splash screen contents chapter introduction section 1origins of the cold war section 2the early cold...

Splash Screen

Contents Chapter Introduction Section 1Origins of the Cold War Section 2The Early Cold War Years Section 3The Cold War and American Society Section 4Eisenhowers Policies Chapter Summary Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Intro 1 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

Intro 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Objectives Explain the growing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union at the end of World War II. Identify the goals of Stalins foreign policy immediately after the war. Section 1: Origins of the Cold War

Intro 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Objectives Section 2: The Early Cold War Years Describe the American view of the Soviet Union and the policy of containment. Explain the causes of the Korean War.

Intro 4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Objectives Section 3: The Cold War and American Society Describe the new Red Scare. Discuss how American society reflected fears of the nuclear age.

Intro 5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Objectives Section 4: Eisenhowers Policies Evaluate Eisenhowers military policy known as the New Look. Debate the effectiveness of Eisenhowers foreign policy.

Intro 6 Why It Matters After World War II, an intense rivalry developed between the United States and the Soviet Uniontwo superpowers with very different political and economic systems. This rivalry, known as the Cold War, led to a massive buildup of military weapons on both sides. The determination of American leaders to contain communism also led to the Korean War, in which over 36,500 Americans died.

Intro 7 The Impact Today The effects of Cold War events are still evident today. The NATO alliance works to guarantee the security of many democratic countries. The math and science training important to the space race remains an educational priority. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Intro 8 continued on next slide

Intro 9

End of Intro

Section 1-1 Guide to Reading The detonation of the atomic bomb and the end of World War II led to disagreements among the Big Three wartime Allies and a shift in American attitudes toward the Soviet Union. Cold War Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Key Terms and Names Potsdam satellite nation iron curtain

Section 1-2 Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Categorizing As you read about the origins of the Cold War, complete a graphic organizer similar to the one on page 654 in your textbook by filling in the names of the conferences held among the Big Three Allies and the outcomes of each. Explain the growing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union at the end of World War II. Reading Objectives Identify the goals of Stalins foreign policy immediately after the war.

Section 1-3 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Global Connections As World War II was ending, the United States and the Soviet Union began to negotiate to influence the shape of the postwar world.

Section 1-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

Section 1-5 A Clash of Interests After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union became increasingly hostile, leading to an era of confrontation and competition that lasted from about 1946 to 1990 known as the Cold War. (pages 654655)

Section 1-6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Soviets were concerned with security and wanted to avoid future attacks from Germany. They wanted all countries between Germany and the Soviet Union to be under Soviet control. Soviets believed communism was superior to capitalism. They were suspicious of capitalist countries because they felt capitalism would lead to war and eventually destroy communism. A Clash of Interests (cont.) (pages 654655)

Section 1-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Americans were concerned with economic problems. Roosevelt and his advisers believed that economic growth would keep the world peaceful. American leaders promoted a democracy with protections for individual rights and free enterprise to create prosperity. A Clash of Interests (cont.) (pages 654655)

Section 1-8 What did many American officials believe caused World War II? Many American officials believed it was the Depression that had caused World War II. Countries had cut back on trade, making it necessary for a nation to go to war to get the resources it needed. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. A Clash of Interests (cont.) (pages 654655)

Section 1-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Yalta Conference A meeting of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin at Yaltaa Soviet resort on the Black Seawas held to plan the postwar world. Although the conference went well, some agreements made would later become key in causing the Cold War. (pages 655657)

Section 1-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. At Yalta, a compromise was made with Roosevelt and Churchill agreeing to recognize the Polish Communist government set up by the Soviets. Stalin agreed that the government would include members from the old Polish government before the war. Stalin agreed that free elections would take place in Poland. The Yalta Conference (cont.) (pages 655657)

Section 1-11 During the meeting at Yalta, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin issued the Declaration of Liberated Europe, giving people the right to choose their form of government. The Yalta Conference (cont.) (pages 655657)

Section 1-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. It was decided at Yalta to divide Germany and Berlin into four zones, with Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and France each controlling a zone. It was also agreed that Germany would pay reparations for damage caused by the war. For the next several years, arguments about these reparations and economic policy in Germany would become one of the major causes of the Cold War. The Yalta Conference (cont.) (pages 655657)

Section 1-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Tensions rose when the Soviets did not follow agreements made at Yalta, which caused Soviet-American relations to deteriorate. President Roosevelt died and Vice President Harry S Truman became the next President. The Yalta Conference (cont.) (pages 655657)

Section 1-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. How did Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin disagree about what to do with Poland? Roosevelt and Churchill felt that the Poles should have the freedom to choose their own government. Stalin felt the Polish government and the Soviets needed to be friendly for security reasons. The Yalta Conference (cont.) (pages 655657)

Section 1-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Truman Takes Control Harry S Truman took office, making it clear he would stand firm against Stalin to keep promises he made during Yalta. In July 1945, Truman and Stalin met at Potsdam near Berlin to work out a deal regarding Germany. Truman was against heavy reparations on Germany, feeling that the reparations would not allow German industry to recover. (pages 657658)

