Additives for happier poultry.

Borja Vilà & Joaquim Brufau

Monogastric Nutrition SubProgram

IRTA

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Feed additives

# Regulated By EC 1831/2003

# Substances, micro-organisms or preparations, other than feed material and premixtures, which are intentionally added to feed or water in order to perform, in particular, one or more of the functions mentioned in Article 5(3):

1. Favorably affect the characteristics of feed or animal products

2. Favorably affect the color of ornamental fish and birds

3. Satisfy the nutritional needs of animals

4. Favorably affect animal production, performance or welfare

5. Have a coccidiostat or histomonostatic effect

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Feed additives

Favorably affect animal production, performance or welfare

reduction of morbidity is considered a legitimate attribute of a feed additive as it ‘favorably affects’ animal welfare

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EFSA Scientific opinion /Self-task FEEDAP/ 2008

# The purpose was to : examine the scientific basis for the existing functional

groups propose, if necessary, based on this review, the

establishment of additional functional groups (or categories).

# Potential new categories Additives which favorably affect animal welfare:

Metabolic regulators, Immune-modulators, Detoxifiers, Other (inclusion of coccidiostats & histomonostats?)

Additives which improve product quality:Microbial contamination controllers, Nutritional value enhancers, Sensory additives

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Brambell (1965) defined animal welfare in terms of5 freedoms (Farm Animal Welfare Council, 1992):

1) freedom from hunger and thirst

2) freedom from discomfort

3) freedom from pain, injury, and disease

4) freedom to express normal behavior

5) freedom from fear and stress

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Brambell (1965) defined animal welfare in terms of5 freedoms (Farm Animal Welfare Council, 1992):

1) freedom from hunger and thirst

2) freedom from discomfort

3) freedom from pain, injury, and disease

4) freedom to express normal behavior

5) freedom from fear and stress

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Brambell (1965) defined animal welfare in terms of5 freedoms (Farm Animal Welfare Council, 1992):

freedom from fear and stress

All farm animals experience some level of stress during their lives that reduces their fitness failing to achieve performance standards, or even through disease and death” (Rostagno 2009)

Environment stress & feed stress → pathogen behavior

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General Adaptation Syndrome, Selye 1950

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Animal nutrition and Gut microflora interactions (Animal protection).

Andrew Chesson

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Philipe J. Sansonetti (2004) Institut Pasteur

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Mucosal surfaces place for “dialogue”

The intestinal epithelium: an interactive barrier Physical barrier Innate immunity Adaptive immunity

Crosstalk between commensals and mucosa

Crosstalk between pathogens and mucosa

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Williams, 2005Integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity

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Choct (2006) Australia, Gordon Memorial Lecture

Gut health intimately associated with: Macro & micro structural integrity Immunology Microbiology Nutrient supply

Influenced by hygiene conditions, feed additives & stress

Subclinical infections (like Necrotic Enteritis) compromise the gut health

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Tactacan et al (2013) USA

Probiotic (Bacillus subtilis QST 713) to decrease the incidence of Necrotic Enteritis

production of bacteriocins & other antimicrobial compounds

immunomodulation, increase in gut associated lymphoid tissue

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Francesch et al 2006

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De Jong et al (2014) Wageningen

Wet litter → increases footpad dermatitis (walking ability)

decreases overall welfare & also carcass yield

Dry litter vs wet litter → improved gross margin by 9 cents / bird

Su et al (2013) China

High stocking density → decreased walking ability

higher incidence of leg problems, lower activity and more resting, breast & skin lesions

Higher levels of vit D3 alleviated welfare problems but not growth impairment

Wideman el al (2012) Arkansas & Austria

Development of a lameness model → effect of probiotics to counteract lameness

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Francesch & Brufau 2004

WPSJ 60:64-75

WET LITTER

Management & HousingLitter

Temperature/humidity

Ventilation

Drinkers

Density

DiseasesCoccidiosis

Enteritidis

Colibacilosis

Campylobacter

Dietary factorsProtein level

Electrolyte balance

Ionophors

Viscosity

By-products

Feed technology

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Feed restriction

Broiler breedersDe Jong and Guémené (2011) Wageningen & INRA

→ chronic hunger

→ fibrous diets, appetite suppresant

MoltingGutierrez el al (2008) Texas A&M (Dr Bailey group)

→ hunger, increased susceptibility to Salmonella

→ guar meal +enzymes, wheat middlings

Pre-slaughterMenconi et al (2014) Arkansas, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina

→ dehydration, mortality, Salmonella, meat quality

→ OA in water

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Olfaction

Jones, R. B., and T. J. Roper. (1997) UK

Palatability of feed and water

→Also to sense familiarity and danger

Welfare improved through olfaction?

→ familiar and pleasant smells from rearing also found in laying facilities (aromatic oils)

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Ammonia

AmmoniaKhempaka et al (2013) Thailand

Dry peppermint in feed Decreased ammonia concentration Improved carcass quality

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Flies

FliesRuiu et al (2014) Italy

Brevibacillus laterosporus 1010 spores/g feed 80% reduction in flies Increased soil fertility Plant root protection from pathogens & parasite

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Efficacy assessment on immune response

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Figure 1. Scanning electron micrographs of the intestine of Control animals (uninoculated birds feeding the basal diet). A to C, ileum and D, cecal tonsil.

Figure 3. Scaning electron micrographs of the intestine of Salmosan-fed animals (inoculated birds feeding the basal diet plus Salmosan 1 g/kg). A, C and D, ileum and B, cecal tonsil. In C, the arrowhead indicates a goblet cell and the inset is a transmission electron micrograph of the same zone in which the arrowhead also indicates a goblet cell.

βGM → goblet cells and mucus production →Salmonella adhesion

also reduced M cells (characteristic of infected animals)

Also greater villus length

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Prebiotic activity

CBG reduced the presence of Salmonella in challenged birds

YCW increased performance by

favoring intestinal mucosal development

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Suggested End-points for Efficacy demonstration/ Animal welfare

In vitro studies: (majority of the experimental conducted until now). However they are essential for the first step

In vivo studies: to conduct studies with animals under certain conditions and to look the benefits of the products on the mucosal and epithelial cells from intestine. Morphology, Immunity reaction and microflora development. The animal performances studies may be also involved in order to justify the interaction

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Are we able to answer all the questions generated ?

The most important action will be to understand the interaction between Animal welfare and the concept of stress and the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract.

Animal health improvement is difficult to assess , especially when we are dealing with benefits of Feed Additives in order to satisfy Animal welfare indicators.

The indicators should be clearly well identified under stress conditions first.

Immune indicators must be considered to determine the degree of animal defense in order to prevent damage by the stressors.

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Monogastric Nutrition subprogram