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Special Libraries, 1912 Special Libraries, 1910s

10-1-1912

Special Libraries, October 1912Special Libraries Association

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Recommended CitationSpecial Libraries Association, "Special Libraries, October 1912" (1912). Special Libraries, 1912. Book 8.http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1912/8

Special Libraries Vol. 8 ' .. ' I

OCTOBER la12 No. 8

PUBLISHDD BY THE ' SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOdATION

Monthly except July nncl August. Edltorlnl and Publicntion OfHce, State Llbrarj.,

Indlaqapolls, Ind. Subgcrlptlons, 05 Broad street, Boston, Jlnas.

Entered at the Postofflce n t ~ndfannpollr, Ind., a s second-class matter. , .

.. ~ u b s c r i ~ t i o n . .$Z.OO a year (10 numbers) Single copies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 cents

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fresident .n. N. EInndy Insdrance Library ABsoclntlon, Boston, Jlnss.

Vice-president . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It. 11. Johnston Bureau of Rallwny Dconomlcs, Wnshlngton, D. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . Secretary-Treasurer Guy B. hlnrlon

Llbrnry, Arthur D. Little, I n c , D3 Broad St EXECUTIVE BOARD

President, Vlce-President, Secretnry-Trcnsnrer, C. W Norman, People's Qns Light and Coke Co., Chicago; and Mlss Florence Spencer, Nn- tlonal City Bank, New York City.

Ynnaglng Edltor of Spccir~l Llbrnrles :-John A. Lnpp, State Library, Indtnuapolls, Ind.

Assistant Idltor. Ethel Clelnnd. Stntc Llbrrrrv.

CONTIZIUUTING EDITORS I?. N Morton t'nlted Gns I~nprovcment Co ,

~hilndelphin: H. 11. R. hleycr, Library of Congress. D. N. Handy, Insurance Llbrnry Aesoclation,

The Business Value of a Special Library. 161 The Library as a Business Asset-When

and How. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 An Outline of the Work of the Account-

i ng Library of the American Tele- phone and Telegraph Company. . . . 166

The Earning Power of a Special Refer- ence Library on Retail Distribution. 167

. . A Special Trade Library in Sweden.. 169 The Financial Library of the National

City Bank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Select List of References on Special

Libraries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 - THE BUSINESS VALUE OB A SPECIAL

LIBRARY.

The special library has rapidly gained a distinct place in the business world. I t is no longer an experiment. Scores of the most progresswe business houses malntain such libraries and treat them a s business assets. I t is a recognition that the library rightly administered can serve men who are doing things as well as those who are thinlr- ing things.

Among the large business concerns which maintain special libraries as inforlnation bureaus expressly for the promotion of bus-

Public Utilities. Stone and Webster, Boston. Public Service Corporation, Newark, N. ..

J. United Gas Improvement Co., Philadel-

phia. H M. Byllesby Co., Chicago. Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago. Toronto Gas and Electric Light Co.,

Toronto, Canada. Peoples Light, Gas and Coke Co., Chica-

go. American Telegraph and Telephone Co.,

N. Y. Boston Consolidated Gas Co. New England Tel. and Tel. Co., Bos-

ton. Financial.

Price Waterhouse and Co., N. Y. Fisli and Robinson, N. Y. Wall Street Journal, N. Y. Babson System, N. Y. Blair and Co., N. Y. F. J. Lisman and Co., N. Y. National City Bank, N. Y.

Manufacturing. General Electric Co, Schenectady, N. Y. Studebnlrer Corl)oration, South Bend,

Ind. National Carbon Co., Cleveland, 0. Diamond Rubber Co., Alrron, 0. Goodrich Rubber Co., Alrron, 0. Bausch and Lomb, Rochester, N. Y. American Brass Company, Waterbury,

Conn. Dodge Mfg. Company, Mishawalca, Ind.

Insurance. Insurance Association, Boston, Mass. Association of Life Insurance Pres-

idents, N. Y. Prudential Life Insurance Company,

Newark, N. J. Insurance Association, N. Y. Metropolitan Life Insurauce Co , N. Y. Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Co.,

Philadelphia. M~scellaneous.

Arthur D. Little, Inc., Boston, (Chem- is ts) .

Bureau of Railway Economics, Washing- ton, D C.

Engineering Societies, N. Y. C. Percantile.

Wm. Filene Sons, Boston. Marshall Field, Chicago.

These libraries have filled a i~ressing need iness are: in the complex relations of ' the Factors

SPECIAL LIBRARIES

which enter into modern business, and pro- duction. They serve essentially the men who a r e formulating the policies of these concerns and carrying them out. They a re the guides to keep them from doing things already better done, or of attempting a th ing nnti l the world's experience on t ha t part icular thing has been given attention

Anclrew Carnegie once said t h a t his con- cern had "made many mistakes by neglect- ing one simple rule 'never to undertake any- th ing new i~n t i l your managers have had an opportunity to examine everything tha t has been done throughout the world in tha t department' neglect of tha t has cost us many hundreds of thousands of dollars and we have become wise . . . You can go through hal l after hall in the patent office a t Washington and see thousands of mod- els oC inventions bearing upon al l branches of h u m a n industry, and ninety-nine ou t of every hundred would never have been placed there had the ignorant inventor had a t his c o m ~ n a n d such facilities as will be yours in this library."

The re is in the vicinity of Ber- lin a n institution known a s the Na- tional t,esting laboratory. I t is an in- s t i tut ion to which any n~anufacturing con- cern, engineer, commercial firm o r any one in industry may take their difficult grob- leins. T h e experts first of all place before the seeker, the whola literature of t he world on the subject. T h ~ s is i n itself t he greatest service for it is t rue t h a t the soln- tion of most problen~s have been found somewhere if one can only find where. The l ibrary finds it, holds it i n readiness and ~ u t s it into the hand of the r ight par ty a t t h e r igh t lime. I t solves problems by the published experiences of the world. Wi thout carefully indexed sources of infor- mation, such as a special library maintains, the manager may grol~o along w ~ t h a n in- dustr ial or commercal problem without find- ing a solution until perhaps his business has L'ailed. A single fact gleaned from close f o l l o ~ ~ l n g of sources of information m a y mean thousnnds of dollars to a manager if he ha s the facl a t the r ight time.

T h e undoubted success of special libraries such ns described leads u s to the belief t h a t they will become more and more a fac- to r i n the solving of business, commercial and industrial problems. They a r e a direct outgrowth of the complexity of business.

A careful study of the suggestions pre- sented i n the various articles i n this number is urged upon business men, corporations, chambers of commerce and other organiza- tions.

THE LIBRARY AS A BUSINESS ASSET- WHEN AND HOW.

D, N. Handy, -Librarian of The Insurance Library Association of Boston,

Xassaohusetts,

An asset, in business, is a debt-satisfying possession. In determining business solv- ency Assets are set over against Liabilities, and'if the former exceed the latter, the bus- iness is said to be solvent. The term As- sets is applied technically to material pos- sessions. But there a re possessions other and even more essential than material: these are the moral, out of which material assets grow. At the foundation of every Business lie courage, competency, integrity, perseverance. These cannot be computed or averaged, but their commercial value is everywhere recognized.

Wherefore, let us a t the outset agree that when we speak of the Library as a business- asset, we speak not of its value a s so many books and pamphlets, but of its value as a contr ib~~ting agency to those more funda- mental possessions to which material assets owe their existence.

What then, has the Library contributed and what may it in the future hope to con- tribute that will add to business courage, integrity, competency, l~erserverance? In a word, to B,usiness emciency?

The answer is found in a measure in our conception of a Library and its function. Shall we then describe what we hnve in mind when we speak of the Library that may become a business asset?

I t certainly is not any collection of books and pamphlets under anu custodinn and handled grobably more often by the Jani. tor than the Manager. That is not the kind of Librnry that we have in mind Our Li- brary is a collection organized and planned for a cleflnite end. Nothing in i t is purpose- less. Accession and discarclure proceed hand in hand. Correlation and divlsion of material aclvance together. Every process and method is subject to closest scrutiny and J1 are called upon to answer to the final test of efficiency. The real value of such a Library is its use; i t is a tool. As a collection of boolcs i ts value in the open market may not be great. If sold a t a forced sale i t might not bring a fortune. But in its power to hell) and inspire those who make the business what i t is, its value is incalculable.

The measure of this value is to be sought in increasing efllciency of personnel, wider outlook, clearer vision, flrnler grasp, greater fortitude.

It would be pleasant to think of the pre- cise manner in which a Library might en- trench itself in business favor, until i t be- came admittedly indispensable. Such an ex-

SPECIAL LIBRARIES

perience is not uncommon, Libraries there are today-adjuncts of successful business ho~~ses-which stand on a plane of equality with every other department; whose direc- tors a re in every sense advisers; whose po- sition i n importance and dignity yields precedence to none. They add emciency to the entire staff, and by breadth and merit bring distinction to the business they serve.

But i t is not my purpose to describe i n detail tlie ways in which the Library may justify itself as an Asset of Business. Pur- posely I have conflned myself to broad, gen- eral lines along which the argument may safely proceed.

The asset value of a Library is degend- ent upon a variety of conditlons some of which are, but more of which are not with- in the control of the Library itself. Let us see what some of thcse conditions are:

Foremost among them, I should say, must be a condition of receptivity on the part of Business itself. If Buslness does not see fit to recognize the aid that the Library can bring to it, i t will be useless for the Library to t ry t o force itself up011 Business.

