sorting fact from fiction

8/3/2019 Sorting Fact From Fiction

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^dpxgei cknx cpda cgnxgde= Xjb Akigedx Lgeb keh xjb Cpbenj kpaw ge xjb ^bndeh Ydplh Ykp

Xjb bsbex~ dc ~gz ~jdpx ybbo~ ge xjb ~vpgei dc ;786 jksb gehblg`lw gavpb~~bh xjba~blsb~

rvde xjb jg~xdpw dc yb~xbpe ngsglg}kxgde% Cpkenb, k ekxgde xjkx jkh bzbpxbh vpknxgnkllw lbibehkpw

bccdpx hrpgei xjb Cgp~x Ydplh Ykp, yk~ ~ygcxlw hbcbkxbh keh dnnrvgbh `w xjb Ibpake~% Xjg~

arnj vpknxgnkllw bsbpwdeb oedy~% Yjkx g~ lb~~ ybll oedye, jdybsbp, g~ jdy xberdr~ ~dab dc

xjb ndaade!oedylbhib jg~xdpgnkl “ndenlr~gde~‑ k`drx xjb~b bsbex~ kpb% Xd gllr~xpkxb xjg~

k~~bpxgde, lbx r~ nde~ghbp k cby xprb$ckl~b {rb~xgde~=

X $ C Cpkenb ~rppbehbpbh rendehgxgdekllw xd Ibpakew ge ;786%

X $ C Xjb Cpbenj kpaw hgh edx pbxrpe xd nda`kx kikge~x Ibpakew kcxbp ;786%

X $ C Xjb Akigedx Lgeb yk~ k ckglrpb%

X $ C Xjb Cpbenj ~rccbpbh jkphlw kew nk~rklxgb~ ge ;786%

X $ C Xjb vbpcdpakenb dc xjb Pbh Kpaw ge gx~ cgp~x ~gz ybbo~ dc nda`kx kikge~x xjb

Ybjpaknjx yk~ akxbpgkllw `bxxbp xjke xjkx dc xjb Cpbenj kpaw ge ;786%

X $ C Xjb vbpcdpakenb dc xjb R% ^% Kpaw ge gx~ cgp~x ~gz ybbo~ dc nda`kx kikge~x xjb

Ybjpaknjx yk~ akxbpgkllw `bxxbp xjke xjkx dc xjb Cpbenj kpaw ge ;786%

X $ C Xjb Cpbenj kpaw yk~ xjb delw Kllgbh kpaw dc xjb ^bndeh Ydplh Ykp xd

bzvbpgbenb xjb ~rppbehbp dc bexgpb hgsg~gde~%

Ydrlh gx ~rpvpg~b wdr xd oedy xjkx xjb ke~ybp xd kll dc xjb~b {rb~xgde~ g~ “Ckl~b‑4

Yjglb gx g~ gehg~vrxk`lb xjkx Cpkenb yk~ `khlw hbcbkxbh `w Ibpakew ge ;786, gx g~ ke

bsbex xjkx g~ ad~x knnrpkxblw sgbybh ge xjb ndexbzx dc dxjbp bsbex~ dc xjb vbpgdh%

^xpkeiblw, akew yjd pbcbp xd xjb Cpbenj hbcbkx dc ;786 ckgl xd pbndieg}b xjkx kedxjbp

ykpxgab kllw, Ipbkx @pgxkge, yk~ mr~x k~ `khlw ~rpvpg~bh keh bccbnxgsblw pdrxbh `w xjb

Ibpake dccbe~gsb gexd Cpkenb% Jkh Jgxlbp edx vpbsbexbh xjb khskenb dc Ibpake

kpadpbh xpddv~, xjb @pgxg~j Bzvbhgxgdekpw Cdpnb ydrlh jksb `bbe nkvxrpbh de xjb ndk~x

dc Cpkenb% Adpb xbllgeilw, ge xjb cgp~x ~gz ybbo~ dc xjb Ibpake gesk~gde dc Pr~~gk, xjb

Pbh Kpaw ~rccbpbh kak}geilw hbsk~xkxgei hbcbkx~ keh ld~x jrib kadrex~ dc abe keh

akxbpgkl xd xjb khskenb dc Jgxlbp‗~ kpagb~ „ g%b%, k vbpcdpakenb ndavkpk`lb xd xjkx dc

Cpkenb‗~ ge ;786% Deb obw hgccbpbenb ge xjb Pr~~gke bzvbpgbenb yk~ xjkx Pr~~gk jkh xyd

