sources, regional input patterns and reduction measures ... · how to determine discharges, input...

how to determine discharges, input and lossesresults

reduction measuresfurther information

sources, regional input patterns andreduction measures regarding heavy metals

and PAH’s

Joachim Heidemeier, Federal Environment Agency

28.5.2008

Joachim Heidemeier, Federal Environment Agency »heavy metals and PAH in Germany«



pathway oriented quantificationmaterial flow balance quantification

emission inventories – sources, pathways, loads

during the 1980ies

Ï national developments in Germany

Ï application of BAT as requirement for waste waterdischarges

Ï sector regulations (generally binding rules)Ï requirements also for sewer discharges (incl. SME)Ï start of implementation of nutrient removal in UWWTs

Ï international initiatives in the marine conventions

Ï common goal »50-80% reduction of inputs to themarine environment from nutrients and certainhazardous substances « from 1985-1995





emission inventories – sources, pathways, loads

monitoring problem – how to determine input loads?

Ï riverine loads

Ï influence of discharge patternÏ demonstration of effect of measures difficult

Ï regionalised input balances – point and diffuse sources

Ï MONERIS developed as reporting tool a

Ï available for nutrients, heavy metals and selectedorganics

aBehrendt u. a. (1999),Fuchs u. a. (2002)





MONERIS - conceptual approachregionalisation:river catchments





MONERIS - conceptual approachinput datacorine land cover





MONERIS - conceptual approachinput datastatistics on sewer network





MONERIS - conceptual approachinput data:deposition data





MONERIS - conceptual approachÏ semi static empirical model

Ï catchment based, suited for catchments Ê 100km2

Ï in DE ~ 3000 catchments

Ï annual loads per catchment via different »pathways«including point sources

Ï 3-5 year aggregation useful to average out short termhydrological effects

Ï aggregation of pathways for information of origin (e.g.agriculture)

Ï subsequent spatial aggregation and retentioncalculation along the river net

Ï good agreement with measured load

Ï extension als secenario tool ongoing





MONERIS - conceptual approachbut:

Ï no explicit information and quantification of sources (f.e.use pattern of substances)

so:complementary approach necessary – material flow balancea

Ï coverage of all main input sources

Ï input data normally only on country level

Ï no reliable regionalisation

aBöhm u. a. (2002),Hillenbrand u. a. (2005),Hillenbrand u. a. (2007)





material flow balance




regionalised quantificationcomparision with other approachesmaterial flow balance

regionalised input results





temporal developmentresults from Fuchs et al. to be published

1983-1987

1993-1997

1998-2002

2003-2005

CdCr

CuHg

NiPb

Zn

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000(t/a)

reduction of heay metal emissions to surface waters

CdCrCuHgNiPbZn






Cu-Emissions (1985-2005)

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

1983-1987 1993-1997 1998-2002 2003-2005

(t / a

)

deposition groundwatertile drainagesurface runoffErosionhistorical miningurban systemsUWWTsindustry






Cd-Emissions (1985-2005)

0

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

60.000

70.000

1983-1987 1993-1997 1998-2002 2003-2005

(kg

/ a)







Cd-Emissions (1985-2005)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1983-1987 1993-1997 1998-2002 2003-2005






key findings

Ï clear reduction of point sources

Ï industrial direct dischargesÏ municipal discharges

Ï less reduction from diffuse sources

Ï urban areas important source

Ï no correlation to industrial discharges in sewers (BAT forSME since 1980s)

Ï possible diffuse sources drinking water supply,construction material, traffic

Ï erosion processes





historical mining activitiesrelevance and regional distribution

Ï relevant source for DE

Ï ~ 20 % Cd, 14 % Zn load forGermany

Ï regional problem

Ï ongoing data collection

Ï long term treatment required





regional relevanceZn emissions from two middle sized catchments in Germany

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Neckar Ruhr

Industry (direct discharges) and mining activities

Municipal wastewater treatment plants

Sewer systems

Groundwater

Erosion

Drainage

Surface runoff

Atmospheric deposition





comparison of different quantification approachesZn emissions into the Ruhr catchment