Section 1-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Agreements were made allowing the Soviets to take reparations from their zone in Germany and a small amount of German industrial equipment from other zones. Stalin was not pleased with Trumans proposal. Truman then told Stalin of the successfully tested atomic bomb, leading Stalin to think it was a threat to get him to agree to the deal. Stalin agreed, but tensions rose. Truman Takes Control (cont.) (pages 657658)

Section 1-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Other issues at Potsdam did not end successfully. The Declaration of Liberation of Europe was not upheld, and the Soviet armys presence led to pro-Soviet Communist governments being established in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. These Communist countries of Eastern Europe became known as the satellite nations. Truman Takes Control (cont.) (pages 657658)

Section 1-18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Although they had their own governments and were not under direct Soviet control, they had to remain Communist and follow Soviet-approved policies. As Communists began taking over Eastern Europe, Winston Churchills term, the iron curtain, was used to describe the separation of the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West. Truman Takes Control (cont.) (pages 657658)

Section 1-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Why did Stalin have to accept Trumans proposal at Potsdam? American and British troops controlled Germanys industrial center, and Soviets would be unable to receive any reparations unless they cooperated. Truman Takes Control (cont.) (pages 657658)

Section 1-20 Checking for Understanding __ 1.the political and military barrier that isolated Soviet- controlled countries of Eastern Europe after World War II __ 2.the ideological and often confrontational conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union between 1946 and 1990 A.Cold War B.iron curtain Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A B

Section 1-21 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Reviewing Facts Why did tensions grow between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II? Each country had different goals for Germany and Eastern Europe. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 1-22 Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Global Connections At Yalta, what agreement did the Big Three come to about Germanys future after World War II? Germany was divided into four zones controlled by Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States.

Section 1-23 Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Synthesizing Do you think Roosevelt could have prevented the Cold War? Why or why not? Possible answers: Yes, the Cold War could have been prevented if Soviet needs had been accommodated. No, the Cold War was inevitable because the Soviets had broken several promises.

Section 1-24 Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Analyzing Maps Study the map on page 658 of your textbook. Why did the Soviet Union want the countries on its western border to have strong Communist governments? It wanted to protect itself from invasion by Germany.

Section 1-25 Close Identify the goals of Stalins foreign policy immediately after the war.

End of Section 1

Section 2-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading As the Cold War began, the United States struggled to oppose Communist aggression in Europe and Asia through political, economic, and military measures. George Kennan Main Idea Key Terms and Names containment Marshall Plan NATO limited war

Section 2-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Sequencing As you read about the Cold War, complete a time line similar to the one on page 659 of your textbook by recording the major events involving the Korean War. Describe the American view of the Soviet Union and the policy of containment. Reading Objectives Explain the causes of the Korean War.

Section 2-3 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Global Connections Beliefs about Soviet goals and actions had a lasting effect on American policies abroad and on the agencies used to carry them out.

Section 2-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Containing Communism Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. As Americans became increasingly impatient with the Soviets, the State Department asked the American Embassy in Moscow to explain Soviet behavior. On February 22, 1946, diplomat George Kennan responded with the Long Telegram, a 5,540-word cable message explaining his views of Soviet goals. In the telegram, Kennan discussed Soviet insecurity and fear of the West and why it was impossible to reach an agreement. (pages 659661)

Section 2-6 He proposed a long-term containment of Soviet expansion. This led to Trumans policy of containmentkeeping communism within its present territory through diplomatic, economic, and military actions. Containing Communism (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 659661)

Section 2-7 After World War II, Soviet troops remained in northern Iran, demanding access to Irans oil supplies. Soviet troops helped Communists in northern Iran set up a separate government. The United States demanded their withdrawal and sent a U.S. battleship into the eastern Mediterranean. The Soviets withdrew from Iran. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Containing Communism (cont.) (pages 659661)

Section 2-8 On March 12, 1947, Truman went before Congress to request $400 million to fight Soviet aggression in Greece and Turkey. The policy became known as the Truman Doctrine. Its purpose was to stabilize the Greek government and ease Soviet demands in Turkey. It became the United Statess pledge to stop communism in the world. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Containing Communism (cont.) (pages 659661)

Section 2-9 Postwar Western Europe faced economic ruin and starving people. In June 1947, Secretary of State George C. Marshall proposed the European Recovery Program called the Marshall Plan. The plan would give European nations American aid to rebuild. The plan was an effort to fight hunger, poverty, and chaos. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Containing Communism (cont.) (pages 659661)

Section 2-10 The Soviet Union and its satellite nations in Eastern Europe rejected the offer and developed their own economic program. The Marshall Plan gave billions of dollars worth of supplies, machinery, and food to Western Europe, lessening the appeal of communism and opening new trade markets. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Containing Communism (cont.) (pages 659661)