{rklgxgb~ xjkx Cpkenb lknobh= ~vknb, keh xjbpbcdpb, xgab% Xgab yk~ xjb xprb obw, cdp k~

bccbnxgsb k~ @lgx}opgbi dvbpkxgde~ ybpb, xjb Ibpake~ lknobh xjb ldig~xgnkl yjbpbygxjkl xd

obbv @lgx}opgbi ~r~xkgebh cdp adpb xjke k cby ybbo~ kx k xgab% Xprxj `b xdlh,ed`dhw

yk~ pbkhw xd bccbnxgsblw ndrexbp @lgx}opgbi ge ;786 dp ;78;%

Vpgdp xd xjb drx`pbko dc xjb ^bndeh Ydplh Ykp, Cpkenb gesb~xbh xpbabehdr~ pb~drpnb~

gexd ~bnrpgei xjbgp `dphbp ygxj Ibpakew% Xjb Cgp~x Ydplh Ykp‗~ nk~rklxgb~, yjglb ~bpgdr~

cdp Ibpakew, jkh `bbe hbsk~xkxgei cdp Cpkenb% [rgxb lgxbpkllw, ke bexgpb ibebpkxgde dc

abe *keh nde~b{rbexlw, xjb hb~nbehkex~ xjbw ndrlh jksb ckxjbpbh' jkh ckllbe% Xjb



akevdybp ~jdpxkib yk~ ~xgll gavknxgei Cpkenb ge ;786, keh cdpnbh k ekxgdekl aglgxkpw

~xpkxbiw xjkx yk~ sbpw nd~xlw ge xbpa~ dc adebw, keh wbx bzbpng~bh bndedaw dc cdpnb ge

xbpa~ dc akevdybp% Xjb Cpbenj ~dlrxgde xd xjb akevdybp ~jdpxkib jkh `bbe xd rglh

xjb Akigedx Lgeb, k njkge dc lkpib keh ~dvjg~xgnkxbh cdpxpb~~b~ keh ~akllbp ydpo~ xjkx

bzxbehbh cpda xjb ^yg~~ cpdexgbp xd xjb cpdexgbp ygxj @bligra% Xjb d`mbnxgsb dc xjb

Akigedx Lgeb yk~ xd hg~ndrpkib kxxkno~ cpda Ibpakew hgpbnxlw gexd Cpkenb knpd~~ xjbgp

ndaade `dphbp% @w cdpngei xjb Ibpake~ xd id kpdreh xjb Akigedx Lgeb, xjb Cpbenj

gexbehbh xd abbx kew Ibpake gesk~gde de ipdreh~ dc Cpbenj njdd~gei *g%b%, drx~ghb dc

Cpkenb' keh ygxj xjb ad`glb blbabex~ dc xjb Cpbenj kpaw%

Xd xjg~ beh, xjb Akigedx Lgeb yk~ ke drx~xkehgei ~rnnb~~% Xd ksdgh k cpdexkl k~~krlx dc

xjb Akigedx Lgeb, xjb Ybjpaknjx vgsdxbh xjpdrij @bligra, Lrzba`drpi, keh Jdllkeh%

Xjb Cpbenj jkh bzvbnxbh k~ arnj „ `rx xjb Ibpake~ ~xgll knjgbsbh ~rpvpg~b `w vr~jgei

~bsbpkl kpadpbh hgsg~gde~ xjpdrij xjb jbksglw cdpb~xbh keh priibh xbppkge dc xjb

Kphbeeb~% Xjb Ibpake~ bzgxbh xjb Kphbeeb~ ebkp xjb xdye dc ^bhke yjglb xjb b~x

regx~ dc xjb Cpbenj kpaw jkh ~yrei ckpxjbp edpxj gexd @bligra, bzvbnxgei xd abbx keh

hbcbkx xjb akge Ibpake xjpr~x `bxybbe Lgbib keh @pr~~bl~% Xjr~, kx ^bhke, ke

recdpxrekxb hgsg~gde dc dsbpkib Cpbenj pb~bpsg~x~ yk~ ~jkxxbpbh `w xjb Ibpake kpadpbhxjpr~x xjkx babpibh cpda xjb Kphbeeb~% Adsgei `bwdeh ^bhke, xjb Ibpake~ jbkhbh

cdp xjb Njkeebl ndk~x keh ~rnnbbhbh ge ~vlgxxgei xjb Kllgbh kpagb~ gexd xyd vkpx~% Xjb

