South Pacific Regional Initiative on Forest Genetic ResourcesSouth Pacific Regional Initiative on Forest Genetic Resources

SPRIG: its implementation and impact SPRIG: its implementation and impact on the management of FGR in the Pacificon the management of FGR in the Pacific

Dr Lex ThomsonDr Lex ThomsonDr Lex ThomsonDr Lex ThomsonEUEU--FACT Team LeaderFACT Team Leader

(and former SPRIG (and former SPRIG Project Team Project Team Leader)Leader)

Presentation to the Pacific Regional Workshop Training to Support the Preparation of the State of the World’s Forest Genetic Resources

19-21 January, 2011 – Tanoa International, Nadi, Fiji

South Pacific Regional Initiative on South Pacific Regional Initiative on Forest Genetic ResourcesForest Genetic ResourcesForest Genetic ResourcesForest Genetic Resources

Purpose: Promote ecologically sustainable development Purpose: Promote ecologically sustainable development i th f t d t l ti th f t d t l t

SPRIG

in the forestry and natural resources sectors in the forestry and natural resources sectors →→ leading to enhanced quality of life for present leading to enhanced quality of life for present and future generations of Pacific Islandersand future generations of Pacific Islandersand future generations of Pacific Islandersand future generations of Pacific Islanders

Two Phases (1996Two Phases (1996--2006) $US 4.5 Million2006) $US 4.5 Million Conservation of forest genetic resourcesConservation of forest genetic resources Domestication and Tree Domestication and Tree improvementimprovement Training and institutional strengtheningTraining and institutional strengthening Increased focus on deployment of selected and improved tree Increased focus on deployment of selected and improved tree

germplasmgermplasm, contributing to sustainable rural development, contributing to sustainable rural developmentg pg p g pg p

SPRIG Partners and NetworkSPRIG Partners and Network

Australian ManagementAustralian Management ConsortiumConsortiumENSIS/CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products ENSIS/CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products Qld DPI Agency for Food and Fibre Science Qld DPI Agency for Food and Fibre Science Qld DPI Agency for Food and Fibre Science Qld DPI Agency for Food and Fibre Science URS Sustainable DevelopmentURS Sustainable Development

Pacific Island PartnersPacific Island PartnersPacific Island PartnersPacific Island PartnersFiji Fiji -- Department of ForestryDepartment of ForestrySamoa Samoa -- Forestry DivisionForestry DivisionVanuatu Vanuatu -- Department of ForestsDepartment of ForestsSolomon Islands Solomon Islands -- Division of ForestryDivision of ForestryTonga Tonga -- Forestry & Conservation DivisionForestry & Conservation Division

Regional Partners Regional Partners Regional Partners Regional Partners Secretariat of the Pacific Community Secretariat of the Pacific Community University of the South PacificUniversity of the South PacificSouth Pacific Regional Environmental ProgramSouth Pacific Regional Environmental ProgramFAO SAPA (Pacific SubFAO SAPA (Pacific Sub--regional Office)regional Office)

SPRIG’s Pacific SPRIG’s Pacific Island Nations PartnersIsland Nations Partners

Threats to forest biodiversity in the Pacific IslandsThreats to forest biodiversity in the Pacific Islands

OverexploitationOverexploitationLand use change and Land use change and

AgrodeforestationAgrodeforestation

Climate Climate extremes extremes and sea level riseand sea level riseExotic invasive weedsExotic invasive weeds

Threats to forest biodiversity Threats to forest biodiversity ii th P ifith P ifi I l d t’I l d t’in in the Pacific the Pacific Islands cont’Islands cont’

African Tulip TreeAfrican Tulip TreeAfrican Tulip TreeAfrican Tulip TreeSpathodeaSpathodea campanulatacampanulata

ConservationConservationConservationConservation

•• Pacific Regional Action Plan for Conservation & Sustainable Use Pacific Regional Action Plan for Conservation & Sustainable Use of Forest and Tree Genetic Resourcesof Forest and Tree Genetic Resources•• Adopted by Heads of Forestry in 2001Adopted by Heads of Forestry in 2001p y yp y y

•• Community/RRA surveys of FGR (priority setting, traditional Community/RRA surveys of FGR (priority setting, traditional knowledge)knowledge)

•• Development of tree species conservation and management Development of tree species conservation and management strategiesstrategies