Section 2-11 Why did George Kennan think containment would beat communism? Kennan felt the Soviet system had major economic and political weaknesses. If the United States could stop the Soviets from expanding, Kennan felt the Soviet system would crumble without going to war. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Containing Communism (cont.) (pages 659661)

Section 2-12 The Berlin Crisis Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. By early 1948, in response to the Soviet attempt to harm Germanys economy, the United States, Great Britain, and France merged their zones in Germany and in Berlin, which became West Berlin, allowing Germans to have their own government. The new nation became West Germany with a separate economy from the Soviet zone, which eventually became known as East Germany. (pages 661662)

Section 2-13 In June 1948, Soviet troops stopped all road and rail traffic to West Berlin, hoping to force Americans to renegotiate Germanys status or give up Berlin. In response, Truman sent long-range bombers with atomic weapons to bases in Britain. Truman then ordered the Berlin airlift. For eleven months, cargo planes supplied Berliners with food, medicine, and coal. Stalin finally lifted the blockade on May 12. The Berlin Crisis (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 661662)

Section 2-14 With the threat of war still present, the American public and Congress supported American participation in a military alliance with Western Europe. By April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a mutual defense alliance, was created with initially twelve countries joining. The members agreed to come to the aid of any member who was attacked. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Berlin Crisis (cont.) (pages 661662)

Section 2-15 The U.S. and its allies allowed West Germany to join NATO. Soviet leaders responded with the organization of a military alliance in Eastern Europe known as the Warsaw Pact. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Berlin Crisis (cont.) (pages 661662)

Section 2-16 Why was NATO created? It was created by 12 countries, including the United States, Canada, and several Western European countries, as a mutual defense alliance in order to help maintain peace in Europe. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Berlin Crisis (cont.) (pages 661662)

Section 2-17 The Cold War Spreads to East Asia Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Cold War spread to Asia. In China, Communist forces and Nationalist forces had been battling since the late 1920s. The two had stopped their war during World War II in an effort to resist Japanese occupation. With the end of World War II, civil war broke out again. The Nationalists were defeated after poor leadership caused the United States to stop sending aid. (pages 662663)

Section 2-18 In October 1949, Communists set up the Peoples Republic of China. In early 1950, the Peoples Republic of China and the Soviet Union signed a treaty of friendship and alliance. The United States was able to keep Communist China out of the United Nations while allowing Nationalists from Taiwan to retain their seats. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Cold War Spreads to East Asia (cont.) (pages 662663)

Section 2-19 When the United States lost China as its main ally in Asia, it adopted policies to encourage the quick recovery of Japans industrial economy. The U.S. saw Japan as its key in defending Asia. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Cold War Spreads to East Asia (cont.) (pages 662663)

Section 2-20 Why did the United States change its policies toward Japan? With the establishment of Communist China, the United States lost China as its ally in Asia. So the U.S. changed its policies toward Japan and encouraged the rapid recovery of Japans industrial economy because it saw Japan as the key to defending Asia. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Cold War Spreads to East Asia (cont.) (pages 662663)

Section 2-21 The Korean War Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. At the end of World War II, American and Soviet forces entered Korea to disarm Japanese troops stationed there. The Allies divided Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude. Soviet troops controlled the north and set up a Communist government. American troops controlled the south with an American-backed government. The Soviets gave military aid to the north, resulting in an expansive military. (pages 663665)

Section 2-22 On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops invaded South Korea. Truman asked the UN to act against the Communist invasion of South Korea. American, UN, and South Korean troops pushed back advancing North Korean troops. The Korean War (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 663665)

Section 2-23 The Communist Chinese government saw the UN troops as a threat and demanded that they stop advancing. After being ignored, China began a massive attack with hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops heading across the border, driving UN forces back. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Korean War (cont.) (pages 663665)

Section 2-24 General MacArthur demanded approval to expand the war against China. Truman refused MacArthurs demands. MacArthur was fired after publicly criticizing the president. Truman was committed to limited war, a war fought to achieve a limited objective such as containing communism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Korean War (cont.) (pages 663665)

Section 2-25 By 1951 UN forces had pushed Chinese and North Korean troops back across the 38th parallel. An armistice was signed July 1953. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Korean War (cont.) (pages 663665)

Section 2-26 The Korean War was an important turning point in the Cold War. Instead of just using political pressure and economic aid to contain communism, the United States began a major military buildup. The Korean War expanded the Cold War beyond Europe and into Asia. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Korean War (cont.) (pages 663665)

Section 2-27 Why did Truman refuse MacArthurs demands to expand the war into China? Truman did not want to expand the war into China or use the atomic bomb. Truman remained committed to a limited war to contain communism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Korean War (cont.) (pages 663665)

Section 2-28 Checking for Understanding __ 1.the policy or process of preventing the expansion of a hostile power __ 2.a war fought with limited commitment of resources to achieve a limited objective, such as containing communism A.containment B.limited war Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. B A

Section 2-29 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Review Facts How did the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan address the spread of communism? Under these, the United States would help any country fight against communism and would help rebuild economies to strengthen the resistance to communism.

