south africa inhalt - bund
TRANSCRIPT
South_Africa_Inhalt.indd34
Impressum
,
Tel.: +27 12 841 1101 Fax: +27 86 679 8334
BGR:
CGS:
Berlin, 2017
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa Part 3: Manganese, Vanadium, Zinc
Published jointly by the German Mineral Resources Agency (DERA) in the BGR and the Council for Geoscience, South Africa (CGS)
3Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
Foreword
Content
2 Manganese 12 (I. Osbahr, K. Kärner)
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 6
3 Vanadium 37 (H. Marbler, R. Opperman)
4 Zinc 57 (R. Opperman, H. Marbler, I. Osbahr)
Acknowledgements 69
Figures
Fig. 2.2: Fig. 2.3:
Fig. 2.4: Fig. 2.5: Fig. 2.6: Fig. 2.7: Fig. 2.8: Fig. 2.9: Fig. 2.10: Fig. 2.11: Fig. 2.12: Fig. 2.13: Fig. 2.14:
Fig. 3.1:
Fig. 3.5: (V
Fig. 3.10:
Fig. 3.17: Fig. 3.18:
Fig. 4.1:
Tables
Tab. 2.1: Tab. 2.2: Tab. 2.3:
Tab. 2.4: Tab. 2.5: Tab. 2.6: Tab. 2.7: Tab. 2.8: Tab. 2.9: Tab. 2.10:
Tab. 2.11: Tab. 2.12: Tab. 2.13:
Tab. 2.14: Tab. 2.15: Tab. 3.1: Tab. 3.2: Tab. 3.3: Tab. 4.1: Tab. 4.2: Tab. 4.3:
9Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
1 Introduction
(A. O. Kenan, R. Opperman)
- -
-
regulations on prospecting and mining projects in South Africa
-
-
– -
–
–
1.2 The Mining Charter of the Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) of the Republic of South Africa
Ownership:
-
-
-
2 Manganese
Tab. 2.1: Physicochemical properties of manganese (HESS et al. 1995).
Symbol Mn
2.1.2 Mineralogy
Reserves > 620 Mt
Fig. 2.1: World’s manganese reserves distributed by the main countries in Mt (Mn contained) in 2015 (USGS 2016).
13Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
Fig. 2.2: Map of the South African manganese and iron ore deposits.
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
3
WELLBELOVED - -
SEGUE RESOURCES LTD. -
0 5 10 km
tisopeD lezatoH tisopeD xennA-nodgnaL
1 Black Rock 2 Wessels 3 N’Chwaning 4 Gloria 5 Hotazel 6 Langdon-Annex 7 Devon 8 York 9 Perth
10 Smartt 11 Mamatwan
(UG, closed)
(OC, closed) (OC, closed)
(OC, closed) (OC, closed)
(Prospect) (Prospect)
ELIZABETVILLE SANTOY
RIVIERA HEUNINGDRAAI
Fig. 2.3: Outline of the Kalahari Manganese Field showing the distribution of ore types and WILSON & ANHAEUSSER 1998).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 16
ASTRUP & TSIKOS
Class Mn in %
KAZADI -
Tab. 2.3: Categories of manganese ferroalloys produced internationally and their typical chemical composition (from STEENKAMP & BASSON 2013 after OLSEN et al. 2007).
Mn [%]
Si [%]
C [%]
P [%]
S [%]
-
Company Startup Location Capacity Technology
-
ferromanganese lumpy from Assmang (ASSMANG 2017).
Compo- nent
High-carbon ferromanganese
STEENKAMP & BASSON
M in
e pr
od uc
tio n
of m
an ga
ne se
o re
[M t]
China South Africa Australia Gabon Kazakhstan Brazil India Others
Fig. 2.5: Global trends in manganese ore (gross weight) production (BGR 2016).
Tab. 2.7: Three top producers of manganese ore (BGR 2016).
Country Production
-
-
IMNI
IMNI
Tab. 2.8: Top producing mines in 2016 (SNL METALS & MINING 2017).
Project Location Controlling company Commodity Mn
production [Mt]
-
Country Production
China India South Africa Japan South Korea Norway Russia Others
Fe rr
om an
ga ne
se p
ro du
ct io
n [M
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 22
2.4.3 Germany
Africa and Middle East 1 %
South America 1 %
11 %
9 %
6 %
6 %
Fig. 2.7: World consumption of manganese ore by region 2014 (ROSKILL 2015).
