specialized business information systems
TRANSCRIPT
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
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Specialized Business Information Systems
Chapter 7
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Principles and Learning Objectives
• Artificial intelligence systems form a broad and diverse set of systems that can replicate human decision making for certain types of well-defined problems.
– Define the term artificial intelligence and state the objective of developing artificial intelligence systems.
– List the characteristics of intelligent behavior and compare the performance of natural and artificial intelligence systems for each of these characteristics.
– Identify the major components of the artificial intelligence field and provide one example of each type of system.
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Principles and Learning Objectives
• Expert systems can enable a novice to perform at the level of an expert but must be developed and maintained very carefully.
– List the characteristics and basic components of expert systems.
– Outline and briefly explain the steps for developing an expert system.
– Identify the benefits associated with the use of expert systems.
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Principles and Learning Objectives
• Virtual reality systems have the potential to reshape the interface between people and information technology by offering new ways to communicate information creatively.
– Define the term virtual reality and provide three examples of
virtual reality applications.
• Special-purpose systems can help organizations and individuals achieve their goals.
– Discuss examples of special-purpose systems for organizational and individual use.
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An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
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The Nature of Intelligence
• Learn from experience & apply the knowledge• Handle complex situations• Solve problems when important information is
missing• Determine what is important
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The Nature of Intelligence
• React quickly and correctly to new situations • Understand visual images• Process and manipulate symbols• Be creative and imaginative• Use heuristics
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A comparison of Natural and Artificial Intelligence
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A Conceptual Model of Artificial Intelligence
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Overview of Expert Systems
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Characteristics of an Expert System
• Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions• Can display “intelligent” behavior • Can draw conclusions from complex relationships• Can provide portable knowledge• Can deal with uncertainty• Not widely used or tested
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Characteristics of an Expert System
• Limited to relatively narrow problems• Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge• Possibility of error• Cannot refine its own knowledge• May have high development costs• Raise legal and ethical concerns
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When to Use Expert Systems
• High payoff• Preserve scarce expertise• Distribute expertise• Provide more consistency than humans• Faster solutions than humans• Training expertise
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Components of an Expert System
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The Relationships Among Data, Information, and Knowledge
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Rules for a Credit Application
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The Knowledge Acquisition Facility
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Knowledge Base
• Assembling human experts
• The use of fuzzy logic
• The use of rules
• The use of cases
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Inference Engine
• Backward chaining• Forward chaining• Comparison of backward and forward chaining
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Expert Systems Development
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Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems
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Domain Expert
• Recognize the real problem• Develop a general framework for problem solving• Formulate theories about the situation• Develop and use general rules to solve a problem• Know when to break the rules or general principles• Solve problems quickly and efficiently
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Expert Systems Development Alternatives
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Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence
• Credit granting and loan analysis• Stock Picking• Catching cheats and terrorists• Budgeting
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Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence
• Information management and retrieval• Games• Virus detection• Hospitals and medical facilities
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Virtual Reality
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Virtual Reality
Enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment
• Immersive virtual reality - user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer
• Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment
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Interface Devices
• Head mounted display (HMD)• Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM)• CAVE• Haptic interface
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The BOOM, a Head-Coupled Display Device
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Viewing the Detroit Midfield Terminal in an Immersive CAVE System
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Useful Applications
• Medicine – used to link stroke patients to physical therapists
• Education and training – used by military for aircraft maintenance
• Entertainment – Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones
• Real Estate Marketing and Tourism– Used to increase real estate sales– Virtual reality tour of the White House
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Other Specialized Systems
• Segway Personal Transporter
• Adaptive brain interface technology
• Personal awareness assistant (PAA)
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Segway
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Summary
• Artificial intelligence - used to describe computers with ability to mimic or duplicate functions of the human brain
• Intelligent behavior - includes the ability to learn from experience
• Expert systems - can explain their reasoning (or suggested decisions) and display intelligent behavior
• Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment
• Special-purpose systems - assist organizations and individuals in new and exciting ways