Section 2-30 Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Global Connections What long-term Cold War strategy did the United States follow? The United States followed the policy of containing communism through international aid, diplomacy, and a strong military.

Section 2-31 Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Evaluating How did the Long Telegram influence American policy? It recommended patient but firm and vigilant containment of Soviet expansion.

Section 2-32 Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Analyzing Maps Study the maps of the Korean War on page 663 of your textbook. When did the United Nations control the most territory in Korea? When did both sides finally agree upon an armistice line? The United Nations controlled the most territory in November 1950. Both sides agreed upon an armistice line on July 27, 1953.

Section 2-33 Close Create a cause-and-effect organizer for the Korean War.

End of Section 2

Section 3-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading The Cold War heightened Americans fears of Communist infiltration and atomic attack. subversion Main Idea Key Terms and Names loyalty review program Alger Hiss perjury McCarran Act McCarthyism censure fallout fallout shelter

Section 3-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Taking Notes As you read about American reaction to the Cold War, use the major headings of the section to create an outline similar to the one on page 668 of your textbook. Describe the new Red Scare. Reading Objectives Discuss how American society reflected fears of the nuclear age.

Section 3-3 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Civic Rights and Responsibilities In the early part of the Cold War, the fear of communism led to a hunt for spies and to intolerance and suspicion of people with radical ideas in the United States.

Section 3-5 A New Red Scare Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. During the 1950s, rumors and accusations of Communists in the United States led to fears that Communists were attempting to take over the world. The Red Scare began in September 1945, and escalated into a general fear of Communist subversionan effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government. (pages 668670)

Section 3-6 In early 1947, Truman established the loyalty review program to screen all federal employees for their loyalty. The programs aim was to calm Americans. Instead, it led to the fear that Communists were infiltrating the government. A New Red Scare (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 668670)

Section 3-7 FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover went to the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) to urge them to hold public hearings on Communist subversion. Under Hoovers leadership, the FBI sent agents to investigate suspected groups and to wiretap thousands of telephones. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A New Red Scare (cont.) (pages 668670)

Section 3-8 In 1948 Time magazine editor Whittaker Chambers testified before the HUAC that several government officials were also Communists or spies. The most prominent among these was lawyer and diplomat Alger Hiss. Hiss had served in Roosevelts administration, attended the Yalta conference, and helped with the organization of the UN. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A New Red Scare (cont.) (pages 668670)

Section 3-9 Hiss denied the charges, but he was convicted of committing perjury, or lying under oath. A New Red Scare (cont.) (pages 668670) The search for spies intensified when the Soviet Union produced an atomic bomb. Klaus Fuchs, a British scientist, admitted giving information to the Soviet Union. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-10 This led to the arrest of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, a New York couple who were members of the Communist Party and were charged with heading a Soviet spy ring. Although many believed the Rosenbergs were not guilty, the couple was executed in June 1953. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A New Red Scare (cont.) (pages 668670)

Section 3-11 In 1946 American cryptographers cracked the Soviet spy code, allowing them to read messages between Moscow and the United States. This did not become public knowledge until 1995, when the government revealed Project Venonas existence. It provided strong evidence against the Rosenbergs. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A New Red Scare (cont.) (pages 668670)

Section 3-12 The federal government set the example for many state and local governments, universities, businesses, unions, and churches to start finding Communists. A New Red Scare (cont.) (pages 668670)

Section 3-13 Why did the hunt for Communist spies increase with the Soviet Unions production of the atomic bomb? Many believed that the Soviet Union could not have produced the atomic bomb without help. The belief was that American Communists must have sold secrets of the atomic bomb to the Soviets. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. A New Red Scare (cont.) (pages 668670)

Section 3-14 A Conspiracy So Immense Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In 1949, with the Soviet Union testing an atomic bomb and China falling to communism, Americans felt they were losing the Cold War. Americans continued to believe that Communists were inside the government. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, in a political speech, stated that he had a list of 205 Communists in the state department. (pages 671673)

Section 3-15 McCarthy won the Senate race after accusing his opponent of being a Communist. He accused Democratic Party leaders of corruption and of protecting Communists. Others made similar charges, causing Americans to begin to believe them. A Conspiracy So Immense (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 671673)

Section 3-16 Congress passed the Internal Security Act or McCarran Act in 1950. The act made it illegal to combine, conspire, or agree with any other person to perform any act which would substantially contribute to... the establishment of a totalitarian government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A Conspiracy So Immense (cont.) (pages 671673)

Section 3-17 Senator Joseph R. McCarthy became the chairman of the Senate subcommittee on investigations. His investigation turned into a witch hunt as he searched for disloyalty based on poor evidence and fear. He ruined reputations without proper evidence. This tactic became known as McCarthyism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A Conspiracy So Immense (cont.) (pages 671673)

Section 3-18 In 1954 Americans watched televised Army-McCarthy hearings and saw how McCarthy attacked witnesses, and his popularity faded. Finally, an army lawyer named Joseph Welch stood up to McCarthy. Later that year, the Senate passed a vote of censure, or formal disapproval, against McCarthy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A Conspiracy So Immense (cont.) (pages 671673)