Tab. 2.10: Balance of global production and consumption of manganese ore and different manganese production forms in ‘000 t (ROSKILL 2015).
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
* Contained Mn
2.4.4 South Africa
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Sou th
Afric a
Norw ay
Spa in
Fran ce
Lu xe
mbo urg
Neth erl
an ds
Ukra ine
Swed en
Ind ia
Othe r
co un
trie s
G er
m an
im po
rt s
of F
eM n
[k t]
2013 (total: 210 kt) 2014 (total: 208 kt) 2015 (total: 215 kt)
Fig. 2.8: German imports of ferromanganese, containing more than 2 % carbon, in (kt), from 2013 – 2015 (BGR 2016).
0
50
100
150
200
250
USA
eM n
[k t]
2013 (total: 526 kt) 2014 (total: 456 kt) 2015 (total: 289 kt)
Fig. 2.9: South African exports of ferromanganese, containing more than 2 % carbon, in (kt), from 2013 – 2015 (GTIS 2016).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 24
2.5 Operating mines
-
-
-
Fig. 2.10: Layering of banded iron formation (BIF) and manganese ore (photo: DERA 2015).
25Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
Ta b.
2 .1
1: O
pe ra
tin g
m in
es in
th e
K al
ah ar
Mining and processing
- SNL METALS & MINING
SOUTH32 BHP BILLITON -
Geology
Fig. 2.11: Winding shaft at Hotazel mining area (photo: DERA 2015).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 28
JUPITER MINES LTD.
Mining and processing
TSHIPI
Location and ownership
29Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
Mining and processing
Location and ownership
STRATA AFRICA RESOURCES
is the
Ta b.
2 .1
2: E
xp lo
ra tio
n an
d pr
os pe
ct io
n pr
oj ec
ts (S
N L
M ET
A LS
-
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 32
Tab. 2.13: Selected manganese deposits in South Africa with reserves (operating mines) and resources (exploration projects).
Deposit Ore [Mt]
Tonnes (Mt)
Deposit size
- -
-
Daxin (CN) Tiandeng (CN)
Mn contained [Mio t]
33Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
-
- -
-
-
-
-
Tab. 2.15: Comparison of requirements concerning HC FeMn and SiMn.
Components Requirements
-
-
-
- -
AFRICAN RAINBOW MINERALS
-
BUNDESANSTALT FÜR GEOWISSENSCHAFTEN UND ROHSTOFFE -
BILLITON
GROBBELAAR, W. S. & BEUKES, N. J.
GROHMANN, G.
-
GUTZMER, J. & BEUKES, N. J.
HESS, W. T., KURTZ, A. N. & STANTON, D. B.
-
JUPITER MINES LTD. -
JUPITER MINES LTD. -
KAZADI, D., GROOT, D. R., PÖLLMANN, H., DE VIL- LIERS, J. P. R. & REDTMANN, T.
KLEYENSTÜBER, A. S. E.
MINING MX -
HOLDINGS LTD.
PETROW, O. W., MICHAILOW, B. K., KIMELMAN, S. A., LEDOWSKICH, A. A., BAWLOW, N. N., NEZHENSKII, I. A., WOROBEW, J. J., SCHATOW, W. W., KOPINA, J. S., NIKOLAEVA, L. L., BESPALOW, E. W., BOIKO, M. S., WOLKOW, A. W., SERGEEW, A. S., PARSCHIKOWA, N. W. & MIRCHALEWSKAJA, N. W.
POHL, W., PETRASCHECK, W. & PETRASCHECK W. E.
- -
SOUTH32 - -
STRATA AFRICA RESOURCES
-
WILSON, M. G. C. & ANHAEUSSER, C. R
37Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
3 Vanadium
Tab. 3.1: Physicochemical properties of vanadium (CHEMISTRY QUICK FACTS 2017).
