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SOLAR INVERTER WITH AUTO SYNCHRONIZATION USING

MICROCONTROLLERSubmitted by: Suchit padaria (120640109125)Dhaval brahmbhatt (120640109126)Margi prajapati (130643109019)

INTERNAL GUIDE:PROF. DIPEN BRAHMBHATT

K. J. Institute Of Engineering And Technology

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INTRODUCTION:

At present, many countries are overly dependent on conventional sources to meet their requirement of power. Conventional sources of energy includes coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.

Energy generated by using wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat, and biomass including farm and animal waste as well as human excreta is known as non-conventional energy.

From this non convectional energy sources solar energy is easily available

The Earth receives an incredible supply of solar energy. The sun is probably the most important source of renewable energy available today. The conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy by photo-voltaic (PV) effect is a very promising technology, being clean, silent and reliable, with very small maintenance costs and small ecological impact.

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OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of our project is include three

points: 1. Sun tracking system 2. Generation of sine wave for home appliances using inverter circuit 3. Synchronization with AC mains to provide uninterrupted power supply

Solar tracking enables more energy to be generated because the solar panel is always able to maintain a perpendicular profile to the sun’s rays.

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Solar panels generate electricity from sunlight. Output of solar panels is DC and home appliances are works on AC power so to generates AC supply inverter circuit is essential.

Main concept of our project is to synchronization of solar inverter with AC mains to provide uninterrupted power supply to home appliances in power cut off situation and to provide power directly from solar power system where electricity is not present.

OBJECTIVES CONTINUE …

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BLOCK DIAGRAM :

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► SUN TRACKING SYSTEM:

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Single axis solar tracker :

Single axis tracker, which follows the sun from east to west during day.

SUN TRACKING SYSTEM CONTINUE …

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SUN TRACKING SYSTEM CONTINUE … double axis solar tracker :

Double axis tracker tracks the sun from east to west during the day, and north to south during the seasons ofthe year.

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Solar panels :Solar Panels or Photovoltaic (PV) cells are the device that captures the sun's power and convert them into electrical energy.

Light dependent resistor(LDR): sensor :If light falling on the device is of the highenough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electronsenough energy to jump into the conduction band.The resulting free electron conducts electricity.

COMPONENTS:

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Stepper motor :A stepper motor is brushless DCelectric motor that divides a full rotation into a number of equal steps. stepper motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses into mechanical shaft rotation.Types of stepper motor : Bipolar motor 1. Bipolar stepper motor 2. Unipolar stepper motor

Unipolar motor

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ULN 2003: The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and high current Darlington transistor arrays. It consists of seven NPN darlington pairs that features high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diode for switching inductive loads.

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Microcontroller (AT89S52):- Features : 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Fast Programming Time

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INTERFACING OF ULN 2003:

The  ULN2003 is a current driver IC. It is used to drive the current of the stepper motor as it requires more than 60mA of current. It is an array of Darlington pairs. It consists of seven pairs of darlington arrays with common emitter. The IC consists of 16 pins in which 7 are input pins, 7 are output pins and remaining are VCC and Ground.

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Step

Ter. 1 Ter. 2 Ter. 3 Ter. 4

1 1 0 1 02 1 0 0 13 0 1 0 14 0 1 1 01 1 0 1 0

The first four input pins are connected to the microcontroller. In the same way, four output pins are connected to the stepper motor.The table below show the different steps required to make the motor turn.

Interfacing of uln 2003 continue …

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► INVERTER CIRCUIT :

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A device that converts DC power into AC power at desired output voltage and frequency is called an Inverter.

In this inverter circuit main components are 1. LM 555 timer IC2. Power transsistor (2N3055A)

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LM 555 TIMER IC :The 555 timer IC is an integratedcircuit used in a variety of timer,pluse generation, oscillator and also as a flip-flop element.Depending on the manufacture,the standard 555 package includes 25 transistors, 2 diodesand 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in a 8pin DIP package.In monostable mode, 555 IC functions as a “one shot” pulse genrator.In bistable mode, 555 IC functions as a flip-flop.In astable mode, 555 IC can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pluse genration, logic clocks etc.

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Astable mode of Timer 555 IC :In astable mode, the 555 timer puts out a continuous stream of rectangular pulses having specified frequency.The capacitor is charged through R1, R2 and R3 since pin 7 has low impedance to ground during output low intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the capacitor. In the astable mode, the frequency of the pulse stream depends on the values of R1, R2, R3 and C.

high time t1= ln(2)•(R1+R2+R3)•C low time t2 = ln(2)•(R2+R3)•C

555 timer IC continue…

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POWER TRANSISTORS (2N3055A):Transistor is a semiconductor device used toamplify or switching signals and electrial power. It consists of three terminals for connection to an external circuit. TransistorAbsolute maximum ratings:VCBO= 100VVEBO=7VVCEO=60VIC=15APOUT=115W Symbol (NPN)

Parallel connection of 2N3055 is very easy as shown above. Parellel connection is essential for 110w power output.

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►SYNCHRONIZATION CIRCUIT:

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Main concept of our project is to synchronization of solar inverter with AC mains to provide uninterrupted power supply to home appliances in power cut off situation and to provide power directly from solar power system .Components in synchronization circuit:1. 7805 IC2. MOC30413. ATmega328 microcontroller

7805 IC :7805 IC is used as power supply circuit for microcontroller.7805 IC gives constant +5V DC for microcontroller.

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MOC 3041:They are designed for use with a triac in the interface of logic systems to equipment powered from 115 Vac lines, such as solid-state relays, industrial controls, motors, solenoids and consumer appliances, etc.

Functions of moc 3041: Sychronization with mainline by zero crossing detection.

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ATmega328 microcontroller:Features :28-pin AVR MicrocontrollerFlash Program Memory: 32 kbytesEEPROM Data Memory: 1kbytesSRAM Data Memory: 2kbytesI/O Pins: 23 Timers: Two 8bit/ One 16 bitA/D converter: 10 bit Six channelPWM: Six Channels

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ADVANTAGES

Clean and renewable energy sourceProduced free of chargeNo pollutionNo moving parts so no noise at allVery little maintenanceIn the long term, high return

APPLICATION AREAS Rural hamletsHospitalsBungalowsEducational institutionsGovernment officesCommercial establishments Petrol pumps Construction companies WorkshopsR&D laboratoriesWater pumps

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CONCLUSION: After collecting few information about microcontroller

based solar tracking system using stepper motor if we compare tracking by the use of LDR with fix solar panel system we found that the efficiency of microcontroller based solar tracking system is improved by 30-45%.

LM 555 timer IC based inverter which does not require centre tapped transformer.

And from sychronization circuit, ATmega328 converts Analog to Digital form from which we get instant synchronization with load.

This system is more efficient and cost effective in long term.

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REFERENCES : Rizk J. and Chaiko Y.”Solar tracking system:

More efficient use of solar panels”,world Academy of science,Engineering nd Technology 412008.

Filfil Ahmed Nasir,Mohussen Deia Halboot, Dr. Zidan khamis A.“microcontroller based sun path tracking system”, eng. & Tech. Journal, vol. 29

http://www.electronicshub.org/stepper-motor-control-using-8051-microcontroller/

http://www.microtivity.com/p/ICAT89S52-1/pack-of-1-at89s52-