Again, and only second in importance is tlie attitude of the Library towards Busi- qess. If the Library shall cling to tradi- tional aims; shall overestimate khe impor- tance of conventional methods; shall hold disdainfully aloof from those adaptations and changes which alone can make i t useful to business, then its asset value will never be large or general.

Finally, aasuming Business and the Libra- ry to agree as to their mutual helpfulness, the lines along which they are to co-operate, if the results are to be satisfymg to both, nlust be susceptible of being easily seen and followed. We shall try in the time that re- mains, to consider briefly the problems which these introductory paragraphs sug- gest.

At no time in the history of the modern business world, has the opportunity been so favorable for a lasting alliance between the Library and Business. Buslness was never more complex, nor more moral. Greater wisdom is required io develop it. I t is more sensitive. Results come quicker; failure follows more promptly on the heels of error-success almost anticipates the footsteps of sound judgment. Consequences are more far reaching. Disas~er to one in- volves many-while bankruptcy carries over- throw and panic to hundreds of othem.

The greater demands of Business are seen not only in the enormous growth of Indus- trial enterprises, and the larger responsi- bilities of management, but in the increas- ing numbers of college and university men who a r e seeking ,business careers. Our leading universities, recognizing this field are organizing their own activities to cul-

tivats it, so tha t in Harvard, Dartmouth, Ann Arbor and other great colleges and uni- versities in the Statqs, we have courses in business admhistration leading in some cases to business degrees.

Business itself is awakening to a sense of its need and is not only aiding colleges and universities in their work, but in man) cases is blazing new trails on its own ac- count.

In England for some years the Insurance Institute OC Great Britain and Ireland has provided courses 'of instruction in jnsnr- ance. In the United States of America four years ago was organized The Insurance In- stitute of America, a conference body repre- senting insurance men all over the country, which has for i ts main purpose the planning of courses in insurance, and the holding periodically of examinations. All with a view to the better training of young men in this Aeld. It is done in recognition of the larger demands of present day business.

Again, an almost revolutionary change has taken place in the public attitude to- wards Business of every kind. It matters not what i t is. The idea now is that men live for service; that men organize socially, commercially, and industrially for service. And i f any organization is unable to nnder- go this test it must reform, or stand aside and let a better take its place. This I take it, is the interpretation of the great unrest which has possessed England and America in the last decade.

This means Business organized on a big- ger and better scale-organized more efllci- ently and more morslly. Organized not on caprice but on law-conducted not in the spirit of careless ogl~ortunisrn, but of social righteousness. Corporate business is com- ing back to the same sense of social re- sponsibility tha t characterized private busi- lless when every employer treated his em- ploye and his 11atron as a friend and neiqh- bor.

All these-this increasing complex it^, growing sense of social resgonsibility, de- mand for and increasing inflow of college men into business, spell opportunity far the Library as an indisl~ensnble adjunct of bus- iness enterprise. Answering for Our first condition, then, i t may be said that Busi- ness 1.8 in a receptwe mood, and that i t stands ready toclay, to welcome among its productfve forces the Library organization.

But if the Library is to be truly an asset to Business enterprise, tho Library itself must ~~ecognize not only its o~l lor tun i t~ but its responsibility. The failure of the gen- eral library to lend In this work of aiding business in the solution of its problems has been inevitable. The general library aims at, popular service. It is the popular sub- scription which maintains i t And the sat-

SPECIAL LIBRARIES

isfaction of a popular constituenw i n any city of from 25,000 to a million of inhabi- tants, will take the most liberal budget. Business wants its own technology; it wants pamphlets, clippings, reports-all sdrts of special things which no public library with all its other obligations could ever hope to get and to classify.

Hence the need of specialized libraries and special methods. It is evident t h a t the Special Llbrary has a whole field of meth- ods yet to amplify, systematize 'and unify.

If the Library is to helg Business, i t mus t be organized as Business is organized. I t must be alert, systematic, sacrificing many times scholarship and thoroughness to speed, clearly seeing the fact that adequacy of in- formation is the thing and organizing i ts means to that end. To get everything on a subject may be necessary for some pur- poses, and is always interesting to t h e bi- bliographer; but to get the adequate thing is the Business-librarian's ideal of service, and if he misses i t h e may wake up sur- prised to find his labor unappreciated Su- perficial? I t may be so. But i t should be remembered that we Business Librarians labor to get results and not for the sake of laboring. We apply methods to accom- plish ends, not to enjoy the pl'ecision of the methods.

Here the general Librarian is likely t o slip into pitfalls. He cannot always under- s tand why, lf the system says go through A. 13. 1C and D to E, he should be asked a dozen times a day to skip B. C. and D, a jump from A to E direct. But if the libra- r y is to serve Busmess i t must do so, o r i t will not receive much consideration. Busi- ness is multiplying short-cuts, motion-savers, "efilciency" getters in every department: i t will tolerate nothing lees from the Library. It i s for the Library to prove i t s value-to demonstrate its practical worth by adjust- ing itself to the business environment I t must not follow too closely the traditions of general library worlc. I t ought to be famil- i a r with general hbrary methods; bu t i t should never lose sight of the fact t ha t gen- eral library methods were devised with an eye single to general library problems. The problems of a business library are differ- ent.

This, then, is the duty of the bns~ness library if the t ~ t l e to Asset-value is to go unchallenged. And the library may be cer- ta in that Business will not t ake i t a t its own appraisal but will demand to see for itself whether its claims are justified.

It 1s pleasing to feel that w d e r condi- tions of handicap and often of inadequate support, Business Libraries in many cities a re justifying their existence and a re grad- ually making for themselve~ a secure place among the assets of the enterprises which

they represent. So much for the second condition of our thesis.

Finally, how are the Library and Business to ca-operate for their mutual advantage.

It is evident tha t in this respect Business has to perform a duty even greater than .we have laid upon , t he Library itself. If the Library is under obligation to adapt itself t o the needs of business, Business is under special obligation to place its resources more completely a t the disposal of the Library. It must take the Library seriously and plan for it accordingly.

The library as a tool needs to be made more effective. Because many business men who have caught the vision of an efficient management of business have failed to see the part the pi-inted page is to play in its realization, libraries still lag far behind business offices in'adequacy of organization.

~ u s i n e s s organizes for results. To get them i t concentrates responsibility; co-or- dinates supervisory functions; stlpplies the material and moral ' means of achievement. It has superintendents, and foremen; chief clerlrs and assistants; ,stenographers and filing clerlcs; messenger and office boys As methods develop, more attention is given t o details Specialization increases. No man's time is allowed to be wasted. Time is the great factor. The omce boy may dawdle; but the man a t the head of the machine may not-he must be isolated and apart. Everything comes to him. His vital forces are c~nservecl for the main worlr in hand.

So all along the hne. Each man accord- ing to his importance is surrounded by system-the orderly unfolding of the day's routine-intended to shield him from con- fusion and distractions that his mind may be concentrated on his work

Except here and there, no business Li- brary has anything approaching such organ- izatlon a s this. Library worlr is one of un- ceasing detail. I t is 'one, too, requiring constant supervision. I t should be given the means for its development.

Business fails to appreciate the ally that it might have in the well conducted library. It al~preciates and a t times is mildly grate- f u l . for the Library's service; but i t has shown no great discernment when i t came to an understanding of the means by which the service was rendered. It asks for and expects results; but has little appreciation of the price a t which results must be bought.

The manager, pressed for time, impatient- l y demands information which only an ex- pert can place before him, and wonders why it is not more readily given He sel- dom faces the facts. If he did the answer would be forthcon~ing. He has spent money on a few books, periodicals, pamphlets and newspaper clippings and scamplngly on a

SPECIAL LIBRARIES l.G5

librarian, thinlring that somehow under pt'essure, this combination wlll tell him the things he wants to know.

Of course i t will do nothing of the kind. A Library so organized will never become an asset of any business. And so lollg as i t is organized in this way, i t will be a 1.i~- bilzly-the target each year for criticism and the first to suffer cuts in the budget.

An indispensable requisite of a Business library is a librarian thoroughly conversant with the main facts of the business. He must know its theory and history. He &ust be freed from routine a t least to the exleilt necessary to enttble him to become an ex- pert in the materials which he handles. Hb must be treated as a l~ t e r a ry adviser and given the opgortunlty to develop literary discrimination and judgment in the fleld which he covers. Then he becomes more than a custodian of books; he is a coun- selor, impressing his personality upon a unique source of business insl~iration', name- ly, the businecs literature of hi5 collecting, and br ing~ng direct to his superiors the in- formalion which they will know how to use for the good of the l~uslness as a whole.

Subordinates, working under him, will assemble, classify, card index, bulletin and distribute, while the Library itself will stand on a level w t h manufacturing, ac- counting, and selling. I t w ~ l l be a depart- ment of the business, organized like other deparlments, for efficiency.

This principle is being recognized more and more. Many of the larger business libraries have developed around the office desk ot an executive whose business i t was to handle the theories connectcd with the business. In some of the large life insnr- ance companies vast collections have grown up about the actuarial office, usually the re- snit of one man's enthusiasm. In other lmes of business i t has been in the pnblicity department that the Library has had its beginning, where the demand for the liter- ature of the business and for publicity lit- erature was most pressing.