Symbol V
Russian Federation
Fig. 3.1: Known (reported and announced) global reserves (left) and resources (right) of vanadium (in Mt V in total) in percentage distribution by the main countries (BGR 2016; USGS 2016).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 38
– -
3.2
Fig. 3.3: Consumption of vanadium in end products (ROSKILL 2015).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 40
3.3.2 Processing
-
-
-
- -
-
-
Magnetic Separation
Concentrate Filtration
41Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
MOSKALYK & ALFANTAZI 2003
WALDECK 2014
Production of pig iron and a vanadium bearing slag product employed at the Evraz Highveld Steel and Vanadium plant
DWORZANOWSKI -
STEINBERG
New processing techniques – hydrometallurgical
Titanium recovery
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
/ kg
Fig. 3.5: Prices of ferrovanadium (FeV 78 % min.) and V pentoxide (V2O5
years (source: BGR 2016).
3.4.1 Demand
ROSKILL
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2013 (total: 4,962 t) 2014 (total: 5,796 t) 2015 (total: 5,599 t)
Aus tria
Sou th
Afric a
Cze ch
R ep
ub lic
Neth erl
an ds
Chin a
Kore a,
]
Fig. 3.6: Origin of German imports of ferrovanadium over three years by country (BGR 2016).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 44
3.4.2 Supply
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
China BrazilUSAKazakhstanRussian FederationAustraliaSouth Africa
(t )
Fig. 3.7: World mine production of vanadium from 2000 to 2015 in metric tonnes (BGR 2016; USGS 2016).
45Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
is
Ta b.
3 .2
47Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
Fig. 3.9: Geological map of the Bushveld Igneous Complex with vanadium operating mines, plants and projects as well as chromite and platinum mines (updated after Council for Geoscience).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 48
3.5 Operating mines and plants
3.5.1 Rhombus Vanadium
-
-
ANORTHOSITE
<15 <15 75±30 ±30
±15m 2m
6->9m
75
2.20
% Mangetite
% V2O5
Fig. 3.10: Rhovan generalised cross-section of the geological contacts of the magnetite bearing ore layers with the contents of V2O5 GLENCORE 2015).
49Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
-
- METALS & MINING
Fig. 3.11: Boulder of the main magnetite zone (photo: DERA 2015).
Fig. 3.12: Satellite image of the Rhovan mine area south-west of Bethanie. The active pits are in the western section, while the south-eastern pits are currently inactive (image courtesy of SNL METALS & MINING 2017).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 50
3
-
-
-
-
Fig. 3.13: Processing plant (crushing, milling) of the magnetite ore at the Rhovan plant (photo: DERA 2015).
Fig. 3.14: Rotary kiln to produce vanadium pentoxide at the Rhovan plant (photo: DERA 2015).
51Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
Geology, mining and processing
-
-
-
-
Fig. 3.15: The Evraz waste slag near eMalahleni (photo: DERA 2015).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 52
-
-
-
-
-
- -
Location, ownership and project history
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
Fig. 3.16: Block diagram showing the proposed open-pit to extract the MML ore as well as the PQ-Zone in the west (with courtesy of Bushveld Minerals 2015).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 54
-
-
-
Location, ownership and project history
-
55Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
3.7
V 2O 5 in
Rhovan (ZA)
- -
MOSKALYK, R.R. & ALFANTAZI, A.M. -
PETROW, O.W., MICHAILOW, B.K., KIMELMANN, S.A., LEDOWSKICH, A.A., BAWLOW, N.N., NEZHENSKII, I.A., WOROBEW, J.J., SCHATOW, W.W., KOPINA, J.S., NIKO- LAEVA, L.L., BESPALOW, E.W., BOIKO, M.S., WOLKOW, A.W., SERGEEW, A.S., PARSCHIKOWA, N.W. & MIR- CHALEWSKAJA, N.W.
ROSKILL INFORMATION SERVICES LTD. - -
SNL METALS & MINING
-
THE MSA GROUP (2016): CROLL, R., REICHHARDT F.J., WITLEY, J., ROBERTS, B., RABE, J, WEISSEN- BERGER, A., WILD, G.J., TRUSSLER, G.E., LONGRIDGE, L. & GREVE, K.
WALDECK, W., VILJOEN, M., VILJOEN, R. & LON- GRIDGE, L.
57Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
4 Zinc
-
Tab. 4.1: Physicochemical properties of zinc (HESS et al. 1995).