•• Collaboration with SPREP Collaboration with SPREP –– biodiversity conservation areas and biodiversity conservation areas and National Biodiversity Strategy and Action PlansNational Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans

•• Increase awareness and capacity at all levelsIncrease awareness and capacity at all levels•• Increase awareness and capacity at all levelsIncrease awareness and capacity at all levels

Domestication and Domestication and Tree ImprovementTree Improvement

•• Domestication processDomestication process

In Pacific build on traditional domesticationIn Pacific build on traditional domestication•• In Pacific build on traditional domestication In Pacific build on traditional domestication (especially for multipurpose nut and fruit (especially for multipurpose nut and fruit trees)trees)

•• Pacific Islands Tree Species Database Pacific Islands Tree Species Database (including 567 species with detailed(including 567 species with detailed(including 567 species, with detailed (including 567 species, with detailed information on > 100 species)information on > 100 species)

•• Examples for native and exotic speciesExamples for native and exotic species

Domestication processDomestication processfrom ild pop lations to broad social sefrom ild pop lations to broad social se→ → from wild populations to broad social usefrom wild populations to broad social use

ThreateningProcesses

Social and local knowledgeCommunity survey/RRA

Site/speciesSelection ProcessesCommunity survey/RRA Selection

Representativesampling

Improvement (breeding &propagation)

Biogeographical descriptions

Seed storage,propagation

& assessment

AssembleBase

Populations

SustainableUse

GermplasmDeployment

EnvironmentalLimitations

Domestication chain……….increasing social utility

DeploymentLimitations

Sandalwood Sandalwood ((SantalumSantalum sppspp ))((Santalum Santalum sppspp.).)

•• Heavily Heavily exploited in Pacific Islands exploited in Pacific Islands for 200 years (c 10 species)for 200 years (c 10 species)for 200 years (c. 10 species)for 200 years (c. 10 species)

•• High value (Heartwood $US 43High value (Heartwood $US 43--90 kg; Oil> $US 90 kg; Oil> $US 2000 2000 per liter)per liter)

•• Identified as top priority for Identified as top priority for conservation, replanting and R&Dconservation, replanting and R&D

•• Unrivalled potential for enhancingUnrivalled potential for enhancingUnrivalled potential for enhancing Unrivalled potential for enhancing rural incomes in the Pacific rural incomes in the Pacific islands, especially outer islandsislands, especially outer islands

•• RootRoot hemiparasiteshemiparasites –– silviculturalsilviculturalRoot Root hemiparasiteshemiparasites silviculturalsilviculturalrequirementsrequirements

•• Shortage of seeds for propagation Shortage of seeds for propagation and replantingand replantingand replantingand replanting

2. SEED PROCUREMENT, COLLECTION & 2. SEED PROCUREMENT, COLLECTION & DISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTION

Sandalwood seed collections in Phase 1Sandalwood seed collections in Phase 1

S. album (6)S. album (6)( )( )

Seed collections in ( )Seed collections in ( )and field trial sitesand field trial sites

S. macgregorii (2)S. macgregorii (2)

S l d iS l d iS. album (5)S. album (5)

S. austrocaledonicum (10)S. austrocaledonicum (10)

S. yasi S. yasi

(12)(12)

Sandalwood Diversity ProjectSandalwood Diversity ProjectPhylogenyPhylogeny -- relationships between species withinrelationships between species within SantalumSantalum

S. acuminatum S. acuminatum

S. album S. album

Phylogeny Phylogeny relationships between species withinrelationships between species within SantalumSantalum