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

LAWA (2006) Fuchs, Wander (2006)

Klasmeier et al. (2006) Raschke & Menzel(2004)

Immission Retention Emission

data from Fuchs und Wander (2007)





results for PAH

Ï data availability problems

Ï analytical problems

Ï high uncertainty forgroundwater (lowconcentration, high volume)

Ï high importance deposition

Ï first estimates ofregionalisation and pathwayseparation





result comparison




reduction measuresgeneral remarks

Ï tailor made strategies necessary

Ï input patternÏ regional patternsÏ use patternsÏ cost effectiveness

Ï tool box approach

Ï different legal implications

Ï product measures best at European levelÏ interface problems in European legislation




non substance-specific measuresimproved storm water handling

Ï decentralized pretreatmentof rain run-off

Ï desealing and run-offinfiltration

Ï improved treatment ofstormwater from combinedand separate sewer systems




substance specific measures

Ï substitution, product bans (f.e.)

Ï Cu, Pb containing brake padsÏ products (batteries)Ï Pb use as construction materialÏ lead shot, angling equipment ...

Ï additional treatment as requirement

Ï additional coating of zinc galvanized materials

Ï central dehardening of drinking water ....




conclusions

Ï input pattern with high variability in several dimensions

Ï models necessary but careful interpretation of results

Ï urban areas important source

Ï tool box approach for reduction measures required




further discussion




further readingavailable from www.umweltbundesamt.de

Literatur

[Behrendt u. a. 1999] BEHRENDT, Horst ; HUBER, Peter ; OPITZ, Dieter ; SCHOLL, Oliver ; SCHOLZ, Gaby ;UEBE, Roger: Nährstoffbilanzierung der Flußgebiete Deutschlands / Umweltbundesamt. 1999 (75/99). –UBA-Texte

[Böhm u. a. 2002] BÖHM, Eberhard ; HILLENBRAND, Thomas ; MARSCHEIDER-WEIDEMANN, Frank: Ermittlungder Quellen für die prioritären Stoffe nach Art. 16 WRRL und Abschätzung ihrer Eintragsmengen in dieGewässer in Deutschland / Umweltbundesamt. 2002 (68/02). – UBA-Texte

[Fuchs u. a. 2002] FUCHS, Stephan ; SCHERER, Ulrike ; HILLENBRAND, Thomas ; MARSCHEID-WEIDEMANN,Frank ; BEHRENDT, Horst ; OPITZ, Dieter: Emission of Heavy Metals and Lindane into River Basins ofGermany / Umweltbundesamt. 2002 (55/02). – UBA-Texte

[Fuchs und Wander 2007] FUCHS, Stephan ; WANDER, Ramona: Relative Significance of the Different ZincEmissions for the Regional Zinc Concentrations in German Surface Waters / Umweltbundesamt. 2007(FKZ 360 12 015). – Final Report

[Hillenbrand u. a. 2007] HILLENBRAND, Thomas ; MARSCHEIDER-WEIDEMANN, Frank ; STRAUCH, Manuel ;HEITMANN, Kerstin ; SCHAFFRIN, Dora: Emissions reduction for priority and priority hazardous substancesof the Water Framework Directive / Umweltbundesamt. 2007 (28/07). – UBA-Texte

[Hillenbrand u. a. 2005] HILLENBRAND, Thomas ; TOUISSANT, Dominik ; BÖHM, Eberhard ; FUCHS, Stephan ;SCHERER, Ulrike ; RUDOLPHI, Alexander ; HOFFMANN, Martin: Einträge von Kupfer, Zink und Blei in Gewässerund Böden - Analyse der Emissionspfade und möglicher Emissionsminderungsmaßnahmen /Umweltbundesamt. 2005 (19/05). – UBA-Texte


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