stakeholders’ behavior: a crucial factor to sustainable fisheries dr. renato quiñones...
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Stakeholders’ behavior: a crucial factor to sustainable fisheries
Dr. Renato QuiñonesInterdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR)
FONDAP-CONICYT Universidad de Concepción
Global trends in the state of world marine fish stocks, 1974–2011
IUU fishing has escalated in the past 20 years, especially in
high seas fisheries.
Rough estimates indicate that IUU fishing takes 11–26
million tonnes of fish each year, for an estimated value of
US$10–23 billion. FAO (2014)
ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED AND UNREGULATED (IUU) FISHING
FISHERIES ARE PART OF HIGHLY COMPLEX SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Contributing factors for failures of fisheries management
01
0203
04
0506
07
01 Data uncertainty
02 Model inadequacy
03 Ecosystem structure
04 Institutional efficacy
05 Economic discord
06 Research focus
07 Stakeholders’ behavior
Based on Smith & Link (2005)
Is fisheries governance a tame or wicked problem?
Tame Problem
• Has a well-defined and stable problem statement
• Has a definite stopping point, i.e. when the solution is
reached
• Has a solution which can be objectively evaluated as
right or wrong
• Belongs to a class of similar problems which are all
solved in the same similar way
• Has solutions which can be easily tried and abandoned
• Comes with a limited set of alternative solutions.
Problem
Solution
© 2008 CogNexus Institute
Time
Gather the data about the problem
Analyze the data
Formulate a solution
Implement it
Traditional wisdom for solving complex problems: the ‘waterfall’
Wicked Problems• You don’t understand the problem until you have
developed a solution
• Wicked problems have no stopping rule
• Solutions to wicked problems are not right or wrong; they are simply ‘better,’ ‘worse,’ ‘good enough,’ or ‘not good enough.’
• Every wicked problem is essentially unique and novel
• Every solution to a wicked problem is a ‘one-shot operation
• Wicked problems have no given alternative solutions
Wicked problem involves moral judgements and value-based decisions: governance (Jentoft & Chuenpagdee 2009)
It is a major mistake to deal with wicked problems as if they were
tame problems
“For every complex problem there is a simple solution. And it is wrong.” H.L.Menken
Source: © 2010 CogNexus Institute
“If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences”
William Isaac Thomas and Dorothy Swaine Thomas (1928)
THOMAS THEOREM
Meaning, values, identities
Every stakeholder may have a completely different perception about the management of shared resources
“Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and
artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with
one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through
learning” (Bates & Plog 1976).
Anthropological definition of Culture
Resource management and governance institutions shape and are shaped by
cultural dimensions of ecosystems (Poe et al. 2010)
MOCHA ISLANDPoaching represent loss between 32-68% of annual gross historical revenues of the TURF (Bandin & Quiñones 2014)
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PRESSURES
Fishers protesting in central-south Chile during the Jack mackerel crisis 1997-2002
Protest by artisanal fishers against prohibition of operating in the first nautical mile from the coast and the use of satellite positioning for individual vessels (13/11/2012)
The collective learning process that can take place through
interactions among multiple interdependent stakeholders when
proper facilitation, institutional support and a conducive policy
environment exist.
SOCIAL LEARNING
Source: SLIM PROJECT (2004)
Steyaert & Jiggins (2007)
Linking behavior
change models with
fisheries management
THE ICEBERG ANALOGY
Some of the crucial challenges to sustainable fisheries are below the surface
Examples:• Stock assessment• Ecological impact of
fisheries• Effects of environmental
variability • etc.
- Stakeholders’ behavior- Cultural change