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Chapter Introduction

Section 1:The Politics of the 1920s

Section 2:A Growing Economy

Section 3:A Clash of Values

Section 4:Cultural Innovations

Section 5:African American Culture

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Section 1

The Harding Administration

President Harding staffed his administration with political friends from Ohio; his presidency was marred by many scandals.


Section 1

• People applauded when the open, easygoing atmosphere of the Harding administration replaced the quiet gloom of President Wilson’s last years.

• Harding made several distinguished appointments to the cabinet, as well as some disastrous ones.

The Harding Administration (cont.)

– He gave many cabinet posts and high-level jobs to friends and political allies from Ohio.


Section 1

– Some members used their positions to sell government jobs, pardons, and protection from prosecution.


– The most famous scandal was known as the Teapot Dome.

– Harding died on August 2, 1923, news of the scandals broke.


Section 1

• Calvin Coolidge became president after Harding died.

– He believed that prosperity rested on business leadership and that part of his job as president was to make sure that government interfered with business and industry as little as possible.

– He easily won the Republican nomination for president in 1924.



Section 1

Policies of Prosperity

During the 1920s, the government cut taxes and spending to encourage economic growth.


Section 1

• Both Andrew Mellon and Herbert Hoover were responsible for policies that contributed to the economic growth and prosperity of the 1920s.

• When Mellon took office, he had three major goals:

Policies of Prosperity (cont.)

– Balance the budget

– Reduce the government’s debt

– Cut taxesCoolidge and Prosperity


Section 1

• In 1921, Mellon convinced Congress to create both the Bureau of the Budget and the General Accounting Office.

• Mellon’s ideas about taxes are known today as supply-side economics, or “trickle-down” economics.

Supply side Supply side = =

““If the gov’t taxes less, then businesses and If the gov’t taxes less, then businesses and people (particularly the affluent ) will spend people (particularly the affluent ) will spend

more thus creating more economic more thus creating more economic opportunity for all opportunity for all

Policies of Prosperity (cont.)


Section 1

Trade and Arms Control

During the 1920s, the United States tried to promote peace and stability through economic policies and arms control agreements.


Section 1

• By the 1920s, the United States was the dominant economic power in the world.

• The majority of Americans—tired of being entangled in the baffling, hostile, and dangerous politics of Europe—favored isolationism.

Trade and Arms Control (cont.)

• Instead of relying on armed force and the collective security of the League of Nations, the U.S. tried to promote peace by using economic policies and arms control agreements.


Section 1

• It was vital for the United States that European economies be healthy so that the Europeans could buy American exports and repay their debts.

– In 1924, American diplomat Charles G. Dawes negotiated an agreement with France, Britain, and Germany by which American banks would make loans to Germany that would enable it to make reparations payments.



Section 1

• The discussions that followed produced the Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty.

• On August 27, 1928, the U.S. and 14 other nations signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact.



Chapter Intro 2

A Growing Economy

How did new industries contribute to economic growth?


Section 2

The Rise of New Industries

Mass production and the assembly line allowed new industries, such as automobile and airplane manufacturing, to grow.


Section 2

• The automobile was just one part of a rising standard of living that Americans experienced in the 1920s.

– Cars revolutionized American life.

The Rise of New Industries (cont.)

• Changes, such as the 8-hour work week, took place because mass production increased supply and reduced costs.


A. A

B. B

Section 1

After World War I, was the United States a debtor nation or a nation that was owed money from other countries?

A. Debtor nation

B. Owed money

0%0%


Section 2

• First adopted by carmaker Henry Ford, the moving assembly line divided operations into simple tasks and cut unnecessary motion to a minimum.

– Ford’s assembly-line product was the Model T.

– His business philosophy was: lower the cost per car and thereby increase the volume of sales.



Section 2

• By the mid-1920s, other car manufacturers, notably General Motors and Chrysler, competed successfully with Ford.

• Ford built up workers’ loyalty by doubling their pay and reducing the workday to eight-hour shifts.



Section 2


• After Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first manned, powered flight in history in 1903, the aviation industry began developing rapidly.

– Leading the way was American inventor Glenn Curtiss, inventor of the aileron.


Section 2

• After Curtiss and other entrepreneurs started building practical aircraft, the federal government began to support the airline industry.

– President Wilson’s postmaster general introduced the world’s first regular airmail service in 1918.



Section 2

• The Kelly Act and the Air Commerce Act also helped the aviation industry.

– Former airmail pilot Charles Lindbergh made an amazing transatlantic solo flight in 1927.


