business and specialized is
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Business and Specialized IS. Information and Decision Support Systems. ทัศนวรรณ ศูนย์กลาง ภาควิชาคอมพิวเตอร์ คณะวิทยาศาสตร์. เนื้อหาบรรยาย. Overview of Information Systems (IS) Information Technology Concepts Business and Specialized IS System Development IS in Business and Society. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Business and Specialized ISInformation and Decision Support
Systems
ทั�ศนวรรณ ศนย์�กลางภาคว�ชาคอมพิ�วเตอร� คณะ
ว�ทัย์าศาสตร�
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เน��อหาบรรย์าย์• Overview of
Information Systems (IS)
• Information Technology Concepts
• Business and Specialized IS
• System Development• IS in Business and
Society Components of an IS2
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Business and Specialized IS
• Electronic and Mobile Commerce• Enterprise Systems• Information and Decision
Support Systems• Specialized IS
3
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Overview
• Decision Making and Problem Solving
• Management Information System (MIS)
• Decision Support System (DSS)• Specialized Support System
Group Support System (GSS) Executive Support System (ESS)
4
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Decision Making and
Problem Solving
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 6
Decision Making and Problem Solving
• Every organization needs effective decision making
• In most cases, strategic planning and overall goals of the organization set the course for decision making
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 7
Decision Making as a Component of Problem
Solving• Decision-making phase– Intelligence stage• Identify and define potential problems or
opportunities
–Design stage• Develop alternative solutions to the
problem and evaluate their feasibility
–Choice stage• Select a course of action
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition
Decision Making as a Component of Problem Solving
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 9
Decision Making as a Component of Problem
Solving (continued)• Problem solving– Includes and goes beyond decision
making – Includes implementation stage
• Monitoring stage–Decision makers evaluate the
implementation
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 10
Programmed vs Non-programmed Decisions• Programmed decision–Made using a rule, procedure, or
quantitative method–Easy to computerize using traditional
information systems• Nonprogrammed decisions–Decision that deals with unusual or
exceptional situations–Not easily quantifiable
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 11
Optimization, Satisficing, and Heuristic Approaches• Optimization model
–Finds the best solution, usually the one that will best help the organization meet its goals
• Satisficing model–Finds a good, but not necessarily the best,
problem solution
• Heuristics–Commonly accepted guidelines or
procedures that usually find a good solution
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 12
Sense and Respond
• Sense and Respond (SaR) approach–Determining problems or opportunities
(sense)–Developing systems to solve the
problems or take advantage of the opportunities (respond)
• One way to implement SaR:–Through management information and
decision support systems
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition
The Benefits of Information and Decision
Support Systems• Decision support systems– Performance is typically a function of
decision quality and problem complexity
• Problem complexity– Depends on how hard the problem is to
solve and implement
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition
The Benefits of Information and Decision Support Systems
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Management Information
System (MIS)
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 16
An Overview of Management Information
Systems• Management information system
(MIS)– Integrated collection of people,
procedures, databases, and devices–Can give the organization a
competitive advantage
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 17
MIS in Perspective
• Purpose of an MIS –To help an organization achieve its
goals–Provide the right information to the
right person in the right format at the right time
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition
MIS in Perspective
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Inputs to a MIS
• Internal data sources–TPS and ERP systems and related databases–Data warehouses and data marts–Specific functional areas throughout the firm
• External data sources–Customers, suppliers, competitors, and
stockholders whose data is not already captured by the TPS– Internet–Extranets
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 20
Outputs of a MIS
• Scheduled reports• Demand reports• Exception reports• Drill-down reports
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 21
Characteristics of a MIS
• MISs perform the following functions:–Provide reports with fixed and standard
formats–Produce hard-copy and soft-copy reports–Use internal data stored in computer
system–Allow users to develop custom reports–Require user requests for reports
developed by systems personnel
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 22
Functional Aspects of the MIS
• Most organizations are structured along functional lines or areas
• MIS can be divided along functional lines to produce reports tailored to individual functions
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 23
Financial MIS
• Financial MIS–Provides financial information to
executives and others
• Some financial MIS subsystems and outputs–Profit/loss and cost systems–Auditing–Uses and management of funds
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 24
Manufacturing MIS
• Manufacturing MIS subsystems and outputs –Used to monitor and control the flow of
materials, products, and services through the organization
• Common information subsystems and outputs used in manufacturing–Design and engineering–Master production scheduling and inventory
control–Process control–Quality control and testing
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 25
Marketing MIS
• Marketing MIS–Supports managerial activities in product
development, distribution, pricing decisions, promotional effectiveness, and sales forecasting
• Subsystems–Marketing research–Product development–Promotion and advertising–Product pricing–Sales analysis
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 26
Human Resource MIS
• Concerned with activities related to employees and potential employees
• Subsystems–Human resource planning–Personnel selection and recruiting–Training and skills inventory–Scheduling and job placement–Wage and salary administration–Outplacement
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 27
Other MIS
• Accounting MIS–Provides aggregate information on
accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and many other applications
• Geographic information system (GIS)–Capable of assembling, storing,
manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information
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Decision Support System (DSS)
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 29
An Overview of Decision Support Systems
• DSS–Organized collection of people,