Kllgb~‗ `b~x regx~ ybpb nrx dcc ge @bligra, keh xjb “~bndeh ~xpgei‑ dc xjb Cpbenj kpaw

yk~ hb~vbpkxblw kxxbavxgei xd pkllw kcxbp xjb hbcbkx kx ^bhke keh xd pb!b~xk`lg~j k

ndjb~gsb cpdex%

Nrx dcc cpda xjbgp ~drpnb dc ~rvvlw, xjb Cpbenj regx~ ge @bligra ybpb lbcx ygxj xjb dvxgde

dc bsbexrkl ~rppbehbp dp bsknrkxgde xd Ipbkx @pgxkge% Yjglb cgijxgei ndexgerbh gexd xjb

xjgph ybbo dc Mreb, xjb nkavkgie jkh `bbe yde `w Ibpakew yjbe xjbgp xkeo~ pbknjbh

xjb Beilg~j Njkeebl% Gx g~ xbavxgei xd ~vbnrlkxb yjkx agijx jksb jkvvbebh jkh xjb

akge Cpbenj cdpnb abx xjbgp Ibpake ndrexbpvkpx ge dp ebkp xjb Kphbeeb~% K lkpib xkeo`kxxlb cdrijx ebkp xjb xdye dc Abphdpv vpdsghb~ ~dab ge~gijx xd xjg~ {rb~xgde% Xyd

Ibpake kpadpbh hgsg~gde~ xjkx ybpb ~rvvdpxgei deb dc xjb clkeogei Ibpake cgblh kpagb~

cdrijx k xyd!hkw abbxgei beikibabex ygxj Cpbenj kpadpbh nksklpw cdpnb~ rehbp xjb

ndaakeh dc Ibebpkl Vpgdrz% Gx yk~ k nlk~j dc abnjkeg}bh blgxb~, keh xjb drxndab yk~

k xknxgnkl sgnxdpw cdp xjb Cpbenj *xjb khskenb dc xjb Ibpake hgsg~gde~ yk~ jklxbh'%

Yjglb xjb cgijxgei kpdreh Abphdpv g~ xdhkw lkpiblw reoedye, gx yk~ kx xjkx xgab xjb

lkpib~x xkeo `kxxlb ge jg~xdpw% Jkh Vpgdrz keh jg~ ndllbkirb~ `bbe ckpxjbp ~drxj, ebkp

^bhke, xjbw akw jksb `bbe k`lb xd geclgnx ~bsbpb bedrij ld~~b~ de xjbVke}bp~ xd ~xdv

xjb xjpr~x xd xjb Njkeebl % % %

Hrpgei xjb~b bsbex~, xjb cdpxpb~~ geckexpw pbigabex~ dc xjb Akigedx Lgeb jkh jblh cgpa%

Bsbe kcxbp xjb Ibpake~ idx `bjgeh xjb Akigedx Lgeb, xjbw cdreh xjb cdpx~ ~xgll

vpknxgnkllw gavbpsgdr~ xd k~~krlx% Jdybsbp, Cpkenb k~ k ekxgde yk~ hbcbkxbh keh ~giebh

ke kpag~xgnb ygxj xjb Ibpake~% Cknbh ygxj k nda`gekxgde dc xjb gebsgxk`lb keh “dphbp~

cpda jgijbp‑, xjb xpddv~ dc xjb Akigedx Lgeb ~rppbehbpbh k~ ybll% ^dab xpddv~, lgob

xjd~b kx ^njdbebe`drpi, akhb k vdgex dc jdlhgei drx k cby bzxpk hkw~ „ xd rehbplgeb xd

xjb Ibpake~ xjkx xjb Akigedx Lgeb jkh edx `bbe hbcbkxbh ge nda`kx%

Ge ~gz `prxkl ybbo~, xjb Cpbenj kpaw ~rccbpbh dsbp 76,666 abe ogllbh%



Xjb kpag~xgnb klldybh ad~x dc xjb ~drxjbpe jklc dc Cpkenb xd pbakge rednnrvgbh `w xjb

Ibpake~% Xjg~ rednnrvgbh pbigde jkh xjb xdye dc Sgnjw k~ gx~ nkvgxkl, keh yk~ xjr~

oedye k~ “Sgnjw Cpkenb‑% Xjb kpag~xgnb crpxjbp ~xgvrlkxbh xjkx Sgnjw Cpkenb yk~

bzvbnxbh xd `b ebrxpkl relb~~ kxxknobh `w ke drx~ghb vdybp% Xjb krxjdpgxgb~ ge Sgnjw

Cpkenb ybpb klldybh xd obbv k ~akll, lgijxlw b{rgvvbh kpaw% Xjb kpag~xgnb vpb~bexbh ke

bz{rg~gxb hglbaak cdp Cpkenb= yjglb klldygei k lkpib pbigde dc xjb ndrexpw xd b~nkvb

dnnrvkxgde `w xjb Ibpake~, gx kl~d bccbnxgsblw jblh xjkx ~kab pbigde dc Cpkenb jd~xkib

xd xjb hbakeh~ dc xjb Ibpake~% Xjb Cpbenj pbklg}bh xjkx gc xjbw hg~vlbk~bh Jgxlbp, kll dc

