speaking in the light of writing
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SPEECH ACT THEORY
SPEECH ACT: An action performed via an utterence.It refers to the speaker’s communicative
intention in producing an utterance.
SPEECH EVENT:The circumstances surrounding the
utterance.
Speech Act
Consists of 3 related acts:LOCUTIONARY ACT: a meaningful linguistic
expressionILLOCUTIONARY ACT: the communicative
force of the utterancePERLOCUTIONARY ACT: the intended effect
of the utterance
Air Conditioner whether to turn the air conditioner up/down Alone on the streets ‘could you help me with something?
Speaker Lack of target linguistic
knowledgeLack of background
knowledgeNot shared sociocultural
rules of appropiacy
Intended Message Communicationunder
Three Conditions
Linguistic FormPhysical Context
Sociocultural Norms
COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE – Paul Grice The Gricean Maxims
Maxim of Quantity
Maxim of Quality
Maxim of Relevance
Maxim of Manner
Maxim of Quantity
Make your contribution as informative as required.
Don’t say too much or too little
Maxim of Quality:
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
Reciprocity
Speech is on-line and reciprocal in natureOngoing negotiation of meaningCo-constructionThey share time and space
Speech features
A:How you doing brah? B: Doing good dog!
Ellipsis of subjects, predicates and auxiliaries
Well, you know Jane, I don’t waste money on such useless products
you know what I’m saying, you lil’ chap…
Tails for extension
PRAGMATICSMeaning is not constructed from the formal language of the message alone.
Communicating the appropiate language function is more important.
PRAGMATIC INTERPRETATION
Interpretation of what people mean in a particular context.
Interpretation of how the context influences what is said.
Consideration of how speakers organize what they want to say.
FACTORS IN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP
Role: Temporary interactional stance, varying relative to other individuals.
KNOWLEDGE OF THESE THREE PARAMETERS AFFECTS OUR
INTERPRETATION OF WHAT IS SAID, AND WE SHOULD MAKE
THAT CLEAR TO OUR STUDENTS
REGISTER
Casual register: in familiar contexts.
Formal register: in everyday situations with interactants that the speaker does not know well.
POLITENESS
Example:“Excuse me, Mr Buckingham, but can I talk to you for a minute?” (talking to a teacher)
“Hey, Bucky, got a minute?” (talking to a friend)
COMPENSATORY STRATEGIES
Communication strategies that can facilitate and make adjustment in incomplete or failing interactions.
Samples of compensatory strategies: paraphrasing, appealing for help, using examples or explanations, circumlocution.