Symbol Zn
Reserves > 204 Mt
Fig. 4.1: World’s zinc reserves distributed by the main countries in million tonnes contained Zn in 2015 (USGS 2016).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 58
3 - Si
3 EMSLEY
Roasting and sintering
Galvinisation Die-casting-alloys Copper alloys (Brasses, etc.) Chemicals Others
Fig. 4.2: Use of zinc worldwide and in Germany in 2015 (WVM 2016).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 60
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
M in
e pr
od uc
tio n
of z
in c
'0 00
China Australia Peru India USA Bolivia Mexico Kazakhstan Others
Fig. 4.3: Global top producers of zinc and the development in production from 2000 to 2015 (Source: BGR 2016).
Zink (special high grade, min. 99.995 % Zn)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
- - -
-
Tab. 4.2: Top 10 producing zinc mines (SNL Metals & Mining 2017).
Project Location Controlling company Commodity Production
Zn [kt] Share of world production [%]
resources (kt contained Zn)
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 62
4.5.1 Black Mountain
Location and ownership
Fig. 4.5: Sulphide mineralisation in the underground mine with galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite; height of the image is 1.5 m (photo: DERA 2015).
63Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
4.5.2 Gamsberg exploration project
-
Fig. 4.6: Head frame of the “Deeps” shaft at Black Mountain (photo: DERA 2015).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 64
METALS & MINING
ORION GOLD
Fig. 4.7: Sphalerite mineralisation in a drillcore from Gamsberg (photo: DERA 2015).
65Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
4.5.4 Prieska Zn-Cu exploration project
Location and ownership
METMAR
METMAR
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Zn g
ra de
e qu
iv al
en t [
Gamsberg (ZA)
Fig. 4.8: Grade-tonnage comparison of worldwide zinc exploration projects in a pre-production state. Please note that for comparison between the different projects, the Zn equivalent was taken from the reserves and resources.
67Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
-
-
HUIZENGA, J. M., GUTZMER, J., BANKS, D. & GREY- LING, L. -
LYDON, J. W.
LYDON, J. W.
METMAR LIMITED -
Table 4.3: Top producing zinc mines worldwide outside of China in 2016, including the Gamsberg Project in South Africa (SNL Metals & Mining 2017).
Mine Country Annual production (kt contained Zn)
(kt contained Zn)
METMAR LIMITED
ORION GOLD
ORION GOLD
ORION GOLD
Acknowledgements
Deutsche Rohstoffagentur (DERA) in der Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR)
Impressum
,
Tel.: +27 12 841 1101 Fax: +27 86 679 8334
BGR:
CGS:
Berlin, 2017
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa Part 3: Manganese, Vanadium, Zinc
Published jointly by the German Mineral Resources Agency (DERA) in the BGR and the Council for Geoscience, South Africa (CGS)
3Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
Foreword
Content
2 Manganese 12 (I. Osbahr, K. Kärner)
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 6
3 Vanadium 37 (H. Marbler, R. Opperman)
4 Zinc 57 (R. Opperman, H. Marbler, I. Osbahr)
Acknowledgements 69
Figures
Fig. 2.2: Fig. 2.3:
Fig. 2.4: Fig. 2.5: Fig. 2.6: Fig. 2.7: Fig. 2.8: Fig. 2.9: Fig. 2.10: Fig. 2.11: Fig. 2.12: Fig. 2.13: Fig. 2.14:
Fig. 3.1:
Fig. 3.5: (V
Fig. 3.10:
Fig. 3.17: Fig. 3.18:
Fig. 4.1:
Tables
Tab. 2.1: Tab. 2.2: Tab. 2.3:
Tab. 2.4: Tab. 2.5: Tab. 2.6: Tab. 2.7: Tab. 2.8: Tab. 2.9: Tab. 2.10:
Tab. 2.11: Tab. 2.12: Tab. 2.13:
Tab. 2.14: Tab. 2.15: Tab. 3.1: Tab. 3.2: Tab. 3.3: Tab. 4.1: Tab. 4.2: Tab. 4.3:
9Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
1 Introduction
(A. O. Kenan, R. Opperman)
- -
-
regulations on prospecting and mining projects in South Africa
-
-
– -
–
–
1.2 The Mining Charter of the Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) of the Republic of South Africa
Ownership:
-
-
-
2 Manganese
Tab. 2.1: Physicochemical properties of manganese (HESS et al. 1995).
Symbol Mn
2.1.2 Mineralogy
Reserves > 620 Mt
Fig. 2.1: World’s manganese reserves distributed by the main countries in Mt (Mn contained) in 2015 (USGS 2016).
13Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
Fig. 2.2: Map of the South African manganese and iron ore deposits.
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
,0 00
00 0
3
WELLBELOVED - -
SEGUE RESOURCES LTD. -
0 5 10 km
tisopeD lezatoH tisopeD xennA-nodgnaL
1 Black Rock 2 Wessels 3 N’Chwaning 4 Gloria 5 Hotazel 6 Langdon-Annex 7 Devon 8 York 9 Perth
10 Smartt 11 Mamatwan
(UG, closed)
(OC, closed) (OC, closed)
(OC, closed) (OC, closed)
(Prospect) (Prospect)
ELIZABETVILLE SANTOY
RIVIERA HEUNINGDRAAI
Fig. 2.3: Outline of the Kalahari Manganese Field showing the distribution of ore types and WILSON & ANHAEUSSER 1998).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 16
ASTRUP & TSIKOS
Class Mn in %
KAZADI -
Tab. 2.3: Categories of manganese ferroalloys produced internationally and their typical chemical composition (from STEENKAMP & BASSON 2013 after OLSEN et al. 2007).
Mn [%]
Si [%]
C [%]
P [%]
S [%]
-
Company Startup Location Capacity Technology
-
ferromanganese lumpy from Assmang (ASSMANG 2017).
Compo- nent
High-carbon ferromanganese
STEENKAMP & BASSON
M in
e pr
od uc
tio n
of m
an ga
ne se
o re
[M t]
China South Africa Australia Gabon Kazakhstan Brazil India Others
Fig. 2.5: Global trends in manganese ore (gross weight) production (BGR 2016).
Tab. 2.7: Three top producers of manganese ore (BGR 2016).
Country Production
-
-
IMNI
IMNI
Tab. 2.8: Top producing mines in 2016 (SNL METALS & MINING 2017).
Project Location Controlling company Commodity Mn
production [Mt]
-
Country Production
China India South Africa Japan South Korea Norway Russia Others
Fe rr
om an
ga ne
se p
ro du
ct io
n [M
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 22
2.4.3 Germany
Africa and Middle East 1 %
South America 1 %
11 %
9 %
6 %
6 %
Fig. 2.7: World consumption of manganese ore by region 2014 (ROSKILL 2015).
Tab. 2.10: Balance of global production and consumption of manganese ore and different manganese production forms in ‘000 t (ROSKILL 2015).
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
* Contained Mn
2.4.4 South Africa
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Sou th
Afric a
Norw ay
Spa in
Fran ce
Lu xe
mbo urg
Neth erl
an ds
Ukra ine
Swed en
Ind ia
Othe r
co un
trie s
G er
m an
im po
rt s
of F
eM n
[k t]
2013 (total: 210 kt) 2014 (total: 208 kt) 2015 (total: 215 kt)
Fig. 2.8: German imports of ferromanganese, containing more than 2 % carbon, in (kt), from 2013 – 2015 (BGR 2016).
0
50
100
150
200
250
USA
eM n
[k t]
2013 (total: 526 kt) 2014 (total: 456 kt) 2015 (total: 289 kt)
Fig. 2.9: South African exports of ferromanganese, containing more than 2 % carbon, in (kt), from 2013 – 2015 (GTIS 2016).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 24
2.5 Operating mines
-
-
-
Fig. 2.10: Layering of banded iron formation (BIF) and manganese ore (photo: DERA 2015).
25Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
Ta b.
2 .1
1: O
pe ra
tin g
m in
es in
th e
K al
ah ar
Mining and processing
- SNL METALS & MINING
SOUTH32 BHP BILLITON -
Geology
Fig. 2.11: Winding shaft at Hotazel mining area (photo: DERA 2015).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 28
JUPITER MINES LTD.
Mining and processing
TSHIPI
Location and ownership
29Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
Mining and processing
Location and ownership
STRATA AFRICA RESOURCES
is the
Ta b.
2 .1
2: E
xp lo
ra tio
n an
d pr
os pe
ct io
n pr
oj ec
ts (S
N L
M ET
A LS
-
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 32
Tab. 2.13: Selected manganese deposits in South Africa with reserves (operating mines) and resources (exploration projects).
Deposit Ore [Mt]
Tonnes (Mt)
Deposit size
- -
-
Daxin (CN) Tiandeng (CN)
Mn contained [Mio t]
33Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
-
- -
-
-
-
-
Tab. 2.15: Comparison of requirements concerning HC FeMn and SiMn.