Cpkenb ydrlh `b dnnrvgbh% Cpbenj krxjdpgxgb~ drxpkibh `w bsbex~ dc ;786 xjbpbcdpb

jkh xd `klkenb xjbgp hb~gpb cdp pbsbeib kikge~x xjb hb~gpb xd vpdsghb cdp xjb yblckpb dc

xjb Cpbenj vbdvlb%

Xjb Cpbenj pblkxgde~jgv ygxj xjb kllgb~ `bnkab bsbe adpb ndavlbz kcxbp xjb @pgxg~j

kxxknobh xjbgp Abhgxbppkebke Clbbx kx Abp~!bl!Ob`gp, Klibpgk% Kcxbp Cpkenb ~giebh xjb

kpag~xgnb ygxj xjb Ibpake~, xjb @pgxg~j hbxbpagebh xjb Cpbenj Abhgxbppkebke Clbbx

vd~bh k vdxbexgkl xjpbkx dc ipbkx hkeibp xd @pgxg~j ekskl dvbpkxgde~ ge xjb

Abhgxbppkebke% Xjbpbcdpb, ge Mrlw ;786, xjb @pgxg~j ~kglbh xjbgp clbbx xd Abp~!bl!Ob`gp,yjbpb xjb Cpbenj clbbx lkw ge kenjdpkib% Xjb @pgxg~j hbakehbh xjb Cpbenj clbbx mdge

xjba dp cknb hb~xprnxgde% Xjb Cpbenj, yjd jkh mr~x ~giebh ke kpag~xgnb keh ke bccbnxgsb

hbnlkpkxgde dc ebrxpklgxw, pbcr~bh xd kipbb xd xjb @pgxg~j hbakeh% Xjb @pgxg~j ybpb iddh

xd xjbgp ydph, keh ge xjb be~rgei kxxkno, xjdr~keh~ dc Cpbenj ~kgldp~ ybpb ogllbh%

Cdlldygei xjbgp jraglgkxgei hbcbkx kx xjb jkeh~ dc xjb Ibpake~, xjb bccbnx dc xjb @pgxg~j

kxxkno de xjb Cpbenj kxxgxrhb xdykph xjb Kllgb~ nke `b ybll gakigebh%

Akew Cpbenj ~ky xjb @pgxg~j kxxkno k~ reykppkexbh keh dvvdpxreg~xgn% K~ k pb~rlx, xjb

Cpbenj aglgxkpw ~xkxgdebh ge xjb Cpbenj ndldegb~ dc xjb Lbskex keh edpxjyb~x Kcpgnk

`bnkab kexg!@pgxg~j keh kexg!Ibpake kx xjb ~kab xgab% Pblkxgde~ ybpb crpxjbp ~xpkgebh

ge ;78; `w k Ibpake!ge~vgpbh khsbexrpb ge Gpk{ xjkx nrlagekxbh ge Kllgbh gesk~gde~ dc `dxj Gpk{ keh xjb Cpbenj ndldegb~ dc Lb`kede keh wpgk% @w xjg~ xgab, Ibebpkl Hb Ikrllb

jkh ~rnnbbhbh ge dpikeg}gei vpd!Kllgbh “Cpbb Cpbenj‑ cdpnb~ dc kvvpdzgakxblw hgsg~gdekl

~xpbeixj% Xd vpdsb xjb hbxbpagekxgde dc xjb Cpbb Cpbenj xd xjb Kllgbh nkr~b, Hb Ikrllb

be~rpbh xjkx vkpx dc xjb Kllgbh gesk~gde cdpnb gexd ^wpgk keh Lb`kede genlrhbh xjb Cpbb

Cpbenj xpddv~% Xjg~ pb~rlxbh ge Cpbenj!de!Cpbenj `kxxlb~, keh crpxjbp `gxxbpeb~~ ygxjge

Cpbenj pkeo~ ge `dxj ipdrv~ `bnkr~b dc xjb ~jbbp arphbpdr~ gpdew dc xjb ~gxrkxgde%

Xjb re~xk`lb vdlgxgnkl ~gxrkxgde dc Sgnjw Cpkenb, keh xjb Sgnjw Cpkenb sbp~r~ Cpbb Cpkenb

ndeclgnxbh lk~xbh rexgl xjb gesk~gde dc Cpbenj Edpxjyb~x Kcpgnk `w xjb R%^% keh Ipbkx

@pgxkge ge Edsba`bp ;780% Yjglb xjbpb ybpb ~bnpbx kxxbavx~ `w xjb R%^% xd beigebbp k

vbknbcrl ndllkv~b dc xjb Sgnjw pbigab ge Klibpgk keh Adpdnnd, xjbw delw vkpxgkllw