Section 3-19 Why were people afraid to challenge McCarthy and his tactics? People were afraid to challenge McCarthy because they feared McCarthy would accuse them of being Communists. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. A Conspiracy So Immense (cont.) (pages 671673)

Section 3-20 Life During the Early Cold War Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Communism and the threat of the atomic bomb dominated life for Americans and their leaders in the 1950s. The threat of an atomic attack against the United States forced Americans to prepare for a surprise attack. (pages 673674)

Section 3-21 Although Americans tried to protect themselves, experts realized that for every person killed instantly by a nuclear blast, four more would later die from fallout, the radiation left over after the blast. Some families built fallout shelters in their backyards and stocked them with canned food. Life During the Early Cold War (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 673674)

Section 3-22 The 1950s was a time of great contrasts. Images of the Cold War appeared in films and popular fiction. Along with these fears of communism and spies, the country enjoyed postwar prosperity and optimism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Life During the Early Cold War (cont.) (pages 673674)

Section 3-23 How did Americans prepare for an atomic attack? American schools had bomb shelters and held bomb drills. Some families built fallout shelters in their backyards and filled them with canned food. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Life During the Early Cold War (cont.) (pages 673674)

Section 3-24 Checking for Understanding __ 1.a shelter built with the intent to house and protect people from nuclear fallout __ 2.lying when one has sworn under oath to tell the truth __ 3.a systematic attempt to overthrow a government by using persons working secretly from within __ 4.radioactive particles dispersed by a nuclear explosion __ 5.to express a formal disapproval of an action A.subversion B.perjury C.censure D.fallout E.fallout shelter Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. B A E D C

Section 3-25 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Explain the goals of Project Venona. The goals of Project Verona were to crack the Soviet spy code and confirm Soviet spying.

Section 3-26 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Facts What did the McCarran Act propose to do? The McCarran Act proposed to make it illegal to associate with or be a Communist.

Section 3-27 Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Civic Rights and Responsibilities How did McCarthyism and the Red Scare change American society and government? While people were enjoying postwar prosperity and optimism, they feared communism and an atomic attack.

Section 3-28 Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Interpreting Why did McCarthy initially receive a lot of support for his efforts to expose Communists? People feared communism.

Section 3-29 Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Analyzing Photographs Study the photograph of the Army-McCarthy hearings on page 672 of your textbook. From their postures, how would you describe the attitude of army lawyer Joseph Welch toward Senator Joseph McCarthy? Do you think Welch respects McCarthys presentation? Answers will vary.

Section 3-30 Close Discuss how American society reflected fears of the nuclear age.

End of Section 3

Section 4-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading As president, Eisenhower developed plans to reduce world tensions while containing and competing with communism. massive retaliation Main Idea Key Terms and Names Sputnik brinkmanship covert Central Intelligence Agency developing nation military-industrial complex

Section 4-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Organizing As you read about Eisenhowers presidency, complete a graphic organizer similar to the one on page 675 of your textbook by filling in aspects of Eisenhowers New Look. Evaluate Eisenhowers military policy known as the New Look. Reading Objectives Debate the effectiveness of Eisenhowers foreign policy.

Section 4-3 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Science and Technology Nuclear technology enabled Eisenhower to change American military policy, while new missile technology marked the beginning of the space age.

Section 4-5 Eisenhowers New Look Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The election of 1952 placed Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson against Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower, the general who organized the D-Day invasion, was a national hero. Eisenhower won by a landslide. (pages 675677)

Section 4-6 Eisenhower felt the way to win the Cold War was through a strong military and a strong economy. Eisenhower believed a conventional war would be too expensive and would hurt the economy. He believed the use of atomic weapons was necessary. Eisenhower felt the United States needed a New Look in its defense policy. Eisenhowers New Look (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 675677)

Section 4-7 Eisenhower wanted to prevent war from happening in the first place. A policy called massive retaliation was used to threaten the use of nuclear weapons on any Communist state that tried to gain territory through force. This resulted in a cut in military spending and an increase in Americas nuclear arsenal. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Eisenhowers New Look (cont.) (pages 675677)

Section 4-8 New technology brought the B-52 bomber, which could fly across continents and drop nuclear bombs anywhere in the world. Intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarines capable of launching nuclear missiles were also created. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Eisenhowers New Look (cont.) (pages 675677)

Section 4-9 Americans discovered that the Soviets had developed their own nuclear missiles. On October 4, 1957, the Soviets launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth. The Americans felt they were falling behind in missile technology. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Eisenhowers New Look (cont.) (pages 675677)

Section 4-10 The next year, Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and also passed the National Defense Education Act (NDEA). Eisenhowers New Look (cont.) (pages 675677)

Section 4-11 Why did Eisenhower feel a strong economy would win the Cold War? Eisenhower felt that the United States needed to show that free enterprise would produce a more prosperous society than communism. Economic prosperity would also prevent Communists from gaining support in the United States, protecting the U.S. from subversion. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Eisenhowers New Look (cont.) (pages 675677)