I n each case the necessity for an expert in t he literature in question, to supervise its collection, has been naturally recognized. But i n any case, these all resolve themselves into questions of organization and financing, cluestions which i n the final analysis Buai. ness alone can answer. The Library may adapt itself to Busi-

ness, but it is for Business to say whether the adaptation shall be thorough going and effective.

Is the Library then, a bz~szness asset? My answer is that i t is such, just in propor- tion as Business is willing to let i t be. When Business shall treat i t a s it tl-eats other factors of business success, discern- ing its possibilities of usefulness, encour-

aging and planning for its development, adapting i t to the requirements of business activity, then it will justlfy itself unques- tionably.

But i t is for Business'to make of i t what it will. It can be a. tool with which work . . .

may be done, o r s burden. requiriqg the loss of energy carrying it. The Library cannot answer the question alone.

When Business shall franlcly admit that result-getting from the printed page is ns much a practical possib~lty as result-getting from forces which business has always ac- customed itself to use, then the machinery by which the 11rinl.ed page shall lie assem- bled and made available for business uses will be set in , motion and the Special Or Business Library will c>ome into its own.

I would not have you suppose that I re- gard this as wholly a lxol~lem of the future. Business has already awakened to the pos- sibilities of Library help, and wherever i t has done so with insight and courage it has answerod for itself the Question which we have here proposed. In 'baiiliing, in finance, in engineetlng, in applied chemistryl. in In- surance and in numerous .olher flelds, Ruui- ness has set itself to the tnslc of adapting Library methods t o business needs. Spe- cial collections administered for s1)ecinl re- quirements are springing up in every large city, and the liberality with which these are beginning to be supported is in some re- spects an indication of Business's own esti- inate of their value.

DISCUSSION. F. N. M o n , . c ~ s : ~ M r Handy, in his paper

sags, "Business fails to appreciate the ally tlmt it might have in the well conducted library. It appreciates and a t times is ~nildly grateful for the library's service."

There is, unfortunately, a reason for this lulcewnrmness, and one for which the li- brary, no matter how efficient, is not respon- sible. Take tor example, an engineering conceril such as tha t with which I am con- nected. The contracting and construction department shows by the cnsh proflt a t the end of the year i t s value to the company. Similarly, the operating department shows by the lessened cost of production l)er unit of output, its value a0 an asset. The libl-ary, on the other hand, by producing a few lines in n periodical or reference book may save the company f r o m a coatly error; but this does not show upon the balance sheet and 1s forgotten accordinglyunti l the next time. This i s a handicap under which ref- erence libraries have labored in the past and under which they will work for some time to come.

The foregoing may seem to indicate a pessimistic view on my part, but this is not the case. The fact that Arms and cor-

SPECIAL LIBRARIES

orations are extending more and more their libraries, and are spending more and more their money upon them, both directly and indirectly, shows that a n awakening is taking place and that the asset value of libraries 1s becoming appreciated. Hard headed corporations do not spend money on liabilities except, possibly, to t u r n them into assets. The library is coming into its own and will, in the not very dis tant fu- ture, be appreciated according to i ts merits. I t will never be able to show a balance on the year's profit and loss s tatement any more than does the legal department in which, like the library, all is disbursement and nothing 1s receipt, but i t will assume a standing comparable therewith; ancl there 1s no question as to the recognition ot the standing of the legal department.

In our own case the consultation uar t of our work is continually on t he increase, and the department is becoming, not ollly a bureau of informatlon on the past his- tory of the branches covered, but a gener- a l source of information on al l subjects. In fact, much of the information needed cloes not exist In written or printed form a t all, but has to be supplied by t he knowledge and training of the librarian and his staff I do not mean that the l ibrary 1s often called upon to decide in matters entirely of judgment, this would be resented, and very properly, by those whose gosi- Lions .keep them in immediate and di- rect contact with the worlr under consiclera- tion, although in these cases the library IS consulted as to what has been done 111 the past under simllar condilions. The garticu- la r function of which I speak is to produce uncontrovertible facts. For example, infor- mation C is needed. This does no t exist as f a r as the available l i terature 1s con- cerned. Reliable experiment has, however, determined A, and the laws B of chemistry or physics, are lmown. By combinulg these and making the proper calculations, C may be deduced. The library ha s A and B, de- termines C! and gives the exact information desired without trouble to t h e one asking the question. The latter, l e f t to his own resources might lcnow A or B; the fact that he does not know C shows t h a t he does not know both A and B

An instance may be cited a s a n illnstra- tion. The department was asked the horse- power that would be required to compress a million cubic feet of natural gas a n hour t o 300 lbs. per square inch. Firs t , the ratio of the speciflc heats a t constant volume and at constant temperature respectively, had to be looked up. This might be called A. Then from the formula for the power required to compress gas with an allowance for the ef- ficiency of the compressor (B) the required power, or C, was calculated. In this case,

the inquirer did not lrnow ellher A or U. Among the subjects upon which the li-

brary has provecl itself an asset, were in- formation affecting the validity of fran- chise of patents both of our own and of others, processes of manufncture, past es- perlences 111 the art, recent progress apl~li- cable to our conditions, information regard- ing legal ancl commission clecisions, and many others w h x h can hnrdly be classified in a general list of this sort.

To give i n brief an idea of the asset value of the special library, I should say that, by records of the past, i ts saves the expense of errols i n the present, and gomts the way to econon~ic clevelopments in llle tutule.

R. H. PACK, Toronto Electric Light Co., (Discussion by letter) :-I am a great he- liever in special libraries being maintained by large corporations, and I do not lcnow of any better way to make aclditlons to this library, in order to keep thoroughly ul) to date, than by keeping in close touch with an Association such as yours. Through the medium of your magazine, "Sl)ecial Libm- ries" we have more than onre been enabled to obtaln copies of sonle book or of some report or panlphlet which we have found of the greatest value.

Even in this day ol' great mergers and comb~nations, competition in business 16

very keen, tf not to keep business from a rival concern, a t least to produce a better article in a more efficient nnd economical may than has been done before. For this reason ~t 1s highly iml~ortant that the mem- bers of an organization of a modern Com- pany should be kept thoroughly posted In regard to the very latest clevelopments In them business.

I suppose t h ~ s applies even more particu- larly to the business of pnbl~c servlce cor- porations i n which the l~olitical factor en- ters t o such a great extent, ancl spealrlng from my own pomt of vlew, I an1 sat~sfied that if public service corgorations had soon- er grasped the polltical and economic ques- tions lnvolved in their business and hacl properly applied the knowledge thus gained, there would not today exist to the same es- tent, public dissatisfaction with large cor- porations.

The cost of lceeping nl) a special library is not great, ancl I feel lhat the worlr of your Association in providing relerences so helpful to the maintenance and up-builcling of these speclal libraries 1s excellent In ev- ery way.

AN OUTLINE OF THE WORK OF THE AC- COUNTING LIBRARY OF THE AMERI-

CAN TELEPHONE AND TELE- GRAPH COMPANY.

Miss Elizabeth V. Dobbins, Librarian. Some two years ago i t was found neces-

sary to s tar t a library for the use of the

SPECIAL LIBRARIES

Comptroller's Department of this Comgany. U'e already had a large legal library and a collection of carefully selected books were set aside in the Engineering Department for the use of the Engineers, but as neither of these two collections pertained' to the work done by the Comptroller's omce, they could not serve our needs.

The nucleus of the Accounting Library was a collection of boolcs numbering about 200. These books had been bought by var- ious ~ e o p l e to serve an immedlale use and some few were gifts. A large collection of magazines (some few bound) in the usual in- complete state which always results from allowing the binding to accumulate were also part of 0111' heritage, After spending quite solne time IU sorting out the drift- wood, we were glad to find that while our working stock was sillall in numbers, me had some first-class material to offer and consult. As our name indicates, we were eal~ecially anslous to build up in accounting ~ lnd ~ t s first cousin, boolclceeping. Since then our work hnv been so broadened that we have added books on 13conomics, Fi- nance, Scientific Management, Insurance, Teleylione and Telegraph, Railroads, Statls- tics, Municipal and Government Ownership, Reports ot various natures and a few others whose inclivldual groups are not large enough to specify.

Our periodical list is, I think, a very com- plete one. As yet we have not found our- selves lacking when any reference question (which can almost always be answered by some l>er~odical or other) comes up. Aslde from the telephone, accounting and techni- cal magazines that we ordinarily would be expected to have, we atldecl the Journal of Political Economy, The Annals ot' the Amer- ican Academy, the American Statistical As- sociation, Tho American Economic Review and the publications of the American Econ- omic Association. This I am sure you will all agree is a very high grade collection of reference magazines.

The library was intehded to servo hut One deyartrnent, namely the Comptroller's; but from ~ t s very formation the calls from the other departments were so many and varied that we extended the privilege to any one in the employ of the Company, and I am glad to say we are gaining many new users from day to day.

I have not ment~oned our paniphlet col- lection which is a large one covering a vari- ety of subjects, principally questions on Rates for public utilit~es, Interstate Com- merce Commission reports, decisions, and etc. and articles on the telephone and te le graph presenting many phases of each of these subjects. As our library is a refer- ence one, we as11 that all books and l)amph- lets borrowed be kept in the building dur-

ing working hours, so in case an immedi- ate demand for either arises we can meet it. Our catalogue is a dictionary one and a t present both the boolcs ancl pamphlets are catalogued to date, the shelf lisl of course is a subject me.