S a buS a bu

S. austrocaledonicumS. austrocaledonicum

S boninenseS boninense

S. ellipticumS. ellipticum

S. fernandezianumS. fernandezianum

S. freycinetianumS. freycinetianum

S. haleakalaeS. haleakalae

S. insulareS. insulare

S. lanceolatumS. lanceolatum

S. macgregoriiS. macgregorii

S. murrayanumS. murrayanum

S. obtusifoliumS. obtusifolium

S. paniculatumS. paniculatum

S i tS i tS. spicatumS. spicatum

S. yasiS. yasi

Heartwood essential oils analyses Heartwood essential oils analyses

Sample α-Santalol

β-Santalol

Oil Yield

SPECIES LOCATION % % %

yasi Planted - Lekutu, Fiji B2 56.8 24.4 0.7

Planted - Nausori Highlands, Fiji W10 50.4 21.6 1.6

Planted - Nawailevu, Fiji B8 35.1 14.8 2.3j

Native - 'Eua, Tonga 6A 48.9 27.1 2.8

Native – ‘Eua, Tonga 5A 35.4 28.6 4.6

Planted Nadroga Fiji W1 47 6 24 6 4 8Planted - Nadroga, Fiji W1 47.6 24.6 4.8

Naturalised - Niue 39.1 29.8 5.0

Native - Nausori Highlands, Fiji W11A 49.1 28.8 6.4

lbalbum SRD plot - Nausori Highlands W8 38.4 61.6 0.2

SRD plot - Nausori Highlands W7 47.5 26.1 4.1

ISO standard East Indian sandalwood oil 41-55 16-24ISO standard East Indian sandalwood oil 41 55 16 24

album x yasi Suva 4A 54.4 27.3 1.6

Rotuma (avg) X1 &4 39.4 17.8 5.3

Sandalwood growers Sandalwood growers id d ithid d ithprovided with: provided with:

•• Training coursesTraining courses•• Information leafletsInformation leafletsInformation leafletsInformation leaflets•• Advisory visitsAdvisory visits•• Seedlings and hostsSeedlings and hosts•• Propagation materials Propagation materials p gp g

SPRIG impacts on sandalwoodSPRIG impacts on sandalwoodSPRIG impacts on sandalwood SPRIG impacts on sandalwood

•• Increased awareness/knowledge/ replanting interestIncreased awareness/knowledge/ replanting interest

•• Importance of conserving genetic resources better appreciated (but Importance of conserving genetic resources better appreciated (but not well implemented)not well implemented)

•• Linked and helped facilitate Sandalwood R& D for more than a Linked and helped facilitate Sandalwood R& D for more than a decade in Pacific islands and maintained networkdecade in Pacific islands and maintained network--

assisted research projects in Vanuatu (ACIAR) and postgraduateassisted research projects in Vanuatu (ACIAR) and postgraduateassisted research projects in Vanuatu (ACIAR) and postgraduate assisted research projects in Vanuatu (ACIAR) and postgraduate studies studies -- regional (regional (HarbaughHarbaugh); Tonga & Fiji (); Tonga & Fiji (HuishHuish))

Supported Regional meeting in 2005, which was recently Supported Regional meeting in 2005, which was recently f ll d i V t i 2010f ll d i V t i 2010followed up in Vanuatu in 2010followed up in Vanuatu in 2010

•• Work in SPC and FACT Work in SPC and FACT –– replanting e.g. replanting e.g. RotumaRotuma and and KadavuKadavu, , progressively extended to other islands in Fiji Tonga Cook Is Niueprogressively extended to other islands in Fiji Tonga Cook Is Niueprogressively extended to other islands in Fiji, Tonga, Cook Is, Niueprogressively extended to other islands in Fiji, Tonga, Cook Is, Niue

•• 100,000 sandalwood per year being planted in Vanuatu!100,000 sandalwood per year being planted in Vanuatu!

Banks Group

N Santo (10)E.Santo Maewo (13)

Banks Group

E.Santo(48)

Maewo (13)

Ambae (6)Pentecost (21)

S Santo & Malo (15)

Ambrym (5)Malekula (13)

Efate (23)Domestication of an Domestication of an indigenous Pacific indigenous Pacific

Erromango Seed collections in Vanuatu in 1998(154 individuals in

ggtimber species timber species

E d d llE d d ll (154 individuals in16 provenances)e.g. Endospermum medullosume.g. Endospermum medullosum

(whitewood)(whitewood)

Field Trials (Shark Bay Research Station, Santo)Field Trials (Shark Bay Research Station, Santo)

M ltiple objecti esMultiple objectives:• Evaluation - performance of >100 families/seedlots• Selection - vegetative propagation of superior individuals• Ex situ gene conservation function and seed production• Demonstration – intercropping

Assessment and ImprovementAssessment and Improvement

Assessment and identification Coppicing and vegetative of superior whitewood families

23 m3 ha-1 yr-1 cf. av. 15 m3 ha-1 yr-1

pp g gpropagation of selected

superior individuals

Potential Economic Potential Economic Impacts Impacts of of Whitewood ImprovementWhitewood Improvement

