solutions. we all use chemical solutions average family spends: $ _________ / year on chemical...
TRANSCRIPT
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Solutions
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Definitions
• Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture
Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount
Solute Solute - substance being dissolved
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Types of SolutionsSolute Solvent Solution
Gaseous Solutions
gas
liquid
gas
gas
air (nitrogen, oxygen, argon gases)
humid air (water vapor in air)
Liquid Solutions
gas
liquid
solid
liquid
liquid
liquid
carbonated drinks (CO2 in water)
vinegar (CH3COOH in water)
salt water (NaCl in water)
Solid Solutions
liquid
Solid
gas
solid
Solid
solid
dental amalgam (Hg in Ag)
sterling silver (Cu in Ag)
Pop Rocks! (CO2 in sugar)Charles H.Corwin, Introductory Chemistry 2005, page 369
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Na+
Na+
Na+Cl-
Cl-Cl-
NaCl solid
salt
NaCl (aq) = Na+ = Cl-
Dissolving of solid NaCl
Animation by Raymond Chang All rights reserved.
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Solvation
• Solvation – Solvation – the process of dissolving
solute particles are separated and pulled into solution
solute particles are surrounded by solvent particles
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Polar water molecules interact with positive and negative ions
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 468
Animation
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Oil and Water Don’t Mix
• Oil is nonpolar• Water is polar
“Like dissolves like”
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 470
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As size , rate
As To , rate
3. mixing
Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution
1. temperature
2. particle size
4. nature of solvent or solute
More mixing, rate
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Making solutions
• In order to dissolve the solvent molecules must come in contact with the solute.
• Stirring moves fresh solvent next to the solute.
• The solvent touches the surface of the solute.
• Smaller pieces increase the amount of surface of the solute.
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Non-Solution Definitions
insoluble: “will NOT dissolve in”
e.g., sand and water
immiscible: refers to two gases or two liquids that will NOT form a solution
e.g., water and oil
suspension: appears uniform while being stirred, but settles over time