Section 4-12 Brinkmanship In Action Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. President Eisenhowers willingness to threaten nuclear war to maintain peace worried some people. Critics argued that brinkmanship, the willingness to go to war to force the other side to back down, was too dangerous. (pages 677679)

Section 4-13 The Korean War ended with the signing of an armistice in 1953. This came after Eisenhower had gone to the brink and threatened to use nuclear weapons. The battle line became the border between North Korea and South Korea. Although there was no victory, it had stopped communism from spreading. Brinkmanship In Action (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 677679)

Section 4-14 In 1954 China threatened to take over two of the islands from the Nationalists in Taiwan. Eisenhower threatened the use of nuclear weapons if China tried to invade Taiwan. China retreated. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Brinkmanship In Action (cont.) (pages 677679)

Section 4-15 Eisenhower wanted to prevent Arab nations in the Middle East from aligning with the Soviet Union. To gain support, the United States offered to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River for Egypt. Congress forced the United States to withdraw the offer. Egyptians took control of the Suez Canal to use its profits to pay for the dam. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Brinkmanship In Action (cont.) (pages 677679)

Section 4-16 British and French troops responded by invading the Suez Canal. Soviets threatened rocket attacks on Britain and France. Eisenhower put American nuclear forces on alert, and through strong American pressure the British and French called off their invasion. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Brinkmanship In Action (cont.) (pages 677679)

Section 4-17 Why did the United States withdraw its offer to Egypt to finance the dam on the Nile River? The offer was withdrawn because Egypt had purchased weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Brinkmanship In Action (cont.) (pages 677679)

Section 4-18 Fighting Communism Covertly Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Brinkmanship would not work in all situations, and it could not prevent Communists from revolting within countries. To prevent this, Eisenhower used covert, or hidden, operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (pages 679680)

Section 4-19 The CIA operations took place in developing nations, or those nations with mostly agricultural economies. In many of these countries, leaders felt European imperialism and American capitalism were the causes of their problems. Two examples of covert operations that achieved American objectives took place in Iran and Guatemala in the 1950s. Fighting Communism Covertly (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 679680)

Section 4-20 Covert operations did not always work. After Stalin died, Nikita Khrushchev became the new leader of the Soviet Union in 1956. He delivered a secret speech to Soviet leaders, which the CIA broadcast to Eastern Europe. Eastern Europeans, frustrated by Communist rule, staged riots, and a full- scale uprising took place in Hungary. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Fighting Communism Covertly (cont.) (pages 679680)

Section 4-21 Soviet tanks entered Budapest, the capital of Hungary, and stopped the rebellion. Fighting Communism Covertly (cont.) (pages 679680)

Section 4-22 Why did Eisenhower respond to the crisis in Taiwan? Eisenhower felt that Taiwan was a part of the anticommunistic barrier in Asia. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Fighting Communism Covertly (cont.) (pages 679680)

Section 4-23 Continuing Tensions Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Eisenhower and Soviet leader Khrushchev agreed to a summit in Paris in order to improve relations. Khrushchev stopped the summit after the Soviets shot down an American spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers. (page 680)

Section 4-24 In his farewell address, Eisenhower warned Americans to be on guard against the influence of a military-industrial complex in a democracy. It was a new relationship between the military establishment and the defense industry. Continuing Tensions (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 680)

Section 4-25 What happened when the Soviet Union shot down an American U-2 spy plane? Eisenhower first claimed it was a weather plane that had strayed off course. Khrushchev dramatically produced the pilot, and after Eisenhower refused to apologize, Khrushchev stopped the summit in Paris. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Continuing Tensions (cont.) (page 680)

Section 4-26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Checking for Understanding __ 1.not openly shown or engaged in __ 2.an informal relationship that some people believe exits between the military and the defense industry to promote greater military spending and influence government policy __ 3.the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down A.massive retaliation B.brinkmanship C.covert D.developing nation E.military-industrial complex Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. E B C

Section 4-27 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Checking for Understanding __ 4.a nation whose economy is primarily agricultural __ 5.a policy of threatening a massive response, including the use of nuclear weapons, against a Communist state trying to seize a peaceful state by force A.massive retaliation B.brinkmanship C.covert D.developing nation E.military-industrial complex Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A D

Section 4-28 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Facts What was the significance of the Soviet Unions launching of Sputnik in 1957? It stunned Americans and led to the creation of NASA and the passage of the NDEA.

Section 4-29 Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Science and Technology How did technology shape Eisenhowers military policy? It allowed him to pursue the policy of brinkmanship since the nuclear arsenal was a real threat. It also allowed covert operations in Iran and Guatemala.

Section 4-30 Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Interpreting Do you think Eisenhowers foreign policy was successful? Why or why not? Answers will vary.

