squeo lezioni lingua inglese i

8/2/2019 SQUEO Lezioni Lingua Inglese I

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Introduction to Translation Studies

Translation Practice and Contrastive Grammar


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Main texts

M. Ulrych, Translating Texts. FromTheory to Practice, pp. 21-114

C. Taylor, Language to Language, pp.

48-64


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Source TextSource Language Text

ST

Target TextTarget Language Text

TT

Translation is an incredibly broad notion, which canbe understood in many different waysMark Shuttleworth, DictionaryofTranslation Studies(1997)

Translation is the rendering of a SourceLanguage text into a Target Language text. Buttranslation is not a merely automaticsubstitution of linguistic structures.


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Prego

CiaoPronto?You know the truth

He delivered the punchHa il senso della realtA gentle slopeOfgentle birthAntonio arrivato arrivato Antonio! successa una disgrazia.


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Pronto?

Pronto. Parla Mary,potrei parlare conSusan

Pronto? Si, cara

Allora andiamo

Hello?

Hello, this is Mary,could I speak toSusan please?

Are you ready? Yes, I am

Right, then lets go


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Potrebbe passarmi

quel libro per favore? Prego?

Vorrei leggere quellibro

Prego Grazie

Prego

Could you give me

that book please? Sorry?

I would like to readthat book

Here you are Thank you

Youre welcome


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Prego?

Vorrei comprare un

libro

Prego, dopo di lei

Can I help you?

Id like to buy a

book

After you


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Non hanno un bel niente

Niente affattoLa goccia che fa traboccare il vasoMi piace il tiramisIl rosso delluovoA buon mercatoBuon Natale e buon annoHe went (and, andava, andato)

Egli andava (he went, he would go, he usedto go, he was going)


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Language

Use Structure

Context and culture(situation)(register)

Communicative Functions

Phonology

Graphology

Lexicon

GrammarStyle

Linguistic Variations


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Ewe Turn: sheep stop the traffic in Madrid

Pecore in fuga bloccano il traffico di Madrid

Could breaking news be starting to break us instead?

E se le ultime notizie fossero davvero le ultime?

Ewe Turn U Turn

To break: distruggere, fare a pezzi


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Coleridge, TheRime oftheAncientMariner

The fairbreeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free;We were the first that ever burstInto that silent sea.

Soffiava il buon vento, volava la bianca spuma

seguiva libera la scia;I primi fummo che irrompemmoIn quel tacito mare.

Laballata delvecchio marinaio (trad. T. Tommaso Pisanti)


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It is dangerous to lean out Vietato sporgersi

Valone, 20 aprile 1917

Unaltra notte,In questoscuroColle mani

GelateDistinguoIl mio visoMi vedo

Abbandonatonellinfinito

Ungaretti

In this darkWith frozen handsI make out

My face

I see myselfAdrift in infinitespace

Traduzione diPeter Creagh

In this darkWith handsFrozen

I make outMy faceI see myselfabandoned inthe infinite

Traduzione diCharlesTomlison


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There was another problem to be solved: how toprotect bank deposits from the risk ofdisappearing intothin airas a result of the overwhelming losses whichwere threatening to bring down the three main banks.

Cera anche un altro problema da risolvere: come

proteggere i depositi bancari dal rischio di dissolversinellaria in seguito alle perdite schiaccianti cheminacciavano le tre banche principali.

Restava inoltre scoperto il problema dellasalvaguardia dei depositi bancari esposti al rischio divolatilizzarsi a fronte della gran massa di perdite cheormai schiacciava i tre principali Istituti di credito.


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Translation Studies


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In his article OnLinguisticAspectsofTranslation (1959)Roman Jakobson distinguishes three kinds of translation

Intralingual translation: rewording(riformulazione)(an interpretation of verbalsigns by means of other signs in the samelanguage)

Interlingual translation: translation proper(an interpretation of verbal signs bymeans of some other language)

Intersemiotic translation: transmutation (aninterpretation of verbal signs by means ofnon verbal signs) (parola-immagine)


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Translation Studies refer to what Jakobson definesINTERLINGUAL Translation

Translation Studies date back to the 1970s.1972 James S. Holmes, The Name and Nature ofTranslation Studies during the Third Conference of

Applied Linguistics (in Copenhagen) used the

expression Translation Studies to define a newarea of analysis that is not simply a part of linguistics.

1978 Andr Lefevere proposed that the name

Translation Studies should be adopted for thediscipline that concerns itself with the problemsraised by the production and description oftranslations


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Language

Use Structure



Phonology

Graphology

Lexicon

GrammarGrammarStyle



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Translation:

From Theory to Practice


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The translatability of a text depends on many aspects.

1. It depends on the degree to which the sourcetext is embedded in its own culture. Themore culture-bound a text is, the more difficult itis to translate. The less culture bound a text is,

the less it needs to be adapted to suit the TLreadership. We should speak of a sliding scaleof translatability, largely depending on thedegree to which a text is embedded in SL

culture.


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2. The translatability of a text is deeplyconnected with the communicativefunction of the text. Promotional leaflets,business letters and poetry aremeaningful examples of different

degrees of translatability.


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Translation Strategies (Malone)

In 1988 Malone introduces a list of ninetranslation strategies, that is nine differentprocedures adopted by translations in order tocope with the lexical and syntactical differencesbetween Source Language and TargetLanguage

Approfondimento: C. Taylor, Languageto

Language, pp. 48-64.