• In 1913, Edwin Armstrong, an American engineer, invented a special circuit that made it practical to transmit sound via long-range radio.

– The radio industry began a few years later.


Section 2

• In 1926, the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) set up network stations to broadcast daily radio programs.

– In 1928, the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) assembled a coast-to-coast network of stations to rival NBC.



Why It Matters Trans

Section 2

The Consumer Society

Consumer credit and advertising helped to create a nation of consumers.


Section 2

• In response to rising disposable income, many other new goods came on the market.

– Products for the home, as well as those that were focused on fashion and youthful appearance, were popular.

– The Carousel of Progress



Section 2

• One notable aspect of the economic boom was the growth of individual borrowing, or credit.

• 75% of all radios and 60% of all cars bought on installment plans

• To attract consumers, manufacturers turned to advertising, another booming industry in the 1920s.

The Consumer Society (cont.)

Growth of Consumer Debt, 1920–1933


A. A

B. B

Section 2-Polling Question

In general, does the availability of credit help or harm an individual?

A. Help

B. Harm

0%0%


Section 2

• By the early 1920s, many industries had begun to create modern organizational structures.

– The managerial revolution in companies created a new career—the professional manager.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

0% 0%0%0%

How did the managerial revolution add to the nation’s prosperity?

A. It allowed companies to produce more products.

B. It increased the size of the lower class.

C. It increased the size of the middle class.

D. It allowed the executives more time to create new products.


Section 2

• Due to rising wages and welfare capitalism, industrial workers were also members of the new consumer society.

• Because of this unions lost both influence and membership throughout the 1920’s.

– Employers promoted the open shop.



Section 2


• Many people were left out of the economic boom, such as:

– African Americans

– Native Americans

– Immigrants

– People in the deep south

– The farmersProsperity for Whom?


Section 2

The Farm Crisis

Increases in farm productivity and decreases in foreign markets led to lower prices for farmers.


Section 2

• American farmers did not share in the prosperity of the 1920s.

• Many factors contributed to this “quiet depression” in American agriculture:

The Farm Crisis (cont.)

– During the war, the government had urged farmers to produce more to meet the great need for food supplies in Europe.


Section 2

– After the war, European farm output rose, and the debt-ridden countries of Europe had little money to spend on American farm products.

– Congress unintentionally made matters worse when it passed the Fordney-McCumber Act of 1922, which dramatically raised tariffs.



Section 2

• Some members of Congress tried to help the farmers sell their surplus by proposing the McNary-Haugen Bill.

– President Coolidge vetoed it twice because he feared that farmers would produce more surpluses.



A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 2

On average, the American farmer earned how much less than rest of the economy?

A. One-fourth

B. One-third

C. One-half0% 0%0%


Chapter Intro 3

A Clash of Values

Why did the modern culture of the 1920s cause some people to think that traditional society and morality were under attack?


Section 3

Nativism Resurges

Nativism and racism increased in the 1920s and led to changes in immigration laws.


Section 3

• The fear and prejudice that many felt toward Germans and communists during and after World War I expanded to include all immigrants.

– This triggered a general rise in racism and nativism.

Nativism Resurges (cont.)

• Many Americans reacted to the bombings, strikes, and recession of the postwar years by blaming immigrants.

European Immigration, 1900–1924


Section 3

• The controversial Sacco-Vanzetti case reflected the prejudices and fears of the era.

– After two men robbed and murdered two employees of a shoe factory, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were arrested.

– The newspapers revealed that the two men were anarchists.

– The murder evidence was questionable, but the two men were executed.


European Immigration, 1900–1924


Section 3

• William J. Simmons founded the new Ku Klux Klan in Georgia, in 1915.

– The Klan began to decline in the late 1920s, however, as a result of scandals and power struggles between its leaders.


• American immigration policies changed in response to the postwar recession and nativist pleas to “Keep America American.”


Section 3

– In 1924, the National Origins Act made immigration restriction a permanent policy.

– Quota system : only 2% of a national group population as of the 1890 census could migrate each year.

• Mexican immigrants were able to fill the need for cheap labor because the National Origins Act of 1924 exempted natives of the Western Hemisphere from the quota system.



Section 3

A Clash of Cultures

Supporters of the new morality in the 1920s clashed with those who supported more traditional values.


Section 3

• Challenging traditional ways of behaving, the new morality glorified youth and personal freedom and changed American society.

• Having won the right to vote in 1920, many women sought to break free of the traditional roles and behaviors that were expected of them.