~rnnbbhbh% K~ k pb~rlx, pblkxgsblw cby Cpbenj ibebpkl~ *keh d`sgdr~lw, edeb dc xpddv~'

ybpb kykpb dc xjb gavbehgei Kllgbh lkehgei% Kikge, recdpxrekxb pb~rlx~ be~rbh ge xjb

cdpa dc Sgnjw Cpbenj xpddv~ cgijxgei cdp k ndrvlb dc hkw~ kikge~x xjb kllgbh xpddv~%

Jdybsbp, xjb Kllgb~ jkh `bbe vdlgxgnkllw ~dvjg~xgnkxbh bedrij xd igsb xjb R%^% xjb

kvvkpbex vpgakpw pdlb ge xjb dvbpkxgde% Kcxbp xjb ~jdno dc xjb gesk~gde ~r`~ghbh, xjb

Cpbenj kpaw ge edpxjyb~x Kcpgnk ykexbh xd `b de xjb ~ghb dc xjb R%^% *xjbgp hg~xpr~x dc

Ipbkx @pgxkge edxygxj~xkehgei' arnj adpb xjke gx ykexbh xd `b k~~dngkxbh ygxj



Ibpakew% Ge xjg~ ck~jgde, xjb Cpbenj cdpnb~ ge Adpdnnd, Klibpgk, keh Xreg~gk mdgebh xjb

Kllgbh cdpnb~%

Xjb Cpbenj kpaw ge edpxjyb~x Kcpgnk jkh hdeb xjg~ ygxjdrx krxjdpg}kxgde dc xjb Sgnjw

krxjdpgxgb~ ge Cpkenb% Pbikphlb~~, Jgxlbp nde~ghbpbh xjb Cpbenj xd `b ge hbckrlx dc xjbgp

kpag~xgnb xbpa~, keh Ibpake cdpnb~ vpdavxlw dnnrvgbh `dxj ~drxjbpe Cpkenb keh xjb

vdpx~ dc Xreg~gk% Kx xjg~ vdgex, xjb xbpa~ dc xjb ;786 kpag~xgnb ybpb addx, keh xjb Sgnjw

pbigab yk~ hbcrenx% Hb Ikrllb jkh vdlgxgnkl ndeclgnx~ ygxj cdpabp Sgnjw krxjdpgxgb~ ge

edpxjyb~x Kcpgnk xd ~bxxlb, `rx b~~bexgkllw kll Cpbenjabe edx rehbp dnnrvkxgde pkllgbh xd

Cpbb Cpkenb kx xjg~ vdgex%

K~ ckp k~ xjb R%^% bzvbpgbenb ybex, xjb cgp~x ybbo~ dc nda`kx kikge~x xjb Ibpake~

vpdsbh vkgecrl, keh bsbexrkllw pb~rlxbh ge xjb pblgbc dc k ndpv~ ndaakehbp% Xd `b `lrex,

xjb Kabpgnke~ ge Xreg~gk vpdsbh bsbpw `gx k~ kakxbrpg~j k~ xjb Cpbenj jkh ge ;786, keh

xjb knndavkewgei @pgxg~j cdpnb~ rehbp Ibebpkl Kehbp~de ybpbe‗x arnj `bxxbp% Jkh xjb

Kllgb~ ge Xreg~gk cknbh k adpb vdybpcrl Ibpake cdpnb, xjb Kllgb~ agijx ybll jksb cdreh

xjba~blsb~ xjpdye `kno gexd Klibpgk% K~ gx yk~, xjbw jrei de `w xjbgp ekgl~ keh

bsbexrkllw `pdrijx xjb ~gxrkxgde rehbp ndexpdl% Kvvkpbexlw, vrxxgei xjbdpw gexd vpknxgnbyk~ k hgccgnrlx xpke~gxgde cdp kew kpaw, bsbe deb lgob xjb R%^% Kpaw, yjd jkh bemdwbh xjb

lrzrpw dc pbsgbygei dvbpkxgde~ ge Brpdvb cpda knpd~~ xjb dnbke keh yjglb kx k ~xkxb dc

vbknb% Gpdegnkllw, xjb deb Kllgbh cdpnb ge Xreg~gk xjkx hgh edx rehbpb~xgakxb Ibpake

nkvk`glgxgb~ yk~ xjb Cpbenj kpaw%

Cdlldygei xjb Kllgbh sgnxdpw ge Xreg~gk, xjb R%^% kipbbh xd pb!b{rgv xjb Cpbenj kpaw xd k

~xkehkph ~gaglkp xd xjkx r~bh `w xjb R%^% Kpaw% Xjg~ yk~ k ckp~gijxbh hbng~gde yjd~b

delw ckrlx yk~ xjkx gx yk~e‗x vrp~rbh de k `pdkhbp ~nklb% K~ gx yk~, xjb vpdipka pb!