Section 4-31 Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Analyzing Maps Study the map on page 678 of your textbook. How many nations belonged to NATO? How many nations belonged to the Warsaw Pact? Which nations did not belong to either NATO or the Warsaw Pact? There are 12 NATO nations on the map (Iceland is also a member, but is not shown on the map). There were eight Warsaw Pact nations. Seven nations did not belong to NATO or the Warsaw Pact.

Section 4-32 Close Debate the effectiveness of Eisenhowers foreign policy.

End of Section 4

Chapter Summary 1

End of Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 1.the political and military barrier that isolated Soviet- controlled countries of Eastern Europe after World War II __ 2.a shelter built with the intent to house and protect people from nuclear fallout __ 3.a systematic attempt to overthrow a government by using persons working secretly from within __ 4.a nation whose economy is primarily agricultural A.Cold War B.iron curtain C.limited war D.subversion E.perjury F.censure G.fallout shelter H.brinkmanship I.covert J.developing nation G D B J

Chapter Assessment 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 5.a war fought with limited commitment of resources to achieve a limited objective, such as containing communism __ 6.not openly shown or engaged in __ 7.to express a formal disapproval of an action __ 8.the ideological and often confrontational conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union between 1946 and 1990 I F C A A.Cold War B.iron curtain C.limited war D.subversion E.perjury F.censure G.fallout shelter H.brinkmanship I.covert J.developing nation

Chapter Assessment 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 9.the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down __ 10.lying when one has sworn under oath to tell the truth E H A.Cold War B.iron curtain C.limited war D.subversion E.perjury F.censure G.fallout shelter H.brinkmanship I.covert J.developing nation

Chapter Assessment 4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts How did Stalins postwar foreign policy goals add to the growing tensions between the United States and the USSR? Stalins push for German reparations and for a Communist government in Poland conflicted with United States desire for democracy in Poland and economic recovery for Germany.

Chapter Assessment 5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) Why were NATO and the Warsaw Pact formed? NATO was formed to maintain peace and freedom for European nations, and the Warsaw Pact was formed to achieve Soviet foreign policy goals.

Chapter Assessment 6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What was the long-term strategy of the United States during the Cold War? The long-term strategy was to fight the spread of communism worldwide.

Chapter Assessment 7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What were the effects of the new Red Scare on federal employees? Federal employees faced stricter screening and termination if they were suspected of being disloyal.

Chapter Assessment 8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What was President Eisenhowers new look for the military? Eisenhower favored the use of atomic weapons, instead of maintaining a large and expensive army.

Chapter Assessment 9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Analyzing Themes: Global Connections How did the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan cause the United States to change its foreign policy goal of isolationism? They highlighted the possibility of Communist influence in Turkey, Greece, and Europe, resulting in the containment policy and increased foreign aid.

Chapter Assessment 10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking (cont.) Evaluating How did the Korean War affect American domestic and international policy? In terms of domestic policy, it reinforced the idea of containment and greater military readiness. In terms of international policy, it brought the Cold War to Asia and led to United States defense agreements with Asian countries.

Chapter Assessment 11 Geography and History The map on page 683 of your textbook shows the occupation of Berlin after World War II. Study the map below and answer the questions on the following slides.

Chapter Assessment 12 Interpreting Maps How was West Berlins location a disadvantage? How did Stalin use this disadvantage against the Western Allies? It was completely surrounded by East Germany. Stalin blockaded it. Geography and History (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Chapter Assessment 12 Geography and History (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Applying Geography Skills What transportation advantage did West Berlin have over East Berlin? How did the United States use this advantage when West Berlin was stranded? It had three airports that were used to shuttle food and supplies to the Berliners.

Chapter Assessment 13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Directions: Choose the phrase that best completes the following sentence. One historical lesson of McCarthys approach is the realization that Aloyalty oaths prevent spying. Bcommunism is influential in prosperous times. CCommunist agents had infiltrated all levels of the U.S. government. Dpublic fear of traitors can lead to false accusations and unfair consequences. Test-Taking Tip Think about the definition of McCarthyism, the use of unsubstantiated accusations to discredit people. Which of the answers relates best to this definition?

fscstart /AR2 /2 /fsc.6.21 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. How long did the era called the Cold War last? The Cold War lasted from 1946 to 1991.

End of Chapter Assessment

CC 3-1 Literature In his 1953 play, The Crucible, playwright Arthur Miller wrote about the witch trials in Salem, Massachusetts, in the 1600s. Despite the setting, Miller made it clear that the play was referring to the McCarthy era.

CC 4-1 World History Many historians recognize Gamal Abdel Nassers move to seize control of the Suez Canal as the beginning of a process that would eventually dissolve the British Empire.

F/F/F 1-Fact Cold War Words The development of nuclear weapons and artificial satellites created not only new anxieties but also new words and expressions. Sputnik, the name of the Soviet satellite, started its own language trend, as words gained a nik ending for a foreign-sounding effect. One new word, beatnik, described a young person influenced by the style of Beat writers such as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg. Another word, peacenik, was used to describe a peace activist. The atomic bomb test on Bikini Atoll gave the Nuclear Age two new words: fallout, the term for the harmful radiation left over after an atomic blast, and bikini, a skimpy swimsuit that French designers promised would produce an explosion on the beach. The Cold War inspired the marketing of Nuclear Attack Survival Kit Water, which was bottled water claiming to be impervious to nuclear fallout.