At l~resent we are contemplatit~g' a change of classiilcation I1 lrnow I have the sym1)athy of the entire 1)roi'ession (luring this experience) and the l~robabilities are that we will put in Dewey. The work of a special library d~ftlers in many ways from ln~blic library work and yet the really big essentials are in operation and I know they help materially in the success of the work for if we did not know how lo do things from a trained point of view, I am sure we woulcl have many a time been found lack- Ing in some cardinal point ot library acl- minlstratlon.

I think I can say for the library that I represent tha t we are a "paying asset" and must remain so i n order to keep up with the other progressive and busy depart- ments of this huge corporation. At present our colleclion is i n the neighborhood of 1,000 Boolrs. This may seem a small num- ber but wlien you relnenlber tlult we strive to have only tile best rather than the "best seller" the smallness of thc number ex- 1)lains itself.

?Vhatever measure of success has come to the library is due ~n no small Dart to the sylendia co-operation and lrindly suggestions that have come from those with whom the Librarian comes clireclly in touch.

THE EARNINO POWER OF A SPECIAL REFERENCE LIBRARY ON RETAIL

DISTRIBUTION.

Discussion by Miss M. E. Hurray. The William Filene's Sons Company of

Boston are retailers of men's, women's, chil- dren's and infant's wearing apparel and em- ploy a t present about two thouaand persons. Anlong other innovations they have made provision for n, Business Reference Library in their new building, and which is, as far as we know, the first in this line of business.

It 1s planned to have on file all informa- lion relating to the business and such other information as may be helpful to the man- agemenl and all other employees in the dih- charge of their duties, such as dally gapers, lechnical and general reference boolrs, trade journals, newspaper cligpings, ancl type- written material.

The library was created because there was a definite need for a central clearing house of ~nformatlon on the latest and best In retail distribution and because it was urgent that one department should he re- sponsible to care for the safety and mo- bilize the valuable information, books and

SPECIAL LIBRARIES

pamphlets scattered throughout the various omces of the organization.

Now what will the earning power of this special reference library be? I t will be in exact proportion to i t s use and .efRciency based on just how well and how often i't can make or save a dollar for the business. I t will depend largely on how.aggressive the library policy will be i n creating ileeds and meeting the needs for i ts material, and although i t nlay not be able t o show quite a s tangible a profit and loss statement as a merchandise department, still there should be the same effort and desire to know the stock on hand the first of t h e month, the purchases, thc expenses of t h e department, the stock on hand a t the end of the month (havlng in mind depreciation) and the sales, which would be services rendered.

The more efficiently and oftener the refer- ence library serves the organization, the more time ~t saves high-priced executives, and helps the rank and file, the more cer- tain i t will become a permanent paying de- partment of the business and make itself in- dispensable. This is in general how the earning value will be determined. How- ever, if the library is to succeed, such gen- eral statements will not be sufficient.

The chances for servire and making de- finite contributions toward business effici- ency in a large retail establishment are in- numerable, and esl~ecially in s progressive house like the one wi th which I have the honor to be associated.

Uut such service and such contribution must be made very definite, must be made very specific and must be applied to every nlcmber of the organization.

For some years gast our company has been experimenting with profit sharing agreements, and one of the difflcnlties has been for general proflt sharers, men and women in non-selling departments, work- ing for the whole store, to show what has been his or her contribution toward profils.

Therefore, if a reference librarian, who would be termed a general profit sharer, fails lo study position by position, just how he or she can contribute to t he needs of the men and women connected with the or- ganization, the library will no t be recog- nized and felt as a money nlalring invest- ment.

I t is, therefore, along these lines that the Filene reference library will be operated.

In all the initial steps and preparatory work of organizing, the methods of the legislative reference libraries a r e ns far as possible being applied.

The worlr of some of the successful legis- lative reference libraries is divided into three main divisions-comparative, critical and constructive, and i n analyeing the store material on hand, it is found tha t pretty

nearly all of these main divisions of ref- erence work have in the gast been practi- cally ignored In isolated cases, compara- tive work has been attempted, as, for in- stance, furnishing specific infornlation from some other store on soine store policy for some one manager, but i t has not been dis- seminated and placed a t the servce of all. The need of havlng this worlr done has been recognized and in the future will be done through the library.

Retail distribution has its laws and poli- cies, but the laws and pollcies are, to a large degree, empirical. They are the re- sult of years of effort and experience, and what was good flve years ago, may not be good today. All policies are constantly changing.

Therefore, the first worlr, and a t present in hand, before the library can start on its aggressive mission is to tabulate, classify, index and fit for use the present valuable information scattered throughout the om- ces of the management, destroying every- t111ng obsolete or whatever has become a permanent part of the store orgamzation.

For i t is imperative in a fast growing business employing an increasing nuniber of executives, thal new employees should profit to the fullest extent by the experi- ence of gast years and how other people have hanclled problems new to us, and the library can assist very cleflnitely by placing in their hands brief summarles on impor- tant subjects connected with the business, revised copies of duties of various position, bibliographies on important subjects relat- ed to the business, and any other material that will help them absorb in the shortest possible time the fundamentals of the busi- ness.

Perhaps it may be of interest to men- tion briefly what special subjects both gen- eral and technical the library must watch out for. The best way is, with apologies, to give you a n idea of the personnel of the management. he Filene brothers and their partners are publib spirited citizens; one brother, Mr. Edward A. Filene, with a few other men, organized the present success- ful Boston City Club and was largely re- sponsible for the amalgamation of the nu- merous commercial organizations of the city into the present Boston Chamber of Commerce, and was chairman of the recent Metropolitan Plan Commission of Massa- chusetts. The other brother, Mr. A. Lin- coln Filene served for three years on the State Commission for Industrial Education and is now a member of the Executive Board of the hTational Society for the Pro- motion of Industrial Education, and also contributed largely in time and money to the Boston Vocational Bureau. The other partners are also serving on special com-

mittees of various organizations and a re all, with the Filenes, very keenly interested i n labor problems, the relations of eml~loyers to employees, and each has on h ~ s desk the best boolrs on scientific management, a s Taylor's, Gantt's, Emerson's and Brandeis'.

Therefore, flrst of all the business ref- erence library will have on i ts shelves six or seven of the best boolrs on scientific management, also books on organization and linance. Then w ~ l l be added special boolrs on boolelcecging, auditing, insurance, statistics, advertising, decorating, buying, selling, materials and subjects of interesl to the Filene Co-operative Association ( a n organizatioll consisting ot all the employees and the members of the corl)omtion each member haviug a single vote) such as Lm1- sions, ttrbitratlon, coml~ulsory msnrance, co-operative housing, etc.

Perhuys i t might also be well to add tha t this association has maintained a library of all the popular flction for the past twelve years, and 110 fiction will he placed in this new business reference library.

The librarian is also custoclian of all the private contracts, leases and corporat~on records, and is expected Lo g r e ~ a r e cllgests of any important papers a t any time.

This is what the Filene library e r~ lec l s to do and must arrange for resources to actu- ally obtain and devise mays and means for the dissemination of information ueeded.

A SPECIAL TRADE LIBRARY I N SWEDEN. The Swedlsh Export Association.

[From Consul General Ernest L. Harris, Stockholm, in Daily Consular and Trade Reports, July 16, 1912.J On April 18 the General Export Associ-

ation of Sweden celebrated i t s twenty-APth anniversary under the auspices of the Crown Prince It looks back upon a qoar- ter of a century of successful labor nncl has done its full share in building nil the foreign commerce of the country. The objects of the nssocintion a s stated in i t s year-book are as follows:

1. To procure new markets in Sweden and abroad for the products of the members of the association. 2. To obtain for members of the association information regardiug terms of payment, prices, and other condi- tions connected with the export of Swedish goods 3 To send commercial agents to foreign countries with instructions to dis- seminate knowledge of Swedish articles suitable for export to the different marlreta and also to open business connections in such marlrets. 4. To organize exhibitions and depots of Swedish products abroad. 6 . To collect material for the establishment of a Swedish commercial museum. G . To pub- lish in a special periodical reports from the

agents of the association and from Swedish consuls abroad, and also such other infor- mation as niay be of ~nterest for Swedish lllanufiicturers and export houses. 7. TO Issue catalogues in various languages, and thus carl.y on a r~ronaganda abroad in favor of such ~ w e d ~ s h goo& as can be exported to advantage.

Organization of Association The statutes adopted at the Counding of

the associa~ion were in 1908 modified in points touching its organization, and while i t still keeps the l~rincil~les of the above pro- gram, it 1s Ixought into greater harmony with the work of the association carried on during the years. According to the new statutes any Swecl~sh subject or firm of good repute. .Swedish business unclertalrmg, incluslrlxl inst~tution and bank, a s also Swedlsh iustitut~ons and associations with- in aucl outside of Sweden, who are interest- ecl i n the objects of thc association and comljly with ils statntes, are eligible for membershil~ Foreign business undertak- mgs, cornmerclal institutions, or individuals arc eligible for membership after esamina- L~on by the botlrd. Those who have ren- dered service to the association by demon- stratlon ot their interest are eligible f o r honorary mernbershq~

Information Department. The information department 1s the one 11

closest touch with the public, those who visit the oficea of the association or corl'e- spond w ~ t h them. The questions put to t h e association by the public are of the most varied nature Swedish merchants and man- ui'ncturers apply to the association to ob- tain agents and buyers in fore~gu countries, and foreign business houses apl~ly to the as- sociation to be placed into communication with Swedish exporters The association also gives information concerning the staud- ing of foreign firms, for which i t c h a ~ g e s only sumcient to pay the expenses such service ~nvolves. The association furnishes. on request, information concerning foreign countistea; their communications, freights by land luiA by sea, packing, customs, duties, etc It translates code telegrams, aud has a t its dlsposal for this purpose all the prin- cipal telegraph codes gubl~shed.