b{rgvvbh bgijx Cpbenj hgsg~gde~ keh dpikeg}bh xjba de lgeb~ ~gaglkp xd xjd~b dc xjb R%^%

Kpaw% Xjb dccgnbp~ keh ~dlhgbp~ dc xjg~ cdpnb ybpb k ckp npw cpda xjb Cpbenj kpaw dc

;786% Xjb Cpbenjabe ge xjg~ cdpnb ybpb jkph!`gxxbe nkpbbp ~dlhgbp~ yjd jkh ldei~bpsgnb ge xjb ~vkp~b ndehgxgde~ dc xjb ndldegb~% K~ ybll, xjbpb ybpb ndaade ~dlhgbp~

yjd ybpb Klibpgke~, Adpdnnke~, ^bebiklb~b, dp Xreg~gke~ „ keh ybll knnr~xdabh xd

jkph~jgv keh jkp~j hg~ngvlgeb cpda njglhjddh de% Xjg~ jkph ndpb dc jrake akxbpgkl yk~

ndavlbabexbh `w k `rpegei hb~gpb cdp pbsbeib kikge~x Ibpakew cdp xjb jraglgkxgde dc

;786% ^r`~b{rbex xd xjb Xreg~gke nkavkgie, xjg~ eby Cpbenj cdpnb ld~x ed `kxxlb~ xd xjb

Ibpake~% Xjbw ybpb ndavbxbexlw lbh k~ ybll „ `w ~rnj abe k~ Ibebpkl Lbnlbpn, yjd

jkh vpknxgnkllw ~geilb!jkehbhlw dpikeg}bh ke genpbhg`lb akpnj ygxj ndldegkl xpddv~ drx

dc nbexpkl Kcpgnk, knpd~~ Njkh keh Lg`wk, keh gexd Xreg~gk xd vkpxgngvkxb ge xjb cgekl

`kxxlb~ xjbpb%

^xkpxgei ygxj k ndpv~, xjb Cpbenj Kpaw dc Lg`bpkxgde *k~ xjb Cpbb Cpbenj ybpb edy

nkllbh' bmbnxbh xjb Ibpake~ cpda ^kphbiek, Ndp~gnk, keh Bl`k% Xjb khskenb xjkx vpdsbh

xjb obw xd hg~ldhigei xjb Ibpake~ cpda xjb ~xpdeivdgex de Adexb Nk~~ged yk~

knndavlg~jbh `w Cpbenj xpddv~, kcxbp akew dxjbp Kllgbh cdpnb~ jkh ~xpriilbh cprgxlb~~lw

ge xjb ckadr~ `kxxlb% Ge ~drxjbpe Cpkenb, Cpbenj xpddv~ bccbnxbh pkvgh nkvxrpb dc xjb

ngxgb~ dc Xdrlde keh Akp~bgllb, keh xjbe cdrijx edpxjykph de xjb lbcx clkeo dc xjb R%^%

^bsbexj Kpaw% Xjb lg`bpkxgde dc lkpib kpbk~ dc Cpkenb pb~rlxbh ge eby ~drpnb~ dc Cpbenj

akevdybp% Xjb R%^% keh Ipbkx @pgxkge hbnlgebh xd kpa keh dpikeg}b eby Cpbenj regx~,

~d xjb Cpbenj r~bh nkvxrpbh b{rgvabex keh ~xpbxnjbh xjbgp ldig~xgnkl xpkge xd bzxpbab~



ge dphbp xd dpikeg}b ~bsbpkl eby hgsg~gde~ keh gehbvbehbex `pgikhb~ keh pbigabex~% @w

^bvxba`bp ;788, xjb Cpbenj jkh xyd ndpv~ ge knxgde kikge~x xjb Ibpake~, keh ~d xjbw

cdpabh k cgblh kpaw ndaakeh *Cpbenj Cgp~x Kpaw'% K~ xjb Kllgbh khskenb xd xjb Ibpake

cpdexgbp ~ldybh hdye ge xjb krxrae dc ;788, xjb Cpbenj kpaw xddo xjb pgijx clkeo

vd~gxgde%

@w Edsba`bp, xjb Ibpake~ jkh hri ge `bjgeh xjb Yb~xykll *xjb Ibpake `dphbp

cdpxgcgnkxgde~', keh cgijxgei kldei xjb cpdex jkh k~~rabh k vd~gxgdekl njkpknxbp% Xjb

Cpbenj, jdybsbp, vpdsbh nkvk`lb bedrij xd obbv adsgei cdpykph kx k xgab yjbe xjb

dxjbp Kllgbh kpagb~ jkh ipdreh xd k jklx% Kcxbp cdpngei xjb @blcdpx Ikv keh ebkp xjb