• Use of superior seed sources provides an

dditi l t fadditional return of $US4500 per hectare to growers at harvest (15 yrs)y s)

• Additional annual export revenue of $US 8 million to Vanuatuto Vanuatu

• Plantation industry able to employ entire p ypopulation of Santo

A f t S tA f t S tAgroforestry SystemAgroforestry SystemShark Bay, VanuatuShark Bay, Vanuatu

2 years2 years 4 years4 years

Agroforestry systemAgroforestry systemSh k B VSh k B VShark Bay, VanuatuShark Bay, Vanuatu

•• AgriculAgricultural intercrops fortural intercrops for•• AgriculAgricultural intercrops for tural intercrops for first 3 years (with same first 3 years (with same productivity)productivity)

•• Poles from interplanted Poles from interplanted Flueggea flexuosaFlueggea flexuosa provide provide gggg pp$US3,000 per ha at 7$US3,000 per ha at 7--8 8 yearsyears

•• Whitewood logs provide Whitewood logs provide $US 8,600 per ha at 15 $US 8,600 per ha at 15 yearsyears

8.5 years8.5 years

SPRIG impacts on whitewoodSPRIG impacts on whitewoodSPRIG impacts on whitewood SPRIG impacts on whitewood

•• Awareness amongst Awareness amongst DoFDoF staff of better performance of Santo seed staff of better performance of Santo seed d i d i l tid i d i l tisources, and increased use in replanting programssources, and increased use in replanting programs

••Ongoing research and development, and supported by Ongoing research and development, and supported by DoFDoF/SPRIG /SPRIG large scale field trials at Shark Bay Santolarge scale field trials at Shark Bay Santolarge scale field trials at Shark Bay, Santo large scale field trials at Shark Bay, Santo

•• ACIAR projects ACIAR projects -- Improved Improved silviculturalsilvicultural management of management of EndospermumEndospermum medullosummedullosum (whitewood) for enhanced plantation(whitewood) for enhanced plantationEndospermumEndospermum medullosummedullosum (whitewood) for enhanced plantation (whitewood) for enhanced plantation forestry outcomes in Vanuatu (commenced in 2007)forestry outcomes in Vanuatu (commenced in 2007)

••Development and delivery of Development and delivery of germplasmgermplasm for sandalwood and for sandalwood and p yp y g pg pwhitewood in Vanuatu and northern Australia (commenced in 2009)whitewood in Vanuatu and northern Australia (commenced in 2009)

MultipurposeMultipurposeMultipurpose Multipurpose Indigenous Nut Indigenous Nut and Fruit Treesand Fruit Trees

T i li tT i li tTerminalia catappaTerminalia catappa(Tropical almond)(Tropical almond)

Identification and collection of superior nut Identification and collection of superior nut morphotypes from dispersed locations in Melanesiamorphotypes from dispersed locations in Melanesiamorphotypes from dispersed locations in Melanesiamorphotypes from dispersed locations in Melanesia

2 years old2 years old

Establishment of Multifunctional field plantingsEstablishment of Multifunctional field plantings

5 years old5 years old

Evaluation of nut characteristics from field trialsEvaluation of nut characteristics from field trials

Deployment of Tropical almondDeployment of Tropical almond

1.1. National National -- Seedling production and distribution of Seedling production and distribution of superior nut morphotypes to farmers in Vanuatu and superior nut morphotypes to farmers in Vanuatu and Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands

2.2. Regional Regional -- Superior nut morphotypes from PNG and Superior nut morphotypes from PNG and SI planted throughout Tonga (four island groups)SI planted throughout Tonga (four island groups)

SPRIG impacts onSPRIG impacts on TerminaliaTerminalia catappacatappaSPRIG impacts on SPRIG impacts on TerminaliaTerminalia catappacatappa

•• Increased replanting interest in some countriesIncreased replanting interest in some countries

•• Nut Growers Association of Solomon Islands (NGASI) recently Nut Growers Association of Solomon Islands (NGASI) recently established and will be developingestablished and will be developing TerminaliaTerminalia catappacatappa and other nut and other nut speciesspeciesspeciesspecies

••Possible hybrid btw Possible hybrid btw TerminaliaTerminalia catappacatappa and and T. T. kaernbachiikaernbachii in in TemotuTemotuprovinceprovinceprovinceprovince

••Selected by Selected by CePACTCePACT for development of tissue culture for development of tissue culture protocoslprotocosl

••Continuing development of improved seed sources in Solomon Is, Continuing development of improved seed sources in Solomon Is, Vanuatu and Tonga ???Vanuatu and Tonga ???