FYI Contents 1 Superpowers Berlin Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

FYI 1-1a The only two superpowers left after World War II were the United States and the Soviet Union; they had as much productive capacity between them as the rest of the world combined.

FYI 1-2b Over 750 years old, Berlin has been a major European cultural center since the 1700s. Following the reunification of Germany in 1990, Berlin was reestablished as the capital in 1991.

FYI Contents 2 Berlin Airlift MacArthur Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

FYI 2-1a During the Berlin airlift, a plane flew into the city every three minutes. Without the supplies those planes carried, West Berliners would have had to back down.

FYI 2-2b Douglas MacArthur and his father are the only father and son to have both received the Medal of Honor for people who perform extraordinary acts of heroism.

FYI Contents 3 The Rosenbergs The Hollywood Ten McCarthy Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

FYI 3-1a Many people, including Albert Einstein and Pope Pius XII, urged clemency for the Rosenbergs. Files released after the fall of the Soviet Union seem to indicate that the Rosenbergs were guilty. However, information based on a 1996 interview with David Greenglass, Ethel Rosenbergs brother, puts Ethels guilt in doubt.

FYI 3-2b Of the film industry people investigated by HUAC, ten went to prison. This group often referred to as The Hollywood Ten, consisted of Alvah Bessie, Herbert J. Biberman, Lester Cole, Edward Dmytryk, Ring Lardner, Jr., John Howard Lawson, Albert Maltz, Samuel Ornitz, Adrian Scott, and Dalton Trumbo.

FYI 3-3c Many Americans were afraid to challenge McCarthy. Even Dwight D. Eisenhower, running for president in 1952, did not speak out against him, though Eisenhower disliked McCarthys tactics. Once he was elected president, he worked with congressional leaders to undermine McCarthys authority.

FYI Contents 4 Suez Canal The Shah Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

FYI 4-2b The Suez Canal, which connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas, opened in 1869. It cut approximately 4,000 miles off voyages between Britain and India.

FYI 4-3c Many people in Iran resented the Shahs close ties with the West. Their anger at the Shahs attachment to Western ideas and customs helped fuel the 1979 revolt against him. Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi died in exile in 1980.

Moment in History 1 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

You Dont Say Contents 2 Marshall Opposition Chinese Changes Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

You Dont Say 2-1a Marshall Opposition Senator Robert A. Taft opposed the Marshall Plan, calling it a global- give-away program. He was concerned that the plan would bankrupt the United States.

You Dont Say 2-2b Chinese Changes In October 2000 the Library of Congress and other U.S. libraries joined the international community and began using the Pinyin standard to convert Chinese characters. Pinyin has been widely used since 1979. In the older Wade-Giles system, it was Mao Tse-tung. In the Pinyin system, it is Mao Zedong.

CT Skill Builder 1 Making Decisions Suppose you have been given the choice of taking an art class or a music class during your free period during school. How will you decide which class to take? Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

CT Skill Builder 2 Learning the Skill When you make a decision, you are making a choice between alternatives. In order to make that choice, you must be informed and aware. There are five key steps you should follow that will help you through the process of making decisions. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Making Decisions Identify the problem. What are you being asked to choose between? Gather information to identify and consider various alternatives that are possible.

CT Skill Builder 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Learning the Skill (cont.) Determine the consequences for each alternative. Identify both positive and negative consequences. Evaluate the consequences. Consider both the positive and negative consequences for each alternative. Determine which alternative seems to have more positive than negative consequences. Then make your decision. Making Decisions

CT Skill Builder 5 Practicing the Skill Decisions throughout history have affected the outcome of events and defined history as we know it today. Identify the alternatives and describe their consequences for each of the following events that occurred after World War II. Each of these events took place as a result of a decision made by a person or a group of people. Making Decisions

1.Britain and the United States recognize the Soviet- backed government that takes control in Poland. 2.The United States orchestrates the Berlin airlift to assist residents of West Berlin after Stalin cuts off surface transportation bringing supplies from the West. CT Skill Builder 6 Nonrecognition leads to tension and possible war. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Making Decisions No airlift makes Berlin residents suffer and the United States look weak. Practicing the Skill (cont.)

CT Skill Builder 7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. 3.The Marshall Plan for rebuilding war-torn Western Europe is approved. 4.President Truman relieves General Douglas MacArthur of his command because of insubordination. No Marshall Plan hurts Europes economy and its political stability. Leaving MacArthur in command might lead to war with China and greater American involvement in Asia. Making Decisions Practicing the Skill (cont.)

Causes and Effects 1

M/C 1-1

M/C 2-1

M/C 3-1

Technology and History 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Why It Matters Transparency

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. No. Few Communists were actually found.

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