A Clash of Cultures (cont.)

– Attitudes toward marriage changed considerably.

Women Earning College Degrees


Section 3

• The following elements played a role in the new morality as personified by the flapper:

– Freudian psychology

– the automobile

– women in the workforce

– fashion

– women in college




Section 3

• Many professional women made major contributions in science, medicine, law, and literature in the 1920s.

• Public health nurse Margaret Sanger founded the American Birth Control League in 1921 to promote knowledge about birth control.




DFS Trans 3

Section 3

• While many Americans embraced the new morality, others feared that the country was losing its traditional values.

– Many of these people, especially in rural towns, responded by joining a religious movement known as Fundamentalism.


• Fundamentalists believed that the Bible was literally true and without error.

– In particular, they rejected Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution.


Section 3

– Instead, they believed in creationism.

• In 1925, Tennessee outlawed any teaching that denied “the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible,” or taught that “man descended from a lower order of animals.”


– The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) advertised for a teacher willing to be arrested for teaching evolution.


Section 3

– John T. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100.

– The conviction was later overturned on a technicality.


• People supported the prohibition of alcohol sales for many reasons—some for religious reasons; others thought it would reduce unemployment, domestic violence, and poverty.

Murder Rate, 1920–1940


Section 3

• Prohibition supporters achieved their goal when the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified in January of 1920.

– Congress passed the Volstead Act, making the U.S. Treasury Department responsible for enforcing Prohibition.



Section 3

• The Treasury Department struggled to enforce Prohibition.

– People flocked to speakeasies.

– Bootlegging was common in rural areas.

– Organized crime, led by people such as Al Capone, thrived on the illegal trade of alcohol.



Section 3

• The Twenty-first Amendment, ratified in 1933, repealed the Eighteenth Amendment and ended Prohibition.



Chapter Intro 4

Cultural Innovations

How did popular culture, the arts, and literature change in the 1920s?


Section 4

Arts and Literature

New York City’s Greenwich Village and Chicago’s South Side became known as centers for new artistic work.


Section 4

• During the 1920s, American artists and writers challenged traditional ideas.

– The artistic and bohemian lifestyle of Manhattan’s Greenwich Village and Chicago’s South Side allowed young artists, musicians, and writers greater freedom to express themselves.

Arts and Literature (cont.)


Section 4

• European art movements greatly influenced the modernists of American art.

– Perhaps most striking was the diverse range of artistic styles, each attempting to express the individual, modern experience.



Section 4

• Some writers, known as the “Lost Generation,” moved to Paris or other cities in Europe.

– They often wrote about “heroic antiheroes”—flawed individuals who still had heroic qualities.

– Ernest Hemingway was one such writer.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

0% 0%0%0%

Who wrote The Great Gatsby?

A. Eugene O’Neill

B. Sinclair Lewis

C. F. Scott Fitzgerald

D. Edith Wharton


Section 4

Popular Culture

Broadcast radio and “talking” pictures were new forms of popular entertainment.


Section 4

• For many Americans in the 1920s, nothing quite matched the allure of motion pictures.

– In 1927, the golden age of Hollywood began when the first “talking” picture—The Jazz Singer—was produced.

– Entertainment programs broadcast over the radio also had a large following during the Jazz Age.

Popular Culture (cont.)


Section 4

• The mass media helped break down patterns of provincialism and fostered a sense of shared experience that helped unify the nation and spread new ideas and attitudes.

• Thanks to motion pictures and radio, sports such as baseball and boxing reached new heights of popularity in the 1920s.



Section 4

• Some famous sports personalities included:

– Babe Ruth

– Jack Dempsey

– Red Grange

– Bobby Jones

– Bill Tilen

– Helen Wills

– Gertrude Ederle



Chapter Intro 5

African American Culture

How did African Americans affect American society in the 1920s?


Section 5

The Harlem Renaissance

The Harlem Renaissance sparked new trends in literature, music, and art.


Section 5

• During World War I and the 1920s, hundreds of thousands of African Americans joined in the Great Migration from the rural South to industrial cities in the North.

• In Harlem, African American artistic development, racial pride, and political organization thrived.

The Harlem Renaissance (cont.)

– The result was a flowering of African American arts that became known as the Harlem Renaissance.

The Great Migration, 1917–1930


Section 5

• Famous writers from the Harlem Renaissance:

– Claude McKay

– Langston Hughes

– Zora Neale Hurston

– Countee Cullen

– Alain Locke

– Dorothy West

– Nella Larsen



Section 5

• When New Orleans native Louis Armstrong moved to Chicago in 1922, he introduced an improvisational early form of jazz.