Sd~ib~ Adrexkge~ xdye dc @rpejkrvx, xjb Cpbenj Cgp~x Kpaw `drenbh k Ibpake ndpv~

drx dc gx~ vd~gxgde keh vpdavxlw hb~xpdwbh gx, pb~rlxgei ge ~nkxjgei knnr~kxgde~ cpda

Jgxlbp dc xpbknjbpw ge xjb Ibpake njkge dc ndaakeh% Xjg~ sgnxdpw klldybh xjb Cpbenj xd

pbknj xjb Pjgeb Pgsbp ge xjb kpbk yjbpb Cpkenb keh ^ygx}bplkeh abbx% Crpxjbp edpxj,

xjb R%^% ^bsbexj Kpaw kxxknobh keh vgeebh Ibpake xpddv~ ge xjbgp vd~gxgde~ ebkp xjb

xdye dc ^kgex!Hgç% Yjglb xjg~ yk~ jkvvbegei, Ibebpkl Lbnlbpn‗~ 0eh

Cpbenj Kpadpbh

Hgsg~gde vdrpbh xjpdrij k jdlb ge xjb Ibpake lgeb~, rejgeibh xjb bexgpb Ibpake

hbcbe~b ge xjb pbigde, cdpnbh xjb ^ksbpeb Ikv, keh lg`bpkxbh ^xpk~`drpi de xjb Pjgeb gek lgijxegei dccbe~gsb xjkx, ge ndenbpx ygxj xjb @rpejkrvx cgijxgei ge xjb ~drxj, pbhrnbh

xjb Ibpake vpb~benb ge Kl~knb xd ke dskl!~jkvbh `pghibjbkh nkllbh xjb “Ndlakp

Vdnobx‑% Cdrp keh deb!jklc wbkp~ jkh vk~~bh ~genb Akw ;786, keh arnj xd xjb njkipge

dc xjb Ibpake~, xjb Cpbenj kpaw xjkx babpibh cpda xjb nkrlhpde dc hbcbkx vpdsbh ke

kvx ~xrhbex%

^xpkeiblw, ~begdp R%^% ibebpkl~ jblh xjb ~kab k~~ravxgde k`drx xjb Kphbeeb~ ge

Hbnba`bp ;788 xjkx xjb Cpbenj jkh jblh ge Akw ;786 „ xjkx xjb pbigde yk~ b~~bexgkllw

re~rgxbh cdp dccbe~gsb dvbpkxgde~% Xjb Ibpake~ jblh ed ~rnj k~~ravxgde keh adrexbh

k 03!hgsg~gde ndrexbp~xpdob gexd xjb Kphbeeb~, jdvgei xd denb kikge ~vlgx xjb Kllgbh

kpagb~ gexd xyd vkpx~% Xjb ak~~gsb nlk~j ge xjb Kphbeeb~ hpby R%^% cdpnb~ edpxjykph,keh ~xpbxnjbh xjb hbcbe~gsb lgeb~ dc xjb R%^% ^bsbexj Kpaw keh xjb Cpbenj Cgp~x Kpaw

sbpw xkrijx% Xjb Ibpake~ bzvldgxbh xjg~ ndehgxgde de Eby Wbkp‗~ Hkw ;782 ygxj ke

kxxkno dc ~bsbpkl hgsg~gde~ gexd Kl~knb% Kcxbp xyd adexj~ dc `gxxbp nda`kx de xjb

Kl~kxgke vlkge~, xjb Ibpake cdpnb~ ybpb cgekllw xjpdye `kno knpd~~ xjb Pjgeb dp `bjgeh

xjb Yb~xykll% @w agh!Akpnj ;782, xjb Kabpgnke~ keh Cpbenj ybpb pbkhw xd k~~krlx xjb

Yb~xykll ge xjb pbigde dc xjb Yg~~ba`drpi Ikv *ke dvbe kpbk bk~x dc xjb ~xbbv,

cdpb~xbh jgll~ dc xjb Vckl}' keh xjb @gbeyklh *k lkpib cdpb~x de xjb Cpkend!Ibpake

`dphbp'%

Cdp xjg~ k~~krlx, xyd ipdrv~ ybpb dpikeg}bh% De xjb lbcx, xjb R%^% ;8xj

Kpadpbh Hgsg~gde

ydrlh kxxkno xjpdrij xjb Yg~~ba`drpi Ikv% De xjb pgijx, xjb Cpbenj Ndpv~ Xk~o Cdpnb

Ade~k`bpx yk~ xd k~~krlx xjb @gbeyklh% Ge xbe hkw~ dc jkph cgijxgei, xjb Yb~xykll ge

cpdex dc xjb ^bsbexj Kpaw keh xjb Cpbenj Cgp~x Kpaw yk~ vbebxpkxbh, keh xjb Ibpake~

ybpb nlbkpbh drx dc xjb @gbeyklh% Xjb cgijxgei nd~x xjb Ibpake~ ;,>66 vpg~debp~ keh

hb~xpdwbh xjb Ibpake 762xj Hgsg~gde% Cdlldygei xjg~ kxxkno, R%^% keh Cpbenj cdpnb~

adsbh rv xd xjb Pjgeb Pgsbp ge xjb kpbk `bxybbe Akeejbga keh Okpl~prjb%

Edx arnj lkxbp, `dxj R%^% keh Cpbenj cdpnb~ npd~~bh xjb Pjgeb ge xjg~ kpbk keh hpdsb

gexd Ibpakew kikge~x ke genpbk~geilw hg~dpikeg}bh dvvdebex% @rx yjglb xjb ^bsbexj



Kpaw idx xbavdpkpglw jrei rv kpdreh Jbgl`pdee keh xjb Mki~x Pgsbp Skllbw ge bkplw Kvpgl,

xjb Cpbenj vr~jbh pkvghlw xjpdrij xjb edpxjbpe pbknjb~ dc xjb @lkno Cdpb~x, nkvxrpgei

Vcdp}jbga keh bengpnlgei xjb Ibpake ZSGGG ^^ Ndpv~% Xjb Ibpake ^^ Ndpv~ yk~ pkvghlw

hb~xpdwbh `bcdpb xjb `kcclbh ^^ ndaakehbp~ ndrlh dpikeg}b k ndjbpbex hbcbe~b%

^r`~b{rbexlw, xjb Cpbenj nkvxrpbh ^xrxxikpx, Rla, keh xjb ~drxjbpe vkpx dc xjb @lkno

Cdpb~x% Xjb beh dc xjb ykp cdreh xjbgp cdpykph cdpnb~ ge xjb Kr~xpgke Klv~%

Kcxbp xjb hbcbkx dc ;786, xjb Cpbenj kpaw ~rccbpbh kedxjbp 2:,666 OGK yjglb ~rvvdpxgei

Kllgbh dvbpkxgde~% K~ ybll, ke b~xgakxbh 08,666 aba`bp~ dc xjb Cpbenj pb~g~xkenb ybpb

ogllbh hrpgei xjb Ibpake dnnrvkxgde dc Cpkenb% Ge k cgekl xyg~x dc gxxbp gpdew cdp xjb

Cpbenj, Cpkenb kl~d ld~x >:,666 OGK cpda xjb vpdsgenb~ dc Kl~knb keh Ldppkgeb „ cgijxgei

cdp xjb Ibpake kpaw% Xjg~ dhh ndehgxgde pb~rlxbh `bnkr~b Ibpakew pbnlkgabh Kl~knb

keh Ldppkgeb kcxbp hbcbkxgei Cpkenb ge ;786% @bnkr~b Ibpakew nde~ghbpbh Kl~knb keh

Ldppkgeb xd `b Ibpake vpdsgenb~, xjb Cpbenj xjbpb ybpb hpkcxbh `w Ibpakew, keh

~r`~b{rbexlw, xjb~b recdpxrekxb abe hgbh kcxbp jksgei `bbe cdpnbh xd ~bpsb ge xjb

bebaw‗~ kpaw+

Ge ~raakpw, xjbpb g~ sbpw lgxxlb nrx keh hpgbh k`drx Cpkenb‗~ vdlgxgnkl ~gxrkxgde dp aglgxkpwndexpg`rxgde~ hrpgei Ydplh Ykp GG% Xjb ykp vrx Cpkenb xjpdrij k vdlgxgnkl ypgeibp, keh

xjb Cpkenb xjkx babpibh kx xjb ndenlr~gde dc xjb ykp yk~ ckp hgccbpbex cpda xjb deb

xjkx hbnlkpbh ykp de Ibpakew ge ;7>7% Kabpgnke ndllbnxgsb abadpw dc Cpkenb ge xjb

ykp cdnr~b~ klad~x bznlr~gsblw de xjb bsbex~ dc ;786% Cdp xjd~b lddogei adpb hbbvlw,

jdybsbp, xjb xprbp ekxrpb dc adhbpe, vd~xykp Cpkenb keh gx~ kpaw kpb xd `b cdreh ge

xjb bsbex~ xjkx xddo vlknb kcxbp ;786 „ cdp xjb pblkxgsblw readxgskxbh keh renbpxkge

Cpkenb dc ;786 yk~ ndavlbxblw ~ybvx kykw `w xjb ~nkxjgei bzvbpgbenb dc hbcbkx keh

dnnrvkxgde%

Y% @% Ygl~de

Mkerkpw 06;0

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