••Potential remains grossly underutilized !!!Potential remains grossly underutilized !!!

Pandanus tectoriusPandanus tectorius

•• Documentation, Documentation, propagation andpropagation andpropagation and propagation and conservation of conservation of traditional varieties traditional varieties

→ → CCatalytic, collaborative atalytic, collaborative approachapproachapproachapproach

http://tradionaltree.orghttp://tradionaltree.org

Photo: Lois EnglbergerPhoto: Lois Englberger•• Low oxalate cultivarsLow oxalate cultivars•• High in carotenoidsHigh in carotenoidsPhoto: Lois EnglbergerPhoto: Lois Englberger•• High in carotenoidsHigh in carotenoids

Photos: Lois Englberger Photos: Lois Englberger

Kiribati Pandanus for Kiribati Pandanus for Enjoyment and HealthEnjoyment and Health

Field gene bank of Field gene bank of Pandanus Pandanus cultivars, Tarawa, Kiribaticultivars, Tarawa, Kiribati

Field gene bank of Field gene bank of Pandanus Pandanus cultivars, Tarawa, Kiribaticultivars, Tarawa, Kiribati

SPRIG impacts onSPRIG impacts on PandanusPandanus tectoriustectoriusSPRIG impacts on SPRIG impacts on PandanusPandanus tectoriustectorius

•• Priority species for SPC LRD / food securityPriority species for SPC LRD / food security

••FACT support to Robert Reimer Enterprises to develop FACT support to Robert Reimer Enterprises to develop PandanusPandanusjuice and baby food products juice and baby food products –– problem is lack of consistent problem is lack of consistent supplysupplysupplysupply

••FACT collections of edible FACT collections of edible PandanusPandanus from Rabi Is and entered from Rabi Is and entered into into CePACTCePACT

••CePACTCePACT following up on vegetative propagation and has following up on vegetative propagation and has developed successful tissue culture protocols for developed successful tissue culture protocols for PandanusPandanus

•• Increased replanting interest in Marshall Islands Increased replanting interest in Marshall Islands

•• PandanusPandanus genetic resources remain greatlygenetic resources remain greatly underutilisedunderutilised especiallyespecially•• PandanusPandanus genetic resources remain greatly genetic resources remain greatly underutilisedunderutilised especially especially for Atoll Is countries facing climatic extremes and possible food for Atoll Is countries facing climatic extremes and possible food insecurity (in future).insecurity (in future).

Improvement andImprovement andImprovement and Improvement and deployment of deployment of improved teak improved teak

((Tectona grandisTectona grandis) in ) in Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands

14 month14 month--old teak from clonal old teak from clonal seed orchard, Poitete, Western seed orchard, Poitete, Western

ProvinceProvince

Tallest trees are 9 m tallTallest trees are 9 m tallTallest trees are 9 m tallTallest trees are 9 m tall

Cl l S d h dCl l S d h dClonal Seed orchardClonal Seed orchard

Routine seed sourceRoutine seed source

22--years old teak years old teak -- Bahoro trial site, Roviana LagoonBahoro trial site, Roviana Lagoon

Outgrower planting on GuadalcanalOutgrower planting on Guadalcanal –– 2 year old teak2 year old teakOutgrower planting on Guadalcanal Outgrower planting on Guadalcanal –– 2 year old teak2 year old teak

IMPACT: Use of selected improved seed sources of teak to IMPACT: Use of selected improved seed sources of teak to provide an additional $US 1.7 Million per annum to outgrowers provide an additional $US 1.7 Million per annum to outgrowers

and $US 10.5 Million to timber exports in Solomon Islandsand $US 10.5 Million to timber exports in Solomon Islands

S mahoganiS mahoganiUSA

Improvement of Improvement of Swietenia macrophyllaSwietenia macrophyllaImprovement of Improvement of Swietenia macrophyllaSwietenia macrophylla

S. mahoganiS. mahoganiMahogany Mahogany ––

identified as a identified as a priority exotic priority exotic

Mexico (58)