The association also assists Swedish ex- porters and imgorters in knotty points a f - tecting customs, which have often, thanks to the intervention of the association, been brought to n successful solution for Swed- ish commerce and industry. I t hellis Swed- ish inventors to get their inventions ex- ploited abroad, gives advlce to exl~orters concerning nrticles that can be exported to advantage, and suggests to manufacturers iiew lines of goods. Swedish commercial stipendiaries who seek to establish them- selves abroad, as also Swedes who llropose

SPECIAL LIBRARIES

lllalcing journeys in foreign countries with a vlew to study the local mal-lcets, receive from the associat~on letters of recommenda- tion to institutions, maustr ial concerns, commercial firms, and private persons in foreign countries with whom the associa- tion i s in connection. The association also intervenes in cases of differences between Swedish and foreign busincss firms, with a view to settle such disputes amicably and with a minimum of espense t o both parties

The association takes a very active share i n the organization of Swedish exhibitions abroad. At the great international eshibi- tions, such as the one held a t Chicago in 1893, a s at that in Copenhagen in 1888, the association carrled out a large gart of the worli connected with the arranging and or- ganization of the Swedish exhibits. At the exhibtions held at St. Louis i n 1904 and a t Liege, 1905, the official participation of Sweden was declded upon i n consequence of representations made by t he association, and i n the case of the Liege exhibition lhe association had charge of the organization of the Swedish section At t h e Scand~na- vian exhibition held in Stockhoim in 1897 the association erected a special bureau within the exhibition grounds, where inter- ested visitors could obtain al l information concerning the ~ndustry and commerce of Sweden.

I t should be noted that for information, advice, elc., given by the association, no charge whatever is made

Commercial Library. One aim, which is of special imlmtance

to the export assoc~ation, is t he formation of a uational commercial library, the need of which becomes even greater in a land where commercial industry is on the in- crease. The library is every year ~ncreased by a large number of new books and trea- tises, such as new works of reference, tel- egragh codes, statistical works, etc., be- sides which there are in the library over a hundred Swedish and eoreign newspapers, periodicals, and technical papers.

The library is at present arranged in the following groups: Sddress, trade, and in- dustrial calendars; banking a n d financial matters; fisheries; commercial geography; commercial linowledge and instruction, t rade politics; manufacture; agriculture; information concerning railways and means of conmunication; maps and l~ l ans , cata- logaes and price lists; legal forms; post and lelegraph; communication by water; information concerning the solidity of firms, statistics; telegrallh codes; journals (home and foreign), customs mat te rs ; books of reference and encycloptedias; information concerning exhibitions.

The association has had a catalogue ar- ranged and published containing informa-

tion regarding the collection of commercial and industrial literature, etc., now in its possession. The classiflcation of the con- tents of the books has been arranged in geographical subdisisims in alphabetical order, according to the different countries, so as lo facilitate easy comprehension Ot each group.

Publishmg Department. The ~ubl i sh ing branch is concerned with

tho publication of the organ of the associ- ation, the Svenslr Export [Swedish Export). which treats of questions touchmg export, industry, and means of communication, and publishes information from the Royal Department of Foreign Affalrs and the Royal Board of Trade, r e ~ o r t s from lega- tions, consulates, qnd comniercial stipendar- ies, market rel~orts, and other matters which may be of interest lo and korward the objects of the association. The degart- ment publishes also export calendars, hand- books and other publ~cations requmte for the work of the society.

The Svensli Export, which appears every other week, is intended to bring to the no- tice of the subscribers such items of inter- est in the commercial and industrial world as, being nonconfidential, can be published. Reports from Swedish consulates, sugplied by the Department for Foreign Affairs, are l)ublished, as also the reports from the state comme~cial stil~endaries. In different arti- cles, questions of commercial, industrial, and economic nature that have a direct or indirect bearing on commercial or indus- trial interests are discussed by competent wiiters.

The journal has a nolice column which gives all kinds of news and information in a concise form. The statistical clivision con- tains information about commerce, indus- trial and technical matters, and means of communication. A special division treats of illquiries from foreign firms concerning

Swedish goods. These inquiries, published i n the journal without giving the name of the inquirer, afford opportunity to those in- tercslecl to form a connection, by means of the association, with the firm in question.

The journal of the association is sent free to all members of the society, to institutions allied with the General Export Association ( the nnmber of copies being in l~roportion to the annual subscript~on), to the repre- sentatives of Sweden abroad, to the mem- bers of Parliament, and to the larger news- Dapers and journals at home and abroad.

THE FINANCIAL LIBRARY OF THE NATIONAL CITY BANK.

By Florence Spencer, Librarian. As the demand for special libraries in the

financial district has increased very rap!d- ly in the past five years, the various bank-

SPECIAL LIBRARIES

ing and brokerage houses have s u ~ ~ p l i e d them, so tha t the one-time familiar ques- tion, "What is a financial library?" is now seldom heard.

While we i n the Wall Street district a re naturally more interested in f l nanc i~ l libra- ries than any others, perhaps i t will be in- teresting to learn that the growth of special libraries has extendccl to all classes of commercial enterprise, and where the law library was once the only highly specialized collection commonly owned, we now have engineerma libraries, architectural libra- ries, manufacturlng and mercantile libra- ries, as well as those of the public utility and great industrial corporations. Each, of course, collects material to supply the spe- cial needs of the company which i t serves.

Our financial library is housed in a suite of three rooms on the roof of the bank on the Wall Street side, and consists of a large filing-room, the librarian's room, and a small consultation room where those wish- ing to use the material in the library may work undisturbed. The Aling-room contains vertical steel filing cases, the drawers of which are fllled with all obtainable data on companies of every kind and size. There are over 100,000 different companies repre- sented in these files. We strive to obtain full particulars of each of these com1,an- ies, and a complete record would have cop- ies of its articles of incorporation, mort- gages, annual reports, dlvidend records, agreements, and current gossip a s contain- ed i n trade journals and the daily news- papers As each year goes by, the record for a given company increases, and i n some of the older and more important corpora- tions our record is a complete s tory of i ts origin and growth. On one side of the filing-room is the catalogue containmg all index cards of the names of colnpames about which information is preserved i n the library, and a concise record of the mater- ial on file of that company is entered on the cards.

Several cases in the filing-room are cle- voted to files of the weekly financial gapers, and a collection of various quotation sheels covering bond and stock market values for a number of years On a large rack a re hung each day the quotation sheets from all the principal exchanges of the United States and Europe-about thir ty in the United States and twelve In Europe-also daily sheets from the Honolulu Stock Ex- change and weekly sheets from Buenos Aires. These are all flled away and kept year after year.

On the shelves covering the walls of the two large rooms are over 5,000 books and pamphlets, which may be described in groups. Reports from every s ta te i n the Union covering the banking, insurance, and

railroad statistics of each state, bound peri- od~cal~--both American and @nglish--cov- erltlg the actlvilies of the financia], rail- road and general engineering world, mann- als and directories, year-books, government reports and bulletins, dictionaries, the En- cycloi~aedia Britannica (latest edition), and a large number of miscellaneous books and gamphlets covering a great variety of sub- jects. There is also a large five-volume at- las giving the location of every bank and trust company in Manhattan and the Bronx.

NOW how is all this material obtained? The question can be best answered by

giving a slight ontlme of the day's work. The flrst duty of the day is to

clip seven New Yorlr morning pagers, and one daily paper from each of the following cities: Chicago, St. Louis, Boston and London All editorials and clippings covering general national and international commerce and flnancial condi- tions and those on various changes 111 the most important comlmnies are given (when properly stamged and dated) over t o be "boiled down" and typed m a conclse man- ner for the perusal ot the President of the banlr-the rema~ning cligpings also being sent down to the President's ofice o r plat- form for the use of anyone who wishes to read them.

All clippings on receiverships, ieorganiza- tions, called bonds, meetings, dividend no- tices, etc., are sent each morning to the "Customers Securities" and "Bond Cage." All clippings on domestic banl~s a r e s en t to the Credit Department for perusal, and clipplng~ on ne\v fore~gn banks to t he For- eign Exchange

While this is being done a note has been made of everything mentioned in t he pa- pers wllicli would he of service in the li- brary in printed form, and immediately af- terwards letters are written asking for the material, and are sent out in the mail, or talien by messenger-according to lm11or- tance and location. Correspondence cards are kept, duly dated and stamped, on which is entered a coml~lete record of the request and the reply

Jn some cases inforniat~on is refused by compsnles, and the infornlation is suppliecl ( in as con~plete a way as possible) by news clippings and periodical references. On Mondays the weekly Finallclal and Commer- cial Chron~cle is checked and indexed, and this is nnother means ot ready reference.

