solid wastes are only raw materials we’re too stupid to use. arthur c clarke
TRANSCRIPT
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Solid wastes are only raw materials we’re too stupid to use.Arthur C Clarke
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Solid and Hazardous Waste
Chapter 21
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Core Case Study: E-waste—An Exploding Problem
• Electronic waste, e-waste: fastest growing solid waste problem
• Composition includes– High-quality plastics– Valuable metals– Toxic and hazardous pollutants
• Shipped to other countries– What happens in China?
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Cont’d
• International Basel Convention– Bans transferring hazardous wastes from developed countries to developing
countries
• European Union– Cradle-to-grave approach
• What should be done?– Recycle– E-cycle– Reuse– Prevention approach: remove the toxic materials
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We Throw Away Huge Amounts of Useful Things and Hazardous Materials
• Solid waste– Industrial solid waste– Municipal solid waste (MSW)– Hazardous, toxic, waste
• Hazardous wastes– Organic compounds– Toxic heavy metals– Radioactive waste
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Cont’d
• 80–90% of hazardous wastes produced by developed countries
• Why reduce solid wastes?– ¾ of the materials are an unnecessary waste of the earth's
resources– Huge amounts of air pollution, greenhouse gases, and
water pollution
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What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your Home?
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Solid Waste in the United States
• Leader in solid waste problem– What is thrown away?
• Leader in trash production, by weight, per person
• Recycling is helping
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We Can Burn or Bury Solid Waste or Produce Less of It
• Waste Management
• Waste Reduction
• Integrated waste management – Uses a variety of strategies
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Integrated Waste Management
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Integrated Waste Management: Priorities for Dealing with Solid Waste
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Science Focus: Garbology
• William Rathje: analyzes garbage in landfills
• Landfills and trash decomposition
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We Can Cut Solid Wastes by Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling
• Waste reduction is based on– Reduce– Reuse– Recycle
• Seven strategies:(1) Redesign manufacturing processes and products to
use less material and energy(2) Redesign manufacturing processes to produce less
waste and pollution
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We Can Cut Solid Wastes by Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling
• Seven strategies cont…(3) Develop products that are easy to repair, reuse,
remanufacture, compost, or recycle(4) Eliminate or reduce unnecessary packaging(5) Use fee-per-bag waste collection systems(6) Establish cradle-to grave responsibility(7) Restructure urban transportation systems
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Case Study: Use of Refillable Containers
• Reuse and recycle– Refillable glass beverage bottles– Refillable soft drink bottles made of polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) plastic
• Paper, plastic, or reusable cloth bags– Pros– Cons
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Energy Consumption Involved with Using Different Types of 350 ml Containers
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There Are Two Types of Recycling
• Primary, closed-loop recycling• Secondary recycling • Types of wastes that can be recycled– Preconsumer: internal waste– Postconsumer: external waste
• Do items actually get recycled?• What are the numbers?• Will the consumer buy recycled goods?
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We Can Mix or Separate Household Solid Wastes for Recycling
• Materials-recovery facilities (MRFs)
• Source separation– Pay-as-you-throw – Fee-per-bag
• Which program is more cost effective?
• Which is friendlier to the environment?
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We Can Copy Nature and Recycle Biodegradable Solid Wastes
• Composting– Individual– Municipal
• Benefits
• Successful program in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Backyard Composter Drum: Bacteria Convert Kitchen Waste into Compost
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Case Study: Recycling Paper
• Production of paper versus recycled paper– Energy use– Water use– Pollution
• Countries that are recycling
• Replacement of chlorine-based bleaching chemicals with H2O2 or O2
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Case Study: Recycling Plastics
• Plastics: composed of resins• Most containers discarded: 4% recycled• Litter: beaches, water– Significance?
• Low plastic recycling rate– Hard to isolate one type of plastic– Low yields of plastic– Cheaper to make it new
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Discarded Solid Waste Litters Beaches
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Individuals Matter: Mike Biddle’s Contribution to Recycling Plastics
• Mike Biddle and Trip Allen: MBA Polymers, Inc.
• Leaders in plastic recycling
• Plants in– U.S. – China– Australia TedTalks
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Science Focus: Bioplastics
• Plastics from soybeans: not a new concept
• Key to bioplastics: catalysts
• Sources– Corn– Soy– Sugarcane
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Cont’d
• Sources cont…– Switchgrass– Chicken feathers– Some garbage– CO2 from coal-burning plant emissions
• Benefits: lighter, stronger, cheaper, and biodegradable
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Recycling Has Advantages and Disadvantages
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
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Burning Solid Waste Has Advantages and Disadvantages
• Waste-to-energy incinerators
• 600 Globally – Most in Great Britain
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
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Solutions: A Waste-to-Energy Incinerator with Pollution Controls
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Dumps/Landfills
• Open dumps
• Sanitary landfills
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Trade-Offs: Sanitary Landfills, Advantages and Disadvantages
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We Can Use Integrated Management of Hazardous Waste
• Integrated management of hazardous wastes– Produce less– Convert to less hazardous substances– Rest in long-term safe storage
• Increased use for postconsumer hazardous waste
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Integrated Hazardous Waste Management
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Case Study: Recycling E-Waste
• 70% goes to China – Hazardous working conditions
• Reduce toxic components in electronics
• 2008: Basel Action Network – Instituted e-Stewards Initiative
BAN
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We Can Detoxify Hazardous Wastes
• Collect and then detoxify– Physical methods– Chemical methods– Use nanomagnets– Bioremediation– Phytoremediation
• Incineration
• Using a plasma arc torch
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Solutions: Phytoremediation
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Trade-Offs: Phytoremediation, Advantages and Disadvantages
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We Can Store Some Forms of Hazardous Waste
• Burial on land or long-term storage
• Deep-well disposal
• Surface impoundments
• Secure hazardous landfills
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Trade-Offs: Deep-Well Disposal, Advantages and Disadvantages
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Surface Impoundment in Niagara Falls, New York, U.S.
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Trade-Offs Surface Impoundments, Advantages and Disadvantages
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Solutions: Secure Hazardous Waste Landfill
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What Can You Do? Hazardous Waste
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Case Study: Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States
• 1976: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
• 1980: Comprehensive Environmental, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), or Superfund – Pace of cleanup has slowed– Superfund is broke
• Laws encouraging the cleanup of brownfields
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Leaking Barrels of Toxic Waste at a Superfund Site in the United States
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Grassroots Action Has Led to Better Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
• “Not in my backyard”
• Produce less waste– “Not in anyone’s backyard”– “Not on planet Earth”
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Providing Environmental Justice for Everyone Is an Important Goal
• Environmental Justice
• Which communities in the U.S. have the largest share of hazardous waste dumps?
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Countries Have Developed International Treaties to Reduce Hazardous Waste
• 1989 Basel Convention – 1995: Amended– 2008: Ratified by 192 countries, but not• The United States• Afghanistan• Haiti
• 2000: Delegates from 122 countries completed a global treaty– Control 12 persistent organic pollutants
• 2000: Swedish Parliament Law– By 2020 ban all chemicals that are persistent and can
accumulate in living tissue
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We Can Make the Transition to Low-Waste Societies
• Norway, Austria, and the Netherlands– Committed to reduce resource waste by 75%
• East Hampton, NY, U.S. – Reduced solid waste by 85%
• Follow guidelines to prevent pollution and reduce waste