 595, 625,
628, 635, 815n14Vyborg Manifesto, 338Vyborg Side, 470, 593Vychegda River, 405, 407Vyshinskii, Andrei, 376, 381, 402, 782n10
war, attitudes on, 567, 573, 576–577, 583, 591, 597–600, 602, 606, 612, 623, 625, 632
War Communism, 414war party, 567war patriotism, 567“War to a Victorious End,” 571Warsaw, 77, 233, 498West, the, 2, 11, 14, 44, 49–50, 80, 95, 100,
103, 111, 113, 261, 278, 428, 443, 445, 469, 582, 618, 659, 667, 698
i n d e x • 857
Zelikson, Tsetsiliia, 200, 217Zelindzon, David, 382Zemliachka, Rosaliia, 206Zevin, Iakov (“Pavel”), 475, 797n68Zharov, Maksim, 382Zhgenti, Tengiz, 737n39, 742n8Zhordania, Noe (“Kostrov”), 64, 77–79,
81, 83, 90–91, 98, 106–107, 109–111, 113, 122–123, 125, 131, 140, 144, 174, 181, 185–186, 194–195, 204–206, 209, 235–237, 240, 244–245, 251, 257–258, 260, 274, 284, 295, 310–312, 314, 318, 320, 325, 336, 338, 354–355, 364–365, 368–370, 372, 388, 396, 438, 446–449, 500, 512, 520, 527, 530, 531, 532, 540, 545–546, 554, 569, 690, 753n19
Zhordania, Tedo, 52–53Zimmerwald Conference, 577–579, 606,
626; Zimmerwaldist, 578, 606Zimnaia, 171Zinoviev, Grigorii, 322, 414, 422, 437–439,
478, 502, 504–505, 531–532, 543, 545–546, 554, 563, 607, 611, 621–622, 627, 629, 635, 638–639, 641, 643–644, 647, 654–655, 659–660, 676–680, 683, 771n72
Zionists, 183, 528Zubatovshchina, 182; Zubatovist, 235Zurabov, Arshak (Rashid- bek), 181,
183, 195–196, 345–346, 424, 742n11
Zvezda (Star), 481, 488–491
657; worker origin, 184; worker participa-tion, 123, 129, 141, 446; worker power, 392; worker pressure, 391; worker resentment, 426; worker solidarity, 96; worker study circles, 149; worker support, 239, 625, 646
workers’ circles, 102–103, 153, 727n26working class, 50, 78–82, 87, 95, 103, 117–121,
126–127, 132, 136–137, 160, 182, 203, 206, 223, 253, 256–257, 260, 265–267, 296, 321–322, 350, 355–356, 373, 376, 379, 402–403, 440–441, 474, 481, 490, 496, 498–499, 509, 579, 593, 605, 613, 630, 686, 724n2, 797n67
World War I, 445, 473, 496World War II, 501Woytinsky, Wladimir, 635, 816n45
Yakut, 565Yaroslavl, 275Yerevan. See ErivanYiddish, 183, 528
Zabelin, 463, 471Zabolote, 171Zagranichnaia Organizatsionnaia Komissiia
(Orga nizational Commission Abroad, ZOK), 468
Zakopane, 538Zalutskii, Petr, 590, 606, 639, 658, 814n3Zarnitsyn, 469Zasulich, Vera, 127, 188, 209, 235, 238, 258, 265