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1. Equation

Spaghetti, Lasagna, Pizza (however the absolute

equivalence of these terms must be questioned, as they

are used outside their home context)

One of the most well-known traps associated with the word-

for word equation if that of false friends, where the

meanings of deceptively similar terms do not match

across languages (Actual/attuale; editor/editore)

Some lexical items have a particularly high frequency inItalian (much higher than their English equivalents)


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(ex. Realt) reality: the English lexical item has too high a

level of abstraction

Larte come imitazione della realt/Art as imitation ofnatureLa realt dura/Life is hard

La sua malattia una realt/Her illness is genuine

Progetti che diventano realt/plans which are realised

Spesso la realt ci sfugge/Often we dont see things as they

really are

Ha il senso della realt /He is realistic

Bisogna tenere il senso della realt locale/We must keep localneeds in mind

La realt economica/the economic situation


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Examples that deviate fromequation

The Holy Bible (La Sacra Bibbia)(not The Sacred Bible)(not La Santa Bibbia)


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2. Substitution

(the antithesis of equation: the translation has little or no

morpho-syntactic or semantic relation to the source text.

Ex. The Italian subjunctive replaced by an Englishinfinitive

Far in modo che si convinca a venire

Ill try to get her to come

The straw that broke the camels back

La goccia che fa traboccare il vaso


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3. Divergence:The strategy of choosing one possible solution from a

potential range of alternatives

Creampanna

Crema

glass

vetro

bicchiere

Se dovesse succedere

Were it to happen

If it were to happen

should it happen

If it should happen


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She saw a beautiful dress in the window

She opened the window

She lowered the window

Non ho niente da dire

Niente male

Niente scherzi

Non hanno un bel niente

NIENTE

I have nothing to say

Not bad

No messing about!

They have nothing at all


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4. Convergence

Commercialista

Contabile

Ragioniere

Accountant

Tu

Lei

Voi

You


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5. Amplification

Swansea is the birthplace ofDylanThomas

Swasea il luogo natale del famososcrittore e poeta Dylan Thomas


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6. Reduction

Carta geografica

Map


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7. Diffusion

A source text item or utterance is expandedwithout adding any extra layer of meaning

Cheap A buon mercato

Weatherwise Per quanto riguarda il tempo

The nineteen century sex role system

La divisione dei ruoli in base al sesso nel XIX secolo


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8. Condensation

A source text item or utterance is contractedwithout omitting any layer of meaning

To look at guardare

To fall in love innamorarsi

To run after inseguire


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9. Reordering

It occurs when various procedures areintroduced to the syntactic units into the mostfamiliar patterns of the target language

Black and white Bianco e nero

Non ancoragiunto il tempo

The time has not yet come

successauna disgrazia

Something terriblehas happened


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HIGH PRESSURE

Pressione alta: high blood pressure

Alta pressione: in the meteorological sense


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The very small percentage of workstrnaslated by us compared to the totalnumber of works imported per yearis

clearfrom these lists.

Da questi elenchi apparir

evidentissima la minima percentualedelle opere da noi tradotte in confrontoal totale annuo delle opere importate.


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The hands which, on the 25 th of April1953 picked the apple from the Biblicaltree of knowledge belonged to a rather

eccentic English physicist.

A cogliere la mela del biblico albero

della conoscenza furono, il 25 aprile1953, le mani di un bizzarro fisicoinglese


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Language

Use Structure



Phonology

Graphology

Lexicon

GrammarGrammarStyle



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Language USE

language functions

Ex. Nice weather, isnt it?: two people atthe bus stop. The main purpose is to

socialise, to create a common ground forconversation and not to make a statementabout the weather.

Standard phrases should be translatedwith standard equivalents in the TL, theyshould not be translated literally.


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La lingua un modo di agire sociale. Attraversoi nostri atti linguistici che si concatenano in untesto (scritto, verbale) e si attualizzano

pragmaticamente, siamo in grado non solo diveicolare dei messaggi, ma di influenzare icomportamenti degli altri con richieste,domande, proposte, avvertimenti. Non sempre i

meccanismi dellazione linguistica sono diretti edespliciti.


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Ex. Chiuda quella finestra! in una sala dattesaad uno sconosciuto: ordine efficace nelcontenuto linguistico ma del tutto infelice dalpunto di vista pragmatico, perch scortese.

Le dispiacerebbe chiudere quella finestra?Potrebbe chiudere per cortesia: un attolinguistico strutturato a livello del discorso comeuna frase interrogativa, in realt non una

domanda, una richiesta di informazione, ma diun servizio.


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A: Linguistic Functions

Austin, HowtoDo Thingswith Words(1962)

Functions

THE LOCUTION: the literal meaning of anutterance, the formal meaning of the words

THE ILLOCUTION: the communicative force(the act that is performed by it: warning,request, etc.)

THE PERLOCUTION: the effect on the hearer orreader


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B : communicative functions

Elements of an act of verbalcommunication

Jakobson (1960): communicative schemeCommunicative functions

Although texts are generally multifunctional,

one function generally predominates


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Addresser Message Addressee

ContactContext

Code

Expressive Poetic Conative

Phatic

ReferentialMetalingual


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Relationship between communicative

functions and text types (1)

Emotive functionLiterary texts

autobiographies

letters

Technical reports

textbooks

Scientific articles

advertising

Political propaganda

Charity appeals

referential function

conative function


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Relationship between communicative

functions and text types (2)

Poetic function

Poetry

songs

Nursery rhymes

Greetings

condolences

Good wishes

grammar

dictionary

phatic function

metalingual function


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C: Rhetoric functions

Once the translator has determined what is thepredominant language function of a ST, he has toestablish what rhetorical strategies the author of the ST

has used to achieve the desired effect Ex. In a vocative text, persuation may be achievedby narrating, describing, arguing

Once the predominant language function has beenestablished, the translators next task will be to

determine what rhetorical function the author has used toachieve the desired effect.


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Language

Use Structure



Phonology

Graphology

Lexicon

GrammarStyle


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