Belize (1)Cuba (3*)

S. humilisS. humilisp yp ytimber species timber species for Fiji, Samoafor Fiji, Samoaand Vanuatuand Vanuatu

Honduras (42 & 2*)

Nicaragua (5)Guatemala (45&3*)

Costa Rica (75&3*)

Panama (27)

1. Source 1. Source diverse diverse germplasmgermplasm

0o

B il (1*)

Colombia (1*)

germplasmgermplasm

•• 12 countries12 countries•• 15 bulk seedlots15 bulk seedlots

10o S Peru (3)

Brazil (1*)

15 bulk seedlots15 bulk seedlots•• 256 individuals256 individuals

Bolivia (2*)Pacific Ocean

2. Mahogany field trials 2. Mahogany field trials –– FijiFiji

Volume Index for the fastest growing imported seedlots cf. Fiji landrace seedlots (Experiment 36 at 3 years)

500

600

300

400

e In

dex

100

200

Volu

m

0Costa RicaLos Chiles

HondurasTela

Costa RicaLos Chiles

Costa RicaLos Chiles

Costa RicaLos Chiles

Fiji Tailevu Fiji Tailevu Fiji Tailevu

92 71 116 110 113 402 401 403

Potential (unrealized) ImpactsPotential (unrealized) Impacts::Potential (unrealized) ImpactsPotential (unrealized) Impacts::

•• Identified mahogany seed sources to Identified mahogany seed sources to id Fiji l d ithid Fiji l d ithprovide Fijian landowners with an provide Fijian landowners with an

additional $US 8 million in royalties per additional $US 8 million in royalties per annumannum

•• Additional annual export revenue return Additional annual export revenue return from to the Fijian economy of $US 90 from to the Fijian economy of $US 90 millionmillionmillionmillion

Deployment of superior mahogany seed sourcesDeployment of superior mahogany seed sourcesSamoa’s community forestry programsSamoa’s community forestry programs

SPRIG:SPRIG:SPRIG: SPRIG: CONTINUING IMPACTSCONTINUING IMPACTS

•• Institutionalization Institutionalization of FGR into SPC Regional Forestry of FGR into SPC Regional Forestry Program (with appropriate level of resourcing from Program (with appropriate level of resourcing from AusAIDAusAID))

•• Smallholders and Industry aware and utilizing improvedSmallholders and Industry aware and utilizing improvedSmallholders and Industry aware and utilizing improved Smallholders and Industry aware and utilizing improved genetic materials and silviculturegenetic materials and silviculture

•• Projects FACT, ACIAR (Whitewood, sandalwood), Projects FACT, ACIAR (Whitewood, sandalwood), AusAIDAusAID(Samoa community forestry project) JICA (Regional Tree(Samoa community forestry project) JICA (Regional Tree(Samoa community forestry project), JICA (Regional Tree (Samoa community forestry project), JICA (Regional Tree Seed Centre)Seed Centre)

•• Need Need to to continue to link continue to link FGR opportunities with established FGR opportunities with established and emerging markets for timber pulp andand emerging markets for timber pulp and NWFP and dealingNWFP and dealingand emerging markets for timber, pulp and and emerging markets for timber, pulp and NWFP and dealing NWFP and dealing with climatic extremeswith climatic extremes

Implementation of Tree Species Conservation StrategiesImplementation of Tree Species Conservation Strategies

Replanting of Replanting of Santalum yasiSantalum yasi in Tonga in Tonga

Conservation and Management Strategy Conservation and Management Strategy developed for developed for Santalum insulare Santalum insulare var.var. mitiaromitiaropp

Endangered medicinal plant only on Mitiaro, Cook IslandsEndangered medicinal plant only on Mitiaro, Cook Islands

Degraded lowland rainforest, Upolu, SamoaDegraded lowland rainforest, Upolu, Samoa

Regenerating lowland rainforest, Upolu, SamoaRegenerating lowland rainforest, Upolu, Samoa

Rehabilitation of Rehabilitation of lowland rainforest, lowland rainforest,

Savai’i SamoaSavai’i SamoaSavai i, SamoaSavai i, Samoa

Mixed rainforest species, Falelima at 1 yearMixed rainforest species, Falelima at 1 year

Training course on conservation of arboreal biodiversity