Components Requirements
-
-
-
- -
AFRICAN RAINBOW MINERALS
-
BUNDESANSTALT FÜR GEOWISSENSCHAFTEN UND ROHSTOFFE -
BILLITON
GROBBELAAR, W. S. & BEUKES, N. J.
GROHMANN, G.
-
GUTZMER, J. & BEUKES, N. J.
HESS, W. T., KURTZ, A. N. & STANTON, D. B.
-
JUPITER MINES LTD. -
JUPITER MINES LTD. -
KAZADI, D., GROOT, D. R., PÖLLMANN, H., DE VIL- LIERS, J. P. R. & REDTMANN, T.
KLEYENSTÜBER, A. S. E.
MINING MX -
HOLDINGS LTD.
PETROW, O. W., MICHAILOW, B. K., KIMELMAN, S. A., LEDOWSKICH, A. A., BAWLOW, N. N., NEZHENSKII, I. A., WOROBEW, J. J., SCHATOW, W. W., KOPINA, J. S., NIKOLAEVA, L. L., BESPALOW, E. W., BOIKO, M. S., WOLKOW, A. W., SERGEEW, A. S., PARSCHIKOWA, N. W. & MIRCHALEWSKAJA, N. W.
POHL, W., PETRASCHECK, W. & PETRASCHECK W. E.
- -
SOUTH32 - -
STRATA AFRICA RESOURCES
-
WILSON, M. G. C. & ANHAEUSSER, C. R
37Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
3 Vanadium
Tab. 3.1: Physicochemical properties of vanadium (CHEMISTRY QUICK FACTS 2017).
Symbol V
Russian Federation
Fig. 3.1: Known (reported and announced) global reserves (left) and resources (right) of vanadium (in Mt V in total) in percentage distribution by the main countries (BGR 2016; USGS 2016).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 38
– -
3.2
Fig. 3.3: Consumption of vanadium in end products (ROSKILL 2015).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 40
3.3.2 Processing
-
-
-
- -
-
-
Magnetic Separation
Concentrate Filtration
41Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
MOSKALYK & ALFANTAZI 2003
WALDECK 2014
Production of pig iron and a vanadium bearing slag product employed at the Evraz Highveld Steel and Vanadium plant
DWORZANOWSKI -
STEINBERG
New processing techniques – hydrometallurgical
Titanium recovery
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
/ kg
Fig. 3.5: Prices of ferrovanadium (FeV 78 % min.) and V pentoxide (V2O5
years (source: BGR 2016).
3.4.1 Demand
ROSKILL
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2013 (total: 4,962 t) 2014 (total: 5,796 t) 2015 (total: 5,599 t)
Aus tria
Sou th
Afric a
Cze ch
R ep
ub lic
Neth erl
an ds
Chin a
Kore a,
]
Fig. 3.6: Origin of German imports of ferrovanadium over three years by country (BGR 2016).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 44
3.4.2 Supply
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
China BrazilUSAKazakhstanRussian FederationAustraliaSouth Africa
(t )
Fig. 3.7: World mine production of vanadium from 2000 to 2015 in metric tonnes (BGR 2016; USGS 2016).
45Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
is
Ta b.
3 .2
47Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
Fig. 3.9: Geological map of the Bushveld Igneous Complex with vanadium operating mines, plants and projects as well as chromite and platinum mines (updated after Council for Geoscience).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 48
3.5 Operating mines and plants
3.5.1 Rhombus Vanadium
-
-
ANORTHOSITE
<15 <15 75±30 ±30
±15m 2m
6->9m
75
2.20
% Mangetite
% V2O5
Fig. 3.10: Rhovan generalised cross-section of the geological contacts of the magnetite bearing ore layers with the contents of V2O5 GLENCORE 2015).
49Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
-
- METALS & MINING
Fig. 3.11: Boulder of the main magnetite zone (photo: DERA 2015).
Fig. 3.12: Satellite image of the Rhovan mine area south-west of Bethanie. The active pits are in the western section, while the south-eastern pits are currently inactive (image courtesy of SNL METALS & MINING 2017).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 50
3
-
-
-
-
Fig. 3.13: Processing plant (crushing, milling) of the magnetite ore at the Rhovan plant (photo: DERA 2015).
