Spanish Rule of the New World

King claimed absolute power• Council of Indies- officials made laws for

new lands– Laws made in Spain and sent to 2 capitals

• Mexico City (Tenochtitlan) and Lima, Peru

– Goal: Profit for the crown

• Viceroy (royal agent)- mattered little to natives– Mexico City- ruled Spain’s land in N. America– Lima- ruled Spain’s land in S. America

The Officials• No American-born could hold high office• Spanish born planned to return to Spain• Conquistadors- those who seized native

land– Search for God, glory, gold– Many willing to take chances- no middle class

• Goal: Gain money for themselves and crown

Encomiendas• Masters of land, granted by viceroy• Grants encouraged settlement• Usually second son of nobility• Natives could be forced to work as

slaves (for a certain amount of time)• Replaced by Haciendas

Class Structure of New World• Europeans (stay was temporary)

–Wives returned to Spain for childbirth

• Creoles (Europeans who live, stay and marry only Europeans)

• Mestizo and Mulattos (mixed race)• Indians

“Black Legend”• Spain destroys indigenous

people• 7 million reduced to 1 million

–Disease, war, slavery

What was taken?• 750,000 pounds of gold • 16,000 tons of silver• 1/5 – 1/3 went to Spanish king• **Spain’s importance in Europe

grew**• Inflation- value of money decreases

Nature of the Rule of Philip II

Philip II background• 16th century (1556-1598)• Trade and Expansion• Champion of Catholicism• Charles V gives Spain to son

Religion and Philip II• Spain strongest supporter of

Catholicism• Enemy of Protestants (Ottomans, Dutch,

English)• Hundred Years War- France and Spain

sign treaty ending (religious) conflict over Italy

The Battle of Lepanto• Philip organized united force of Spanish,

Genovese, and Venetians to fight Turks– Pope had urged action

• Turkish naval force defeated at Lepanto, October 1571

• Last great Spanish naval victory• Turkish power in Mediterranean

weakened

Philip’s Empire • Spain• Duchy of Milan• Kingdom of Naples• Netherlands• Portugal (land seized when king dies

without heir)– Portuguese land in Africa, India, East

Indies

Wealth and Power Grow• Military expanded

–Late 1500’s- strongest and largest military in Europe

• Escorial- became center of Spanish empire–Functions- palace and monastery–Massive fort, castle, conservative,

power

Hardworking King• Demanded report from advisors• Agonized over decisions- slowed

empire down• Allowed no help (suspicious)• Rivalry with England- seadogs,

religion

Spanish Golden Age• El Greco- religious and dramatic art

– ***demonstrated strength of Spanish Catholicism

• Velazquez- artist– Themes showed pride in royal family

• Cervantes- writer– Satires of Middle Ages

Describe the Conflict between England and

Spain

The Beginning…• Philip II supported Mary Queen of

Scots (also a Catholic) • Upon Mary’s death relations

between Spain and England began to decline

Mary Queen of

Scots

1558 Elizabeth becomes Queen• Elizabeth (Protestant) • Spain worried about power of Catholic

France• Philip hoped to marry Elizabeth (brother-

in-law)• Elizabeth delayed possibility of marriage

to gain diplomatic advantages– She had no intention of marrying him

Elizabeth I

Sea Dogs• Elizabeth encourages Sea Dogs to raid

Spanish treasure fleets coming from Americas

• Most famous- Sir Francis Drake – 1st to sail around world since Magellan– Most popular common man

Defeat of Spanish Armada• Philip orders fleet to attack England• Causes: Spain angered

– Drake knighted– English helped Dutch Protestants revolt

against them– Order to execute Mary

• Philip gathers largest attack force- Invincible Armada

The Plan• Attack ship carrying troops returning

from Netherlands • Then move to invade England• July 29, 1588 Spanish Armada sighted

off English coast – England leaves to meet them

The Spanish Armada

The Strategies• Spain- tight formation, closer range

battle– Short range canons

• England- knew of Spain’s tactics – Fast moving ships– Long range canons

• After 2 weeks- indecisive battles, Spain kept moving up English coast

The Battle Continues… • English send 8 unmanned fire ships

– Spanish panicked and headed toward open water breaking formation

– England moved in on disorganized Spanish (15 captured)

– Storm hits- Spanish commander abandons mission

– 67 of 130 ships return to Spain

Significance of Defeat• Decline of Spain’s political power• Europe saw battle as Catholics v.

Protestants– Catholic Reformation suffers set back

• England’s power increased– Free to develop overseas empire– Elizabethan Age began

Describe the Conflict between the

Dutch and Spain

1500’s Dutch were enemies of Spain

Spain- • Catholic• feudal system• guilds for

protection

Netherlands- • Protestant• little feudal

influence• starting new ways

of running a business

Netherlands given to Philip • 1559 Philip sends sister Margaret to

govern• Goals:

–Raise taxes–Stamp out Protestantism

• Results: Dutch are angered–Nationalism, religion, money

1566 Dutch Sea Beggars attack Catholic Church

• Spanish Response:–20,000 soldiers sent in –Heretics killed (1568- 1,500 in one day)–Stamp out Protestantism–1568-1578 war broke out between

Protestant Dutch and Catholic Spaniards

Prince William of Orange • (“the Silent”) led Dutch• Political not religious

– William raised as Catholic

• Initially unsuccessful • Desperation= low countries (below sea

level)– Dikes/floodgates opened (repeated)

The End…• 1579 Dutch gain ground• 1581 United Provinces of Netherlands

becomes independent–William wanted state of religious

tolerance• South Netherlands remains Catholic

under Spanish control• 1600’s- only European country that

accepted all religions (Jews move in)

Economic Development of the

Dutch

United Province of Netherlands

• Republic• Governors elected for each province

whose power depended on merchants, landowners

• States General- delegates from 7 provinces

Dutch lead Development of Capitalism

• Capital invested in business ventures• Goal: pay costs and make profit to

reinvest• Chance for profit- economy boomed

1660’s• Money not spent on luxury (led strict

lifestyle)

Dutch Trade• Bought surplus grain in Poland

–Sold in S. Europe after poor harvest

• Scandinavian lumber sold in Europe• 10,000 ships by 1600

–Shipped for other countries–Trade not war ships

Banking System• Dutch replaced Italians as bankers of

Europe– Atlantic trade replaced Mediterranean

trade

• Other countries/princes turned to Dutch for money – Dutch earned interest

Dutch East Indies Co. 1602• Spices most prized items from Asia

– Competitor = Portugal

• Firm amassed fleet superior to Portugal• Profit reinvested in more trading ventures

– Any Dutch citizen could by shares

• Other nations soon followed (France, Britain)• Commercial Revolution-organized trade

– Beginning of Capitalism