Spain (Andalusia)

(712-1492)

Spain( Andalusia), a peninsula is bound to west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east by

Mediterranean

In the 5th Century, Visigoths conquered Spain and established Kingdom with Toledo as Capital

In the year 711, an oppressed Christian chief, Julian, went to

Musa Ibn Nusair, the governor of North Africa, with a plea for

help against the tyrannical Visigoth ruler of Spain, Roderick

Musa responded by sending young general Tariq bin Ziyad

with an army of 7000 troops. The name Gibraltar is derived from

Jabal At-Tariq which is Arabic for 'Rock of Tariq' named after the

place where the Muslim army landed

Tariq Bin Ziyad defeated the Visigoth Army

King Roderick was killed in battle

Andalusia, during Muslim rule became

“The Crown Jewel of Muslim Civilization”

because of its splendid Culture & Heritage

Under ’Abd al Rahman II (822-852)

30 million Andalusia population lived in hundreds of cities

It was the largest

city in the West, with

130,000 households

within its walls

Capital City Cordoba in 10th Century

10th Century city of Cordoba had 60,00 Palaces

Palace in Cordoba

Al-Hambra Palace

10th century Cordoba had 3,000 Mosques

including baths, villas & splendid gardens

10th Century Cordoba had 70 libraries

largest of which had up to 600,000 books

By 1100, the number of Muslims rose to 5.6 million

There existed in Cordoba alone, 200,000 houses, 900 publicbaths, 10,000 lamps, 50 hospitals, lighted and paved streets

Granada, 2nd Largest City of Muslim Spain

First Bronze Lamp Made in Granada

Now it is at the National Archaeological Museum of Spain

(Madrid)

Muslims build an urban-based society which became a thriving center of industry, agriculture,

Trade & Science

Muslim Spain produced

great Philosophers, Physicians, Scientists, Judges & Artists

Islamic Architecture in Spain It is elaborate and decorative with intricate designs. Stone, and

stucco, plaster for coating exterior walls, were widely favored

The Great Mosque of Cordoba (784-987)

Cordoba Mosque was the most magnificent of the more than 1,000 mosques in the city and was at one time the

second largest mosque in the Muslim world

Cordoba Mosque is most notable for its giant arches, with over 1,000 columns of

jasper, onyx, marble, and granite

The mihrab of the

Mosque of Cordoba, a

niche in the wall

indicating the direction

of the Kaaba, was

reportedly decorated

with 320 bags of

mosaic cubes with

corinthean and ionic

pillars.

Medina-al-ZaharaA city built by Abd-ur-Rahman-III (891-961). It flourished for nearly 80 years

The construction work in Medina al-Zahra

proceeded apace, especially since Abd al-

Rahman 111 invested a third of all state

revenues in it

The construction work in Medina al-Zahra took 40 years

25 years under Abd al-Rahman Ill's rule (from the founding of the palace city in

936 to his death in 961), and 15 years under al-Hakam 11 (961— 976)

Alhambra PalaceThe brightest piece memory of Muslim Andalusia

Alhambra is a reflection of the culture of the last days

of the Nasrid emirate of Granada (1238-1492)

INSIDE AND AROUND THE ALHAMBRA ARE INSCRIPTIONS

of Arabic writing “Wa la Ghalib illa Allah”

(there is no Conqueror (victor) except Allah)

Inside the palace is decorated with beautiful fountains, exquisitely decorated halls and courts,

and delicate designs using Arabic calligraphy and colored tiles

The splendors of the

Alhambra and its

gardens have inspired

many musicians, artists,

and authors.

Washington Irving, who

took up residence in

Alhambra and wrote

Tales of the Alhambra.

POTTERYHispano-Moresque ware was a style of Islamic pottery

created in Islamic Spain

EDUCATION

Abd al Rahman I started to

build great mosque in 785,

with immense public-works

project, and established the

religious and educational

centers in Cordoba

This project was enlarged and

extended by his successors

Abd al Rahman II and Abd al

Rahman III, and completed by

Al-Hakem II

In the Ninth-Tenth

centuries, the mosque

schools evolved into

universities.

In the Tenth and

Eleventh centuries, the

madrasah, a state-

sponsored educational

institution, appeared in

Andalusia.

Hakem II build 27

elementary schools in

Cordoba for children of

poor families.

One chronicler reports

that in Cordoba alone,

there were 800 schools

The German philologist Gustav Diercks remarked

―there were even in the smallest villages,

public schools and schools for the poor in

such numbers, that one has good reason

to assume that under Hakem II (916-976)

at least in the province of Cordoba,

no one was ignorant of reading and writing‖

Andalusia build an Advanced Agricultural Sector

The introduction of new crops and advance farming methods transformed Andalusia into a

major agriculture exporter

New Crops were Introduced by Muslims in Spain e.g. Dates & Pomegranate

The Textile Industry in Cordobaproduced cotton, linen, wool, and silk

Three-course Meals, was Introduced in the Medieval Islamic Spain

by Prominent Nutritionist Abul Hasan Ziryab,

who Insisted that meals should be served in three separate courses

consisting of soup, the main course, and Dessert

As a result of the improved

agriculture and cuisine,

the average life expectancy

in Islamic Spain increased

to 69–75 years by the 11th century

Networks developed

during this time enabled

a world in which money

could be promised by a

Bank in Baghdad ….

… and cashed in Spain, creating the Cheque’sSystem of today

Economics

Science & Technology in Andalucía

The 1st Windmill was built during Hazrat Umar (RA)

and introduced to Europe through Spain

Water Raising Wheels for Agriculture

Abbas Ibn Firnas (Berber, 810–887 A.D)

The 1st man who tried to fly through scientific way

Re-conquest of Andalusia by Christians

Cities started to fell to

Christians:

- Barbastro and Coimbra

in 1063–1064

- Coria in 1079

- Toledo in 1085

Almoravid Dynasty (1085-1145)

In 1086, Almoravid army under

Yousaf bin Tashfin crossed the

Straits of Gibraltar and

defeated the Christians in the

battle of Zallaqa, but unable to

retain most of the territory.

In the third decade of the

twelfth century, political and

religious movements had

begun in several towns, that

shake Almoravid rule in al-

Andalus

Almohad Dynasty (1147-1269)

Almohad movement

started in the south of

Morocco in the first

decades of the twelfth

century, and dominate

the whole of the

Maghreb (Morocco,

Algeria, Tunisia) and al-

Andalus.

Almohads suffered a

major defeat in the

battle of Las Navas de

Tolosa in the year 1212

Silves was conquered in

1190, Cordova in 1236,

Valencia in 1238,

Murcia in 1243, and

Seville in 1248 by

Christians

Nasrid kingdom of Granda (1238-1492)

From the middle of the

thirteenth century until 1492,

the Nasrid kingdom of Granada

managed to survive by taking

advantage of the internal

dissensions both among the

Christian kingdoms and those

Muslim states that had been

created in North Africa after the

demise of the Almohad empire

End of Muslims’ Rule in Spain

In 1492 political

unity achieved by

Isabel of Castille and

Fernando de Aragón

signaled the end of

the small Muslim

kingdom of Granada

After the exile of Moors, Allama Iqbal had the distinction

of being the first Muslim to offer pray and also give

Azzan their at the mosque of Cordoba in 1931

That visit had made him

emotional and he

composed the famous

poem Masjid-e-Qartaba in

which he spoke of the

glorious history of Islamic

conquests and the spread

of Islamic civilization