In the meantime the material requested in letters of the day or two before is com- illg in ral~idly and must be checked up, pro~erly entered and filed. The returned clippings gleaned out, numbered, pasted on manila sheets and filed by conlpany, follow- up letters sent to reluctant contributors who may have neglected to answer our re-

S P X C I A L LIBRARIES

quests, old material checked LIP a s i t is taken out and re-checked a s it is returned, and through the steady rou t ine i s a never- endlllg series Of requests w h i c h demands some reference w o r k

While the library is one of t h e depart- nlents of the bank and a s s u c h is not o ~ e n i o the general public, anyone o u t s i d e the ]lank, who is ])roperly v o u c h e d for, may hnve the courtesies of the l i b r a r y extended to him on occasion, and a c o r d i a l co-opers- tive splrit obtains among the v a r i o u s flnan- cia1 librarians of the .city w h o a r e always ready Lo 1cnd material and help e a c h other in case of need. -

SELECT LIST OF REFERENCES ON SPECIAL LIBRARIES -

Co~npiled under the direction of H. H. B, Ideyer, Chief Bibliographer, L i b r a r y

of Congress. - This list is made up of a r t i c l e s descrip-

tive of the ])urpose, organization, a n d meth- ods of special libraries. I t is necessarily conflnetl lo those specinl l i b r a r i e s which have I,ecn clescrlbeA in print, and hy no means represents the number of special li- brar irs now scattered t h r o u g h o ~ ~ t t,he coun- t y ~ . A I L L of these will be f o r ~ n d in the directories mentioned below.

General Brigham, 1-1. 0. Co-operation b e t w e e n spe-

cial 1ibisaries. Library journa l . Jan. 1910, v. 86: 12-14. 'Z(i71.L7,v.35 Snecial l ib~~ar les . .Tan. 1910. v. 1: 6-7.

ZG71.S73.v.l Canfleld, J. 1-1. The need for spec i a l t z ed li-

brariPs. Tntlependent, NOV. 15, 1906. v. 61: 155-157. AP2.163,v.Gl

Dana. John C. The use of m i n t in the world of &nirs. Library .jou&nl, Dec. 1910, v. 35: 535-538. ZG71.L7,v.35 Same concl. Special l ibrar iea, J an . 1911, V. 2: 2-3.

Discusses the necessity a n d mdvantages of establishing special l i b r a r i e s .

ZG71.S71v.2 Direotory of special Hbraries. S v e c i a l libra-

ries, Apr. 1910, v. 1 : 27-32. Z671.S71,v.l Dudrreon. M. S. The scone a n d nu rnose s of

s lGdai librnries. spedial l i b r a r i e s . ,June, 1D12, V. 5 : 129-133. Z671.S71,~.3

nicks, ~ r e t l e r i c k C. The r e l a t i o n of special libraries lo pnl~lic nnd u n i v e r s i t y libra- ries. Library journal, NOT. 3.910, v. 35: 487-493. ZCi71.C7,~.35

Handy, D. N. Specinl l ibrar ies h a v e earn- ing power. Christinn s c i e n c e monitor, Jan , 4, 1911. Library work, Jan. 1911, v, 4 : 1-5.

Z671.L718,v.4 Cond, Special libraries, J an . 1911 , v. 2: 6-6. Z671.S71,v.2

Krause, L. B. Wha t a re special libraries. Public libraries, Dec. 1910, v. 15: 413-415.

ZG71.P97,v.15 Kroeger, A. B. Tne place of the library i n

technical education. Library journal, July, 1905, v. 30: 393-399. ZG'il.L7,~.30

Libraries. ( I n New international encyclopaeclia. New Pork, 1909, v. 12, p. 193-206.)

Spec id libraries: p. 196. AE5.N55,v.12 The library and the specialist. Nature, Aug.

17, 1911, v. 87: 222. Suggests the establishment of a mathe- matical reference library. Ql.N2,v.S7

Massachusetts institute of technology. Li- brary Guide t o the libraries of the Mas- sachusetts institute of technology, Bos- ton. 1899. 12 1). Z733.iM406

~ e r c h a n t s ' association of New Yorlz. L is t of business or commercial, civic, board of trade, municipal, legislative reference libraries; and department of public and other libraries devoted to these toylcs. New Yorlc. Merchants' association of New ~ o r l c , 1909. 2 p.

New Yorlr library club. Libraries of Great- e r New ~ o r l r ; Manual and historical slcelch of the New Yorlr library club. New Yorlc. 1902. 185 11.

~nc ludes ' brief sketches of spec i~ l libra- ries. Z732.NTN4

Whitten, R. 13. The develo~lnent of spe- cial libraries. Library journal, Uec. 1909, V. 34. 546-547. Z671.L7,~.34

Agriculture Cutter, W. P. The classification of an agri-

cultural library American library asso- ciation. B~~ l l e t i n , Sept. 1910, no. 4: 793- 794. ZG73.A5B,no.4

The developnlent of agricultural libraries. ScientlAc American supplement, Aug. 11, 1900, v. 50: 20589. Tl.S52,v.60

The experiment station hbrary. Exper~ment station record, Nov. 1910, v. 23: 501-504.

S21.E75,v.23 Green, Charles R. The relation of the ex-

periment station library to the college li- brary American library association. Bulletin, Sept. 1910, v. 4 : 791-793.

ZG73.A5BBv.4 Hepburn, William M. The selection and

preservation of agricultural periodicals Library journal, July, 1910, v. 35: 309- 311. %G71.L7,v.36 American library assoclation. Bulletin, Sellt. 1910, v. 4: 794-797. ZG73.ASB,v.4

Wyer, J 1 r . Agricultural libraries Ainerican library association. Bulletin, Sept. 1910, v. 4: 786-788. Z673.ASB,v.4

Architecture General society of mechanics and tradesmen

of the city of New Yorlr. Library Cata- logue of the J. Morgan Slade librnry and other architectural wo~llrs in the Appren-

SPECIAL LIBRARIES

tices' library. New York, Press of J. J. Little & Co., 1892. 24 p. Z5945.Cf44

Smith, E R. Avery library of architectural literature a t Columbia. Columbia univer- sity quarterly, Mar. 1911, v. 13: 195-205.

LHl.C7&2,~.13 Education

Baldwin, E. G. Bryson library of Teachers College, Columbia university. Columbia university quarterly, Mar. 1911, v. 13: 205- 211. LHl.C7Q2,v.13

Beeger, Julius Die padagogischen Biblio- thelren, Schulmuaeen und standigen Lehr- rnittelausstellungen der Welt, mi t besond- erer Berucltsightigung der Padagogischen Centralbibliothek (C'omenius-Stiftung) zu Leipzig. Leipzig, Zangenberg & Himly, 1892. 84 p. Z675.P3B4

Hall, C. Stanley. Central pedagogical libra- ry and museum for Massachusetts. Peda- gogical seminary, Dec. 1905, v. 12: 464- 470. Lll.P4,v.12

Johnston. William D. Library of the U b reau oi education in its relation to other pedagogical collections. American libra- ry asosciation. Bulletin, Sept. 1908, v. 2: 338-341. ZG73.A5B,va2 Educational review, Dec. 1908, v. 36: 452- 457. Lll.E5,v.36

Scott, C. A. Suggestions on forming a pro- fessional library for teachers. Library journal, Apr. 1906; v. 31: 168-169.

Z671.L7,v.31 Engineering

American society of civil engineers, New York. Library. Catalogue of the Library. June, 1900. New Yorlr. The Society. r19001. 703 i. z k 5 4 , ~ k

The house of the Society, 220 West 57th Slreet, New York City. [New Yorlc, 19031 21: 1.

Iilcludes a descriijtion of the librarv and readmg room. T ~ I .AG

[Engineering hbrary in New Yorlr City.1 Engineering news, Dec. 9, 1909, v. 62: 644:

TAl.EG,v.G2 Facilities for malting researches a t the New

Yorlr engineering libraries. Engineering news, Dec. 23, 1909, v. 62: 709.

TAl.EG,v.62 Hunt, Charles W. Historical sketch of the

American society of civil engineers. New Yorlr, [American society of civil ongi- neersl, 2897. 90 p. 13A1.A53

Library: 11. 61. Hutton, F. R. A classiflcation and catalogue

system for an ellgineering library. ( In Aniericau society of mechanical engi- neers. Transactions, 1895-96. New Yorlr, 1896, V. 17, p. 422-438.

Discussion: g. 439-449. D~scusses the system of the library of the American sociaty of mechanical en- gineers. TJ1.97.v.17

, &,siract in Engineering news, May 28, 1896, v. 36: 348. TAl.EG,v.35

Institution oe civil enixlneers. (In its p r o c e e d i n g s , 1910.11, London, 1911. v. 186, pt. 41 P. 330-331.)

TAl.IG,v.18G,~t.4 The l i b r a r y oe the American instilute.. of

mining e n g i n e e r a . Enghleering and min- ing j ou rna l , J u l y 23, 1910, V, 90: 152,

TAl.EGG,v.90 [Library of t h o Canadfun society of civil

Cnnnclian engi~loor, Jan. 19, 1911, v, 20: 1821 TAl.CZ,v.20

The need o f e n g i n 0 e l ' h g libraries. Ihglneer- ing n e w s , NOV. 23, 1911, V. 66: 631-632.