– He became the first great cornet and trumpet soloist in jazz music.


• Ragtime also influenced the composer, pianist, and bandleader Edward “Duke” Ellington, who listened as a teenager to ragtime piano players in Washington, D.C.


Section 5

• Like many other African American entertainers, Ellington got his start at the Cotton Club.

• Bessie Smith seemed to symbolize soul.


– She sang of unfulfilled love, poverty, and oppression—the classic themes of the blues.


Section 5

African Americans and 1920s Politics

While the NAACP pursued racial equality through the courts, black nationalists supported independence and separation from whites.


Section 5

• World War I set the stage for African Americans to reenter federal politics in the United States, although perhaps not in the way many expected.

– African Americans became a powerful voting bloc that could sometimes sway the outcome of elections.

African Americans and 1920s Politics(cont.)


Section 5

• The NAACP battled valiantly—but often unsuccessfully—against segregation and discrimination against African Americans.

– They also lobbied and protested against the horrors of lynching.


• One of the NAACP’s greatest political triumphs occurred in 1930 with the defeat of Judge John J. Parker’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court.


Section 5

• A dynamic black leader from Jamaica, Marcus Garvey, captured the imagination of millions of African Americans with his “Negro Nationalism,” which glorified the black culture and traditions.

– Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), an organization aimed at promoting black pride and unity.



Section 5

– He thought that African Americans could gain economic and political power by education themselves, as well as separating themselves from whites.

– President Coolidge used Garvey’s immigrant status to have him deported to Jamaica; however, he had instilled a sense of pride in African Americans and inspired hope for the future.



A. A

B. B

Section 5

Which party did most African Americans in the North vote for in the 1920s?

A. Republican

B. Democratic

0%0%


Section 5-End


VS 1

Causes of Prosperity

Business Innovation and Technology

• Mass production creates a wide range of consumer goods sold at low prices.

• Technology such as autos, airplanes, and radio leads to new industries and economic growth.

• Business pays high wages.

VS 1

Causes of Prosperity

New Consumer Society

• People have more disposable income and leisure time

• Credit is more readilyavailable

• Mass advertising begins

VS 2

A Changing Society

Cultural Changes

• A new youth culture with a “new morality” develops.

• Young people and women gain more independence.

• The working class enjoys more leisure time.

• New mass media in radio, movies, and sports develops.

VS 2

A Changing Society

Changes for African Americans

• Harlem Renaissance begins.

• Literature reveals racial pride and contempt of racism.

• Jazz and blues are popularized.

• Great Migration during the war creates strong African American voting blocs in Northern cities.

• First African American from the North is elected to Congress.

• NAACP battles segregation and discrimination.

VS 2

A Changing Society

Opposition to Change

• Nativists and a new Ku Klux Klan target immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and African Americans.

• Government imposes new quotas on immigration.

• Fundamentalists push for traditional values.

• Prohibition is implemented.

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Vocab6

mass production

the production of large quantities of goods using machinery and often an assembly line

Vocab7

assembly line

a production system with machines and workers arranged so that each person performs an assigned task again and again as the item passes before him or her

Vocab8

Model T

automobile built by the Ford Motor Company from 1908 until 1927

Vocab9

welfare capitalism

system in which companies enable employees to buy stock, participate in profit sharing, and receive benefits such as medical care common in the 1920s

Vocab10

open shop

a workplace where workers are not required to join a union

Vocab11

disposable

referring to the money remaining to an individual after deduction of taxes

Vocab12

credit

an amount or sum of money placed at a person’s disposal by a bank on condition that it will be repaid with interest

Vocab13

nativism

hostility toward immigrants

Vocab14

anarchist

person who believes that there should be no government

Vocab15

evolution

the scientific theory that humans and other forms of life have evolved over time

Vocab16

creationism

the belief that God created the world and everything in it, usually in the way described in the book of Genesis

Vocab17

speakeasy

a place where alcoholic beverages are sold illegally

Vocab20

bohemian

a person (as an artist or a writer) leading an unconventional lifestyle

Vocab21

mass media

a medium of communication (as in television and radio) intended to reach a wide audience

Vocab24

jazz

American style of music that developed from ragtime and blues and that uses syncopated rhythms and melodies

Vocab25

blues

style of music evolving from African American spirituals and noted for its melancholy sound and themes

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