procedures, software, databases, and devices used to help make decisions that solve problems–Used at all levels
• Focus of a DSS– Is on decision-making effectiveness
regarding unstructured or semistructured business problems
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 30
Characteristics of a DSS
• Provide rapid access to information• Handle large amounts of data from
different sources• Provide report and presentation
flexibility• Offer both textual and graphical
orientation• Support drill-down analysis
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 31
Capabilities of a DSS
• Support problem-solving phases• Support different decision
frequencies• Support different problem
structures• Support various decision-making
levels
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition
Capabilities of a DSS
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition
Capabilities of a DSS
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition
A Comparison of DSS and MIS
• DSS differs from an MIS in numerous ways, including: – The type of problems solved– The support given to users– The decision emphasis and approach– The type, speed, output, and
development of the system used
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 35
Components of a DSS
• At the core of a DSS are a database and a model base
• Dialogue manager–Allows decision makers to easily
access and manipulate the DSS and to use common business terms and phrases
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition
Components of a DSS
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The Database
• Database management system–Allows managers and decision makers to
perform qualitative analysis on data stored in company’s databases, data warehouses, and data marts–Can also be used to connect to external
databases
• Data-driven DSS–Performs qualitative analysis based on the
company’s databases
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 38
The Model Base
• Model base–Allows managers and decision makers to
perform quantitative analysis on both internal and external data
• Model-driven DSS–Performs mathematical or quantitative
analysis
• Model management software (MMS)–Coordinates the use of models in a DSS
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition
The Model Base (continued)
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The User Interface or Dialogue Manager
• Allows users to interact with the DSS to obtain information
• Assists with all aspects of communications between user and hardware and software that constitute the DSS
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Group Support System (GSS)
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 42
Group Support Systems
• Group support system (GSS)–Consists of most elements in a
DSS, plus software to provide effective support in group decision making–Also called group decision support
system or computerized collaborative work system
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition
Group Support System
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Characteristics of a GSS That Enhance Decision
Making• Special design• Ease of use• Flexibility• Decision-making support–Delphi approach–Brainstorming–Group consensus approach–Nominal group technique
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 45
Characteristics of a GSS That Enhance Decision
Making (continued)• Anonymous input• Reduction of negative group
behavior• Parallel and unified
communication• Automated record keeping
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 46
GSS Software
• Often called groupware or workgroup software
• Helps with joint work group scheduling, communication, and management
• GSS software packages –Collabnet–Collabra Share–OpenMind–TeamWare
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 47
GSS Software (continued)
• GSSs use a number of tools, including: –E-mail, instant messaging (IM), and
text messaging (TM)–Videoconferencing–Group scheduling–Project management–Document sharing
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GSS Alternatives
• Decision room–Decision makers are located in the
same building or geographic area–Decision makers are occasional users
of the GSS approach
• Local area decision network–Group members are located in the
same building or geographic area–Group decision making is frequent
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition
GSS Alternatives
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 50
GSS Alternatives (continued)
• Teleconferencing–Decision frequency is low–Location of group members is
distant
• Wide area decision network–Decision frequency is high–Location of group members is
distant
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Executive Support System
(ESS)
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Executive Support Systems
• Executive support system (ESS)–Specialized DSS– Includes hardware, software, data,
procedures, and people used to assist senior-level executives–Also called an executive
information system (EIS)
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition
Executive Support Systems
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 54
ESS in Perspective
• Characteristics of an ESS–Tailored to individual executives–Easy to use–Drill-down capabilities–Support need for external data–Can help with situations that have a high
degree of uncertainty–Have a future orientation–Linked with value-added business processes
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 55
Capabilities of ESS
• Support for defining overall vision
• Support for strategic planning • Support for strategic organizing
and staffing• Support for strategic control• Support for crisis management
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Summary
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 57
Summary• Problem solving –Begins with decision making– Includes implementation and monitoring–Decision making is a component
• Management information system– Integrated collection of people, procedures,
databases, and devices
• Data that enters the MIS –Originates from both internal and external
sources
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 58
Summary (continued)• Output of most MISs–Scheduled reports, key-indicator reports–Demand reports, exception reports–Drill-down reports
• Primary sources of input to functional MISs –Corporate strategic plan–Data from the ERP system and TPS– Information from supply chain and business
transactions–External sources including the Internet and
extranets
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Summary (continued)• Components of a DSS–The database, model base, extranets,
networks–User interface or dialogue manager–Link to external databases, the Internet–The corporate intranet, extranets, networks
• Group support system (GSS)–Consists of most of the elements in a DSS,
plus software to provide effective support in group decision-making settings
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 60
Summary (continued)
• Executive support systems (ESSs) –Specialized decision support
systems designed to meet the needs of senior management–Typically easy to use, offer a wide
range of computer resources, and handle a variety of internal and external data
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References
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