TAl.EG,v.GG [Proposed r e f e r e n c e librnry on municlpnl

gove rnmen t and engineering, Tthncn, New York.] Z n g i n e e r i n g news, Feb. 10, 1808, v. 39: 96. TAl.EG,v.39

A publio s e r v i c e commission's librnry, [New Yorlr c o r n m i s s i o ~ i . I Engineering rccord, June 11, 1810, V. 03: 749-750. TAi.lZC2,v.Ol

A useful glft. IFnt ld oC $G,000 to establish a m i n i n g nnd inetnllurgicnl library at San Francisco. I ICngineering nnd mining journal, Ayr. '13, 1905, v, 79: 714,

TAl,EGG,v.79 Whitten, R. H. Tho libmry of the Now

Yorlr public 50Wicu commission. Spocial libraries, Mnr. 1910, v. 1 : 18-20.

%G71.S71,v.l B i n ~ n c e

Amerioan banlicl's' asaociniion. Report of the Library and refcrence dopnrl~nent, New Yor l r city, by Marion R. Qlann, 11- brarian, 1012.

The c o l l a c t i o n numbered allout 1500 vo lumes in Sopt. 1912. I1 conslsts rhlef- ly of r e l m r t s of 1110 Amel-icnn Iiaukcrs' a s soc in t i on , ~ n c l of the slate assoclatlon, s t a t e bank rellol-Is, ~ovornlnonl docu- men t s , ~ n n t l a i n l l)orlodict~le nnd general reference books.

Industrial nnd Oommercial

Abbott, E. T h o Slwlbiibor llbrnry and its work. P u b l i c librnl'ics, Doc. 1910, v. 16: 416-418. ZG71.1J97,v.16 Special Hbl~~rics, Nov, 1910, v, I : CiO-G&

"The Stuclbnlcer libmm~y is the out- g r o w t h oi' n tlaslro l o dcvelo]) lhe use- fu l l l eas ant1 talolus and slcill of ~ h b S t u d b a k e r cmgloyces."

ZG7 1.S71,v.l Babcook, L. E. T h e refo~~encc Iibl-avy in n

manufacturing l~lant . Spccinl lil)r&rios, Feb. 1911, v. 2: 13-15. %G71.S71,v.2

The c l a se i f~c r t t i on of mttlerit~l in tlm Stone and Webster llbrnry. IBngineering record, AuL. 26, 193 1, v. 64: 219. TA1.NG2.v.64

A general c i r cu ln l i ng librnry in a I'actory. Special l i b r a r i e s , l%b. 1911, v. 2: ILlG.

" T h e ?:~atiotlnl cnal~ rcglste~. c o m ~ m y ' s l i b r a ry . %F71.S?l,v.2

174 SPECIAL LIBRARIES

Lee, George W. The library and i t s facili- ties. Public service journal, July, 1911, no. 9: 41-48. TK1,Sbno.g

"Same reprinted a s a pamphlet, 1911 Stone and Webster, 147 Milk Street, Boston." "An account of the work of the library of Stone and Webster; supplementing 'The library and the business man,' a pamphlet published in 1907."

The library and the business man. [Doston, Stone & Webster, 1907.1 64 1).

An account of the work of t h e technical library of Stone & Webster. 2711.L45

The library system of Stone and Webster. Engineering record, Aug. 24, 1907.

"A paper describing the library system of a firm having general control of some thlrty public service corporations of the country. The library is a t the service of them all, though particularly lor the headqual-ters i n Boston."

TAl.EG2 1907 - , The library of Stone and Webster, Boston. Special libraries, June , 1910, v 1: 44-47 ZG71.Si'l,v.l

Marion, G. E. The library a s an adjunct to industrial laboratories. Library journal, s e ~ t . 1910. v. 35. 400-404 . -

%G71.L7,v.35 Morton, 3'. N. Indesing and abslractiiig for

the benefit of emgloyes. Special libr&es, Feb. 1911, v. 2: 16-18. %Gil.S71,v.2

-- Technical literature abstracts ~ i l d information work in the l ibrary of the rnited gas improvement. F3ngineering record, Sept. 30, 1911. v. 64: 398.

TAl.E62,v.G4 Excerpts. Special libraries, Se l~ t . 1911. v 2: 68-69, Z G I ~ . S ~ I , V . ~

Newark's bureau of statistical information. City hall, Sept. 1908, v. 10: 82-83.

JS39.C6 1908,v.lO A notable library of trade ~ubl ica t ions . En-

gineering news, Jan. 19, 1911, v. 65; sup- plement: 1.

Maintained as a n adjunct of the Com- mercial buseau company, i n t he Hudson terminal building, N. Y. TA1 EG,v65

Office library and research or statistical bn- reau. Library journal, Oct. 1911, v. 36: 512-513. ZG71.L7,~.36

Philadelphia commercial museum. The Philadelphia cominercial mnseunl. Wha t it is and what i t does Philadelphia, 1902. G2 1,. HFGl.P5

Wheeler, J. L. Industrial libraries. Sge- cia1 libraries, Feb. 1911, v. 2: 10-12.

ZG71.S71 ,v.2 Wilson, James G The memorial history of

the city of New Yorlr, from i ts first set- tlement to the year 1892. New Yosk, New Yorlr hlstory co., 1892-93. 4 v.

"The mercantile library": v, 4, p. 99- 102. F128 3,W74

Insurance

Dana, John C. The making of an insurance library. Independent, Dec. 30, 1909, v. 67: 1523. AP2.IS3,v.67 Library journal, Feb. 1910, v. 35: 61-62.

ZG71 L7,~.35 Handy, D. N. Insurance library nt Boston.

Special libraries, Apr. 2911, v. 2: 34-36. ZG71.S71.v.2

Insurance llbrary association of Boston. A catalogue library. . . .to which is added a sketch of the history and work of the as- sociation.. .camp, and arranged by Henry E. Hess. [Boston, F. Woodl, 1899.

Z7164.1716

Labor and Social Science

Fischer, B. Die Entwicltlung der Zentral- Arbeiter-Biblithek in Harburg a E. Bi- bliothelcar, May, 1909, v. 1: 13-14.

Parson, A. B. Randall library of social sci- .ence. Charities, J ~ m e (i, 1903, v. 10: 549- 550 HVl.C4,~.10

Sozialdemokratischer Verein, Leipzig. Bi- bliotlielc. Zehn Jahre Ribliotheltarbeit; Geschichte einer Arbeiter-Bibliolhek, ein Wegweiser fur Bibliotl~olrverwalt~~ngen. Lellnig, Leipziger Buchdruclrerei Alrtien- gesellschr2ft, 1908. 39 11. ZSO2.L5G

Law

American law libraries. Law times, Oct. 17, 1908. v 125: 574.

Gilbert, F. B. The law library. T~aw libra- ry journal, Jan. 1908, v. 1 : G-10. -- Special functions of a law library. American library association. Bulletin,

Jnly, 1906, v. 1: 92-96. ZG73.A5B,v.l Lester, Clarence B Legdat ive reference

work and the law library Law library journal, Oct. 1908, v. 1 . 45-50.

A library of comparative law Law jour- nal, .A i r . 25, 1908, v. 43: 256-257

Sage, L. H. The arrangement of law boolrs. American library association. Rnlletin, Sept. 1908, v. 2: 296-298. 2673 A5B,v.2

Wire, G, E. Subject classiflcation of test- books i n law libraries. A'merican library association. Bulletin, July, 1907, v. 1: 258-260. ZF73.ASB,v.l

Legislative Reference

Baltimore. Dept. of leglslatlve reference. ~ n n u a l . report. Baltimore, 1908-(late.

JIG?430.h'I3 Round table, Feb. 26, 1907. 43 13.

Rcmarlrs of Theodore Marburg, Horace E. Flaclr, I r a Remson, Westel 1'7. Wil- loughby and Jacob 13. Hollander, on the new Department of legislative refer- ence. JS5SO 1907 D4

Baltimore's new reference del~artment. Pub- lic service, Sept. 1907. HD4421 PS 1907

Baxter, R. M. The legislative reference li- brary. Arena, June, 1908, v. 39: 674-681.

AP2 A6,v.39

SPECIAL LIBRARIES

Brindley, John E. Legislative reference movement. Iowa journal of history and politics, Jan. 1909, v. 7: 132-141.

FGlG.I5,v.7 Brigham, J. Legislative reference work

without an appropriation. American li- brary association. Bulletin, .Tuly, 1907, v. 1: 200-212. Z673.A5B,v.l

Bruncken, Ernest. Defective methods of legislation. American political science re- view, May, 1909. JA1.AG 1909 ---- The legislative reference bureau.

*Sews and notes of California libraries, Fell 1907, v. 2: 96-105.

:ampbell, Robert A. Legislative and mnni- cipal reference department. *News ancl notes of California libraries, Oct. 1910.

Cleland, E. Indiana leg~slative reference de- partmen t. Spec~al libraries, Oct. 191 0, v. 1 : 58-60.

"Bibliogral~hy of leglslntive reference work": 11 60. Z671.571,v.l

Commons, John R. One way to get sane legislation. American review of reviews, L)ec 1905, v. 32 722-723. AP2.R4 1905

Crist, 111. H, Need of a legislative refer- ence department for the members of the [Ohio 1 general assembly. (In Ohio. State library. Sixty-fourth an- nual report, 1909. Springfield, 1910. p. 13-15,)

I)iscussion bv C. B. Galbreath ancl John -- ~ -

A L ~ ~ I B : 11.-18-27 Bibliography: 11. 24. Z783.037,1903

The danger in the movement for the es- tablishment of legislative and municipal reference departments. Special libraries, Apr. 1911, v. 2: 33. 2671 S71,v.2

Darlow, G. The munic i~a l section of a ~ u b - lic library. Public libraries, Jan. 1908, v. 13: 4-6. ZG71.P97,~.13

Dudaeon, M. S. The Wisconsin le~islat ive li6rary Yale review, Nov. 1907; v. 1 G : 288-295 I-11.Y2,v.lG

Establishment in Indiana [Legislative ref- ercnce delx~rtment]. Indiana state libra- ry. Bulletin, June, 1906, no. 14: 1-2.