Fig. 3.14: Rotary kiln to produce vanadium pentoxide at the Rhovan plant (photo: DERA 2015).
51Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
Geology, mining and processing
-
-
-
-
Fig. 3.15: The Evraz waste slag near eMalahleni (photo: DERA 2015).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 52
-
-
-
-
-
- -
Location, ownership and project history
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
Fig. 3.16: Block diagram showing the proposed open-pit to extract the MML ore as well as the PQ-Zone in the west (with courtesy of Bushveld Minerals 2015).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 54
-
-
-
Location, ownership and project history
-
55Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
3.7
V 2O 5 in
Rhovan (ZA)
- -
MOSKALYK, R.R. & ALFANTAZI, A.M. -
PETROW, O.W., MICHAILOW, B.K., KIMELMANN, S.A., LEDOWSKICH, A.A., BAWLOW, N.N., NEZHENSKII, I.A., WOROBEW, J.J., SCHATOW, W.W., KOPINA, J.S., NIKO- LAEVA, L.L., BESPALOW, E.W., BOIKO, M.S., WOLKOW, A.W., SERGEEW, A.S., PARSCHIKOWA, N.W. & MIR- CHALEWSKAJA, N.W.
ROSKILL INFORMATION SERVICES LTD. - -
SNL METALS & MINING
-
THE MSA GROUP (2016): CROLL, R., REICHHARDT F.J., WITLEY, J., ROBERTS, B., RABE, J, WEISSEN- BERGER, A., WILD, G.J., TRUSSLER, G.E., LONGRIDGE, L. & GREVE, K.
WALDECK, W., VILJOEN, M., VILJOEN, R. & LON- GRIDGE, L.
57Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
4 Zinc
-
Tab. 4.1: Physicochemical properties of zinc (HESS et al. 1995).
Symbol Zn
Reserves > 204 Mt
Fig. 4.1: World’s zinc reserves distributed by the main countries in million tonnes contained Zn in 2015 (USGS 2016).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 58
3 - Si
3 EMSLEY
Roasting and sintering
Galvinisation Die-casting-alloys Copper alloys (Brasses, etc.) Chemicals Others
Fig. 4.2: Use of zinc worldwide and in Germany in 2015 (WVM 2016).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 60
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
M in
e pr
od uc
tio n
of z
in c
'0 00
China Australia Peru India USA Bolivia Mexico Kazakhstan Others
Fig. 4.3: Global top producers of zinc and the development in production from 2000 to 2015 (Source: BGR 2016).
Zink (special high grade, min. 99.995 % Zn)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
- - -
-
Tab. 4.2: Top 10 producing zinc mines (SNL Metals & Mining 2017).
Project Location Controlling company Commodity Production
Zn [kt] Share of world production [%]
resources (kt contained Zn)
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 62
4.5.1 Black Mountain
Location and ownership
Fig. 4.5: Sulphide mineralisation in the underground mine with galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite; height of the image is 1.5 m (photo: DERA 2015).
63Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
4.5.2 Gamsberg exploration project
-
Fig. 4.6: Head frame of the “Deeps” shaft at Black Mountain (photo: DERA 2015).
Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 64
METALS & MINING
ORION GOLD
Fig. 4.7: Sphalerite mineralisation in a drillcore from Gamsberg (photo: DERA 2015).
65Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
4.5.4 Prieska Zn-Cu exploration project
Location and ownership
METMAR
METMAR
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Zn g
ra de
e qu
iv al
en t [
Gamsberg (ZA)
Fig. 4.8: Grade-tonnage comparison of worldwide zinc exploration projects in a pre-production state. Please note that for comparison between the different projects, the Zn equivalent was taken from the reserves and resources.
67Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa
-
-
HUIZENGA, J. M., GUTZMER, J., BANKS, D. & GREY- LING, L. -
LYDON, J. W.
LYDON, J. W.
METMAR LIMITED -
Table 4.3: Top producing zinc mines worldwide outside of China in 2016, including the Gamsberg Project in South Africa (SNL Metals & Mining 2017).
Mine Country Annual production (kt contained Zn)
(kt contained Zn)
METMAR LIMITED
ORION GOLD
ORION GOLD
ORION GOLD
Acknowledgements
Deutsche Rohstoffagentur (DERA) in der Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR)