sonia montaño virreira division for gender affairs · 2013-10-15 · the problem is the second...
TRANSCRIPT
Sonia Montaño Virreira
Division for Gender Affairs
Gender equality almost 20 years after Beijing
Much progress has been made, but challenges remain:
• Since the Quito Consensus (2007) gender equality has
been measured by:
�Physical autonomy�Physical autonomy
�Decision-making autonomy
�Economic autonomy
• The Brasilia Consensus (2010) established that total
work should be redistributed between the State, the
market and the family
THE THREE AUTONOMIESTHE THREE AUTONOMIES
Eliminating violence to consolidate women’s physical autonomy
1270.95
1.83
1.27
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
80
100
120
140
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (15 COUNTRIES): DEATHS OF WOMEN AT THE HANDS OF
INTIMATE PARTNERS OR FORMER INTIMATE PARTNERS, 2011
(Absolute numbers and rates)
1 2 4 7 11 18 20 25 26 33 3440
103 105
1270.95
0.76
0.52
0.18
0.38
0.59
0.38
0.690.56
0.45
0.230.35
0.22
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0
20
40
60
Gra
nada
San
Vic
ente
y la
s G
rana
dina
s
Sur
inam
e
Trin
idad
y T
abag
o b
El S
alva
dor
Cos
ta R
ica
Uru
guay
Par
agua
y
Pue
rto
Ric
o
Nic
arag
ua
Hon
dura
s
Chi
le
Per
ú
Col
ombi
a
Rep
úblic
a D
omin
ican
a
Número absoluto Tasa (por cada 100.000 habitantes)
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of information provided by national machineries for the advancement of women and official information published by the respective governments.
Inadequate autonomy in decision -making
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
LATIN AMERICA (33 COUNTRIES): SHARE OF WOMEN AND MEN IN MINISTERIAL CABINETS, MOST RECENT
PRESIDENTIAL TERM AT DECEMBER 2011
(Percentages)
0
10
20
30
Bel
ice
Pue
rto
Ric
o
Bah
amas
Uru
guay
Isla
s C
aim
án
Ant
igua
y B
arbu
da
Per
ú
Rep
úblic
a D
omin
ican
a
Bar
bado
s
Jam
aica
San
Vic
ente
y la
s G
rana
dina
s
El S
alva
dor
Par
agua
y
Dom
inic
a
Sur
inam
e
Hon
dura
s
Méx
ico
Gua
tem
ala
Trin
idad
y T
abag
o
Hai
tí
Chi
le
Arg
entin
a
Gra
nada
Pan
amá
Bra
sil
Ven
ezue
la (
Rep
. Bol
. de)
Cub
a
San
ta L
ucía
Col
ombi
a
Cos
ta R
ica
Ecu
ador
Bol
ivia
(E
st. P
lur.
de)
Nic
arag
ua
Mujeres Hombres
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of information provided by national machineriesfor the advancement of women and official information published by the respective governments.
The challenge of increasing women’s economic autonomy
50.5
42.5
46.917.6 35.9
19.5 40.3
16.1
42.913.9
15.4
34.3
21.140.4
16.0
30.440
50
60
70
LATIN AMERICA (7 COUNTRIES): TOTAL TIME a SPENT ON PAID AND UNPAID WORK BY SEX, BY COUNTRY,
LATEST DATA AVAILABLE
(Average hours per week)
26.2
6.3
29.1
7.1
25.2
4.8
28.4
8.2 17.7
42.5
18.3 18.4
17.6 35.9 16.1 13.931.0
0
10
20
30
40
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Men
Muj
eres
Hom
bres
Brail Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador Mexico Peru Uruguay Time spent on unpaid work Time spent on paid work
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC).
The challenge of increasing women’s economic autonomy
• Latin America and the Caribbean has been able to reduce poverty and weather thefinancial and economic crisis better than other regions, while maintaining democraticinstitutions. There is new appreciation for the State in its role in promoting andguaranteeing equality, although its ability to ensure gender equality remainsweakened and it is becoming increasingly clear that a new State-market-societycovenant is needed to move the gender equality agenda from the sidelines to frontand centre.
• Changes in demographics and education, and female emancipation itself, are laying • Changes in demographics and education, and female emancipation itself, are laying bare the need to promote greater efficiency and equity in markets so as to make use of women’s capabilities. And they are casting more light on the structural injustice underpinning the current economic and social structure.
• The need for structural change as a pillar of development has been and remains the key challenge faced by Latin America and the Caribbean. The region must therefore build policies and institutions that can drive that process.
• Advancing towards sustainable growth with greater equality calls, then, for constructing mechanisms to densify the production matrix and make it more diversified in terms of high-productivity activities that embed knowledge.
Structural change for gender equality
• Equality as the long-term objective, structural change as the path and policy as the instrument.
• We need growth for equality and equality for growth (with macroeconomic, production and social policies).
• With a State that can redistribute the total work • With a State that can redistribute the total work burden between men and women, but also between the family, the State and the market.
• This means equal opportunities for women and men to enhance the skills required by the digital revolution.
Where are women in the region’seconomies ?economies ?
LATIN AMERICA (SIMPLE AVERAGE, 18 COUNTRIES): RATE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, BY SEX, NATIONAL
TOTAL
(Percentages)
80.2 79.9 80.8 80.9 80.6 79.7 80.0 78.7
Today half the women in Latin America and the Caribbean are outside the labour market
38.141.8
46.6 47.3 48.0 49.1 49.7 49.8
1990 1994 1997 1999 2002 2005 2008 2010
Men Women
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of household surveys.
63.1 63.7
47.1 45.2
59.352.5
59.6 56.5
34.2
46.350.9 52.8
THE CARIBBEAN (10 COUNTRIES): GROSS RATE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, BY SEX, 2011
(Percentages)
Labour market inclusion has not progressed a great deal in the Caribbean either
69.6 77.8 82.9 82.2 84.9 72.6 80.1 80.6 64.9 77.0 76.8 77.3
Bah
amas
Bar
bad
os
Bel
ize
Guy
ana
Hai
ti
Jam
aica
Sai
nt V
ince
nt a
nd t
he
Gre
nad
ines
Sai
nt L
ucia
Sur
inam
e
Trin
idad
and
To
bag
o
The
Car
ibb
ean
2000
The
Car
ibb
ean
2011
Promedio cMen Women
Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), online database.
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
LATIN AMERICA (16 COUNTRIES): RATE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN RURAL AREAS, BY SEX, LATEST DATA
AVAILABLE
(Percentages)
A more hostile labour market for rural women ?
0
10
20
30
40
Ch
ile
Nic
arag
ua
El S
alva
do
r
Do
min
ican
Rep
.
Pan
ama
Ho
ndu
ras
Mex
ico
Co
sta
Ric
a
Gua
tem
ala
Co
lom
bia
Ecu
ado
r
Uru
gua
y
Par
agua
y
Bra
zil
Bo
livia
(Plu
r. S
tate
of)
Per
u
Latin
Am
eric
a c
Women Men
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of household survey data.
LATIN AMERICA (9 COUNTRIES): RATE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN RURAL AREAS, BY SEX AND ETHNICITY,
LATEST CENSUS DATA AVAILABLE
(Percentages)
Valuable information from censuses: Ecuador has the highest rate of economic activity among
indigenous women
50
60
70
80
90
0
10
20
30
40
50
Indigenous women Non-indigenous women Indigenous men Non-indigenous men
Source: CELADE – Population Division of ECLAC, on the basis of data from population censuses.a/ Population aged 15 years and over.
LATIN AMERICA (18 COUNTRIES): UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, BY SEX, NATIONAL TOTAL, 2011
(Percentages)
4.9
7.0
6.4
6.0
8.2
10.5
5.6
9.19.1
9.610.3
14.520.9
7.9
BrazilVenezuela (Bol. Rep. of)
ChileCosta RicaColombia
Dominican Rep.
Latin America d
Women’s unemployment is still a concern in most of the countries of the region
3.5
2.6
6.7
3.6
4.2
8.4
3.4
3.3
6.5
4.2
4.6
6.2
4.9
4.14.14.64.64.95.1
5.35.6
6.87.47.7
8.59.1
PeruBolivia (Plur. State of)
MexicoGuatemala
PanamaEl Salvador
HondurasEcuador
NicaraguaParaguayUruguay
ArgentinaBrazil
Women Men
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of household survey data.
405060
708090
100
LATIN AMERICA (SIMPLE AVERAGE, 17 COUNTRIES): EMPLOYED WOMEN BY OCCUPATIONAL
CATEGORY, URBAN AREAS, 2011
(Percentages)
Women are in the most precarious and worst paid positions in the labour market
01020
30
Employers Wage-earners Own account Domestic service Unpaid workers
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of householdsurvey data.
LATIN AMERICA (18 COUNTRIES): WOMEN’S OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY, BY POVERTY STATUS,
AROUND 2011
(Percentages)
There are more own account workers among the poor
60
70
80
90
100
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC).
0
10
20
30
40
50
I PNI V R
Patrona Empleada Servicio Doméstico Cuenta Propia No remunerado
a/ Persons classified into four categories: I = ind igent; NIP= non-indigent poor; V = non-poor vulnera ble (between 1 and 1.5 multiples of the poverty line; R = rest (not poor, not vulnerable).
70
80
90
100 Pub. admin. schools, health and social services
Financial services
Transport
Commerce
LATIN AMERICA (17 COUNTRIES): DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY BRANCH OF ACTIVITY AND
SEX, NATIONAL TOTAL, 2011
(Percentages)
44.6% of employed women in the region are in the services sector, compared with only 20.5% of men
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Women Men
Commerce
Construction
Electricity, gas and water
Manufacturing
Mining
Agriculture
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations ofhousehold survey data.
WOMEN AND ICTs: INTERNET ACCESS AND USE IN THE ACCESS AND USE IN THE REGION
28.6
19.1
29.5
19.9
24.7
38.3
LATIN AMERICA (10 COUNTRIES): INTERNET ACCESS IN THE HOUSEHOLD, BY SEX
(Percentages)
Equality of access, inequality of use: the problem is the second digital divide
14.3
10.4
15.5
6.7
3.0
8.7
2.5
8.912.2
3.4
16.0
6.5
13.6
13.9 27.6 19.9 30.7 10.6 15.3 6.6 2.8 7.9 2.3 7.5 12.9 20.4 3.1 14.7 6.1 13.2 25.1 38.4
2005
2009
2006
2009
2005
2008
2008
2010
2007
2010
2007
2010
2007
2009
2007
2010
2007
2010
2008
2010
Brazil Chile Costa Rica
Ecuador El Salvador
Honduras Mexico Paraguay Peru Uruguay
Women Men
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of household survey data. National data. Owing to changes in the survey the data for 2010 could be constructed for Ecuador.
35.2 34.8
39.3
20.8
30.7
22.8
28.2 27.0
23.126.0
35.1
45.8
LATIN AMERICA (10 COUNTRIES): INTERNET USE BY SEX
(Percentages)
Women are using the Internet more, but stillless than men
18.2
20.822.8
4.8
13.49.6
12.8
20.4
9.8
17.0
23.1
19.7 35.6 39.3 44.0 23.4 33.8 24.2 29.9 5.6 15.0 9.1 12.0 24.2 29.8 9.8 17.9 29.9 34.1 37.5 47.9
2005
2009
2006
2009
2005
2008
2008
2010
2007
2010
2007
2010
2007
2009
2007
2010
2007
2010
2008
2010
Brazil Chile Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Honduras Mexico Paraguay Peru Uruguay
Women Men
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of household survey data.
Digital natives and wage -earning women use the Internet more
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
LATIN AMERICA (9 COUNTRIES): INTERNET USE BY OCCUPATIONAL STATUS AND SEX
(Percentages)
0
10
20
30
40
Em
ploy
ed
Une
mpl
oyed
Stu
dent
Em
ploy
ed
Une
mpl
oyed
Stu
dent
Em
ploy
ed
Une
mpl
oyed
Stu
dent
Em
ploy
ed
Une
mpl
oyed
Stu
dent
Em
ploy
ed
Une
mpl
oyed
Stu
dent
Em
ploy
ed
Une
mpl
oyed
Stu
dent
Em
ploy
ed
Une
mpl
oyed
Stu
dent
Em
ploy
ed
Une
mpl
oyed
Stu
dent
Ocu
pado
Des
ocup
ado
Est
udia
nte
Brasil Chile Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Honduras Paraguay Peru Uruguay
Women Men
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of household survey data.
Among wage-earners, women make better use of ICTs than men
30
40
50
60
70
LATIN AMERICA (9 COUNTRIES): INTERNET USE BY OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY AND SEX
(Percentages)
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of household survey data.
0
10
20
30
Em
ploy
er
Ow
n ac
coun
t
Wag
e-ea
rner
Em
ploy
er
Ow
n ac
coun
t
Wag
e-ea
rner
Em
ploy
er
Ow
n ac
coun
t
Wag
e-ea
rner
Em
ploy
er
Ow
n ac
coun
t
Wag
e-ea
rner
Em
ploy
er
Ow
n ac
coun
t
Wag
e-ea
rner
Em
ploy
er
Ow
n ac
coun
t
Wag
e-ea
rner
Em
ploy
er
Ow
n ac
coun
t
Wag
e-ea
rner
Em
ploy
er
Ow
n ac
coun
t
Wag
e-ea
rner
Em
ploy
er
Ow
n ac
coun
t
Wag
e-ea
rner
Brazil Chile Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Honduras Paraguay Peru Uruguay
Women Men
40
50
60
70
80
The poor are also info have-nots
LATIN AMERICA (9 COUNTRIES): INTERNET USE BY INCOME QUINTILE AND SEX
(Percentages)
0
10
20
30
40
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Brazil Chile Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Honduras Paraguay Peru Uruguay
Women Men
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of household survey data.
The more highly educated people are, the more they use Internet
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
LATIN AMERICA (9 COUNTRIES): INTERNET USE BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND SEX
(Percentages)
0
10
20
30
40
Prim
ary
Sec
onda
ryP
ost-
seco
ndar
yT
ertia
ryP
rimar
yS
econ
dary
Pos
t-se
cond
ary
Ter
tiary
Prim
ary
Sec
onda
ryP
ost-
seco
ndar
yT
ertia
ryP
rimar
yS
econ
dary
Pos
t-se
cond
ary
Ter
tiary
Prim
ary
Sec
onda
ryP
ost-
seco
ndar
yT
ertia
ryP
rimar
yS
econ
dary
Pos
t-se
cond
ary
Ter
tiary
Prim
ary
Sec
onda
ryP
ost-
seco
ndar
yT
ertia
ryP
rimar
yS
econ
dary
Pos
t-se
cond
ary
Ter
tiary
Prim
ary
Sec
onda
ryP
ost-
seco
ndar
yT
ertia
ry
Brazil Chile Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Honduras Paraguay Peru UruguayWomen Men
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of household survey data.
The digital gap is smaller in rural areas
42.0 42.339.1
36.1 35.8
45.8
40
50
60
LATIN AMERICA (9 COUNTRIES): INTERNET USE BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND SEX
(Percentages)
12.9
17.9 17.8
11.9
18.9
3.4
22.9
3.5
25.1
4.26.7
44.0 11.6 48.1 17.7 44.4 18.9 39.3 12.1 22.0 3.9 23.7 3.0 28.4 3.7 46.4 11.4 47.90
10
20
30
Urb
an
Ru
ral
Urb
an
Ru
ral
Urb
an
Ru
ral
Urb
an
Ru
ral
Urb
an
Ru
ral
Urb
an
Ru
ral
Urb
an
Ru
ral
Urb
an
Ru
ral
Urb
an
Ru
ral
Brazil Chile Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Honduras Paraguay Peru Uruguay a
Women Men
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of household survey data.
Summing up: Latin American and Caribbean women• Half of Latin American and Caribbean women are outside the
labour market: �They are unable to generate their own income through paid work
�They shoulder heavier burdens of unpaid work
�They have no access to social protection (health care and pension/retirement)
• The other half, which are in the labour market:�Suffer horizontal and vertical segregation�Suffer horizontal and vertical segregation
�1 in10 works in domestic service, one of the worst paid and least protected sectors
• With regard to ICTs:�There is a sharp digital divide in use that disadvantages unemployed
women and those living in rural areas.
�The gap is narrowing for younger women and wage-earning women, but they still face risks of overburden of work and barriers to skills development with respect to the constant changes and updating of ICTs
�Heavily sexist slant of content deters or excludes women from much information and knowledge, and perpetuates unfair stereotypes which place limitations on them.
WOMEN IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMYECONOMY
The technological revolution is swiftly changing the material basis of society.
Interdependent economies and new requirements in the labour markets
Discrimination against women persists in paid Discrimination against women persists in paid employment
ICT industry appears to be heavily male-dominated (jobs and content)
Horizontal
segregation
In knowledge production, women are
concentrated in jobs associated with the
cultural role they play in society. They
are underrepresented in innovation,
science and technology.
Vertical segregation in the labour market
Vertical
segregation
Unequal position of women and men
in occupational hierarchies
the most senior positions are held
primarily by men.
Male construct of a
Total dedication to
work
High geographical
Uninterrupted scientific
What happens towomen in science and development?
Male construct of a career in science geographical
mobility
Age and time
barriers
scientific productivity
Challenges for gender equality in science and technology
Need to strengthen women’s participation in science and technology:
• Increasing the numbers of women studying and remaining in these subjects in tertiary education.
• Professional advancement of women in science and knowledge spheres, especially early in their careers.
• Women’s participation in decision-making structures in science, technology and innovation.
Gender equality in the digital economy
ICT access and use
for joining the Women in the
world of science for joining the
labour market
Women’s
situation in the
digital economy
world of science
and technology
Summing up• Increasing numbers of women and men are exposed to
the new tools of the digital economy.
• The sexual division of labour is reproduced in the new areas of the labour market opened with the digital economy.
• Training and vocational training are key to ensuring • Training and vocational training are key to ensuring women’s integration into more technological jobs with higher pay.
• There is a virtuous cycle between women’s entry to the labour market and their knowledge and more intensive use of ICTs. This must be strengthened with public and business policies that avoid horizontal and vertical segregation.
Digital agendas and gender equality
• Today, most of LAC countries have national ICT strategies, in line with the Plan of Action for the Information and Knowledge Society in Latin America and the Caribbean (eLAC 2015).
• These digital agendas have enabled major advances • These digital agendas have enabled major advances in ICT access and use for all the population.
• But most of them do not include specific actions to promote a strong role for women in the digital society.
Inspiring e xperiences
• There are positive experiences of including the gender perspective in the digital agenda in the Dominican Republic, Ecuador and Mexico.
• Digital Strategy for Ecuador 2.0 the Proactiv@s project is geared to reducing gender violence by capacity-building through ICTs.
• The new Digital Agenda mx programme, on the basis that ICTs can be a powerful tool for promoting gender equity and for reducing can be a powerful tool for promoting gender equity and for reducing gender violence, advocates digital engagement in schemes to prevent and combat violence against women, among other actions.
• In 2004, the first version of e-Dominicana included gender equity as a priority area, and now aims for coordination between ministries to ensure that gender equality is mainstreamed into the design of public policies on ICTs.
Towards more integrated, gender-sensitive digital agendas
• We need more comprehensive digital agendas, incorporating innovation and competitiveness issues as well as gender equality.
• It is necessary to guarantee gender equality in the information society while, at the same time, using ICTs information society while, at the same time, using ICTs as tools for promoting gender equality in the broader society.
• The gender perspective must cut across digital agendas to close the various gender gaps (not just an isolated project).
• Digital agendas must be coordinated with machineries for the advancement of women.
Digital inclusion policies with gender perspectives are needed to enable men and women to access and use ICTs on an equal footing, and to make ICTs a tool for improving those areas where women are at a clear and persistent disadvantage to at a clear and persistent disadvantage to men.
ICTs as allies for gender equality, but not in and of themselves…
• Strengthening initiatives under way and ensuring their sustainability.
• Encouraging women’s technological and scientific vocations.
• Actively promoting female technological entrepreneurship.
• Creating new online content and combating digital content that • Creating new online content and combating digital content that denigrates women.
• Modernizing the technology in economic activities and sectors that are primarily made up of women, all of which are crucial to social well-being (health, education, services and care).
• Promoting women’s participation in the decision-making areas of the ICT sector.
• Strengthening the ICT profile of machineries for the advancement of women and pro-equality organizations.