Z681.139B,no.14 Fisher, E. A. Legislative reference. Amer-

ican political science review, May, 1909, v. 3. 223-226. .TAl.A(i,v.3

Flack, Horace E. The Department of lcgis- lative reference i n Baltimore, Municipal engineering, Sept. 1908. TDLM9 1903

Mumcipal reference libraries. Pittsburgh, (In National municipal league. Proceedings, 1908. [Philadelphia, 1908.1 1) 308-316.) JS302.N48,1908

Municipal reference libraries. ( In National municipal league. Proceed- ings, Bnffalo, 1910. p. 452-459.)

Bibliography: p. 457-459 JS302.NA8 1910

Black, Horace E. Municipal refereuce li- brarles and archives. Library journal, Feb. 1912, v. 37: S7-88. Z671.L7,v.37 -- M'1unlcil1al refei-ence libraries. A

~reventive for repeating mistakes in mu nicipal government and work-what some cities have done. Municipal journal and engineer, Jan. 18, 1911, V. 30: 82-84 TDl.M95,~.30

Present stetus of municipal refer- ence work. Spccial libraries, Dec. 1911, v. 2 . 110-112. Z671.S71,v.%

A good check for the riot of legislation. 1 Leglslntive reference department]. World's work, Nov. 1905, v. 11. 6812-6813.

AP2.W8,v.ll Hadley, C. Municipal i'eference work. Pub-

lic libraries, June, 1907, v 1 2 : 232-234. ZG71.P97,v.12

Ideal state Ilbrary in nn ideal location. Li- brary journal, Sept. 1905, v. 30: C248- C-25J. Z671,L7,~.30

Kaiser, .Joh~l U. Municii~al reference libra- ries. Natlon, Fcb. 1, 1912, v. 94: 109.

AP2.K2,v.94 King, J . E. Province of the state library

when restr~cted to the service ot the leg- islature. American library association. Bulletin. Sent. 1909. v. 3 : 292-294. . .

ZG73.A5B,v.3 Lapp, John A. Legislative reference depart-

;lent. *Public offic~als magaeme, J L I ~ ~ , 1910.

Legislative clearing-house Nation, Dec 14, 1905, v. 81; 478. AP2.N2,v.81

Legielative reference bureau: symposium. Cily club of Chicago. City club bulletin, Dec. 9, 1908, v. 2: 195-206. JS701.C57,v.2

Legislative reference work and the report- ing of le~islation: discussion. American 1iGary a&ociation. Bulletin, Sept. 1910, V. 4: 703-713. ZG73A5I3,v.C

Leaislative reference work in Wisconsin. f ~ o r l d ' s work, May, 1909, v. 16: 31539.

AP2.W8,v.18 Lester. C. B. Legislative reference Indi-

ana'stnte librarf Bulletin, Oct. 1906, no. 17. 1-2'. ZS81.I38B,no 17

McCarthy, Charles. Federal legislative ref- erence clegartment. Survey, May 18, 1912, v. 28: 298. HVl.C&v.28

MacGregor, Ford 13. The municipal refer- ence bureau of Wisconsin. Amer~can city, Feb. 1910, v. 2: 65-68. FIT

Merriam, Charles E., and Milton J. Foreman. Pro~osed department of information and aublicitv. Citv club of Chicago. City club

Minnesota tax commission library. Special librarlcs, May, 1911, v. 2: 41-43.

Z671.S71,v.2 Mowry, Don E. MunicipaI reference libra-

ries, City hall, Oct. 1908, v. 10. 131-133. JS39.CG,v.l0

SPECIAL LIBIZARIES

Reference libraries i n c i t i e s i ~ a l t i - more as a type. Public libraries, Dec. 1907, v. 1 2 : 387-389. Z671.P97,v.12

Municipal reference bureau. *American mu- nicipalities, Apr. 1907.

Municipal reference libraries. Afunicipal journal and engineer, Nov. 13, 1907, v. 23: 558. TDl.M95,v.23

Municipal reference libraries. Survey, Sept. 23, 1911, v. 26: 872-873. Public libraries, Nov. 1911, v. 1G: 377-378. IIVl.C4,v.26

2671 P97,v.M Bunicipal reference library i n Rlilwaukoe.

Milwaukee sentinel, Dec. 14, 1907. HF3163.MGMG

Wisconsin library bulletin, Jan . 190Y, v. 4: 18. Z732'.W8WG,v.4

A national museum of comgarative legisla- tion. Social service, Oct. 1906.

FIhT51.SG 1906 Ofiicial legislative adviser i n Wisconsin.

0utlook; Feb. 38, 1906, v. 79: 415-416. AP2.OS,v.79

Ranck, S. H. Municipal legislative refer- ence libraries: should they be established and maintained as a part ot t he public 11- brary of a city, or a s an independent de- partment or organization? Library jonr- nal. AUR. 1909. v 34: 345-350. . -

ZG71.L7,v.34 Rex, FrederbicK. The munici l~al library.

ducatio ion, hi-monthly, Apr.- 1910, v. 4 : 286-289.

Robinson, L. N. German Stadtetag. Amer- ican academy of political a n d social sci- ence, Annals, May, 1908, v. 31: 704-706.

Descrfbes a special libray dealing with city affairs, established i n Berlin, 1906.

Hl.A4,v.31 Sohaffner, Margaret Wisconsin legislative

reference library. Iowa journal of history and politics, July, 1906, v. 4; 475-479.

FGlG.I5,v.4 Sheldon, Addison E. Legislative reference

deparlment *Nebraska library. Bulletin Nov. 1906, no. 3.

Snodgrass, Robert. "Legislative assistance" or, "Some asl~ects of reform in leglsla- tion." ( In Pennsylvania bar association. Report. 1908. Philadelphia, 1908. p. 3-29.)

Discusses the value of legislative refer- ence bureaus.

Southern, J W. Municipal libraries and their development. Library association record, Oct. 1899, v. 1: 607-618.

2671.L693,v.l Stimson, F. J. Legislative reference of the

future. American library association. Bul- letin, Sept. 1909, v. 3: 301-308.

2673.A5B,v.3 Taggart, Frederick J. The value of muni-

cipal libraries. California municipalities, Mar 1900, v. 2: 52-53.

Discussion: p. 53-54. JS39.P3,v.2

Talbot, Charles 8. The function of a muni- cipal reference department. City hall, 1912, v. 22: 184-187. JS39.CG,v.22

Thwaites, R. R. Relations between state and municipal libraries. American library association. Bulletin, Sept. 1908, v. 2: 285-290. Z673.A5B,v.2

Tolman, F. L Reference problem of the state library. American library associa- tion. Bulletin, Sept. 1908, v. 2: 334-338.

ZG73.A5B,v.2 KJ. 5. Congress. House. Committee on the

Library. Congressional reference bureau. Hearings . .on various bills p ro~os ing the establishment of a Congressional reference bureau. Feb. 26 and 27, 1912. Washing- ton, Govt. print. off., 1912. 114 11.

8733.U575 1912 U. S. 1,ibrary of Congress. Leg~slative ref-

erence bureaus. Letter from the libra- rian of Congress transmitting special re- port relative to legislative reference bu- reaus. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1911.1 36 p. (62d Cong. 1st sess. Sen- ate. Doc. 7.) 2733 U57S 1911.

Reprinted i n Library of Congress. An- nual report, 1911. Washington, 1911. p. 183-237.) Z733.US7A 1911

Wallis, M. S. The library side of the De- partment of legislative reference, Balti- more. Special libraries, Dec. 1910, v. 1: 73-75. ZG71S71,v.l

Washington (State) State library. Legisla- tive reference department. (In its Ninth bienniel report, 1906. Olympia, 1907 p. 29-31.) Z733.W45,1906

Whitten, R. H. Proposed library of muni- cipal affairs and city department libraries. Library journal, June, 1908, v. 33. 224- 226. Z671.L7,va33

Special libraries. Library journal, Jan. 1906, v. 31: 12-14. ZG71.L7,v.31

Why special libraries? Public libraries, June, 1910, v. 16: 238. Z671.P97,v.l5

Wisconsin's legislative reference depart- ~nent . Library journal, Sept. 1905, v. 30: C-242-246. ZG71.L7,~.30 Wisconsin library bulletin, July, 19OG, v. 2: 53-56. 2732. W8WG,v.2

Woodruff, Clinton R. Improvement of legis- lation through co-operation, and trained exl~erts. *Living church, Feb 6, 1909.

Legislative reference work and its opportunities. American library associa tion. Bulletin, Sept. 1908, v. 2. 2'78-283.

Z673.Ai5B.v.2 Excerpts, Public libraries, Oct. 1908, v. 13: 300-303. Z671.P97,~.13 v Sources of municipal material with

reference to a clearing-house of informa- tion. Special libraries, Dec. 1911, v. 2: 112-114. Z671.871,~ 2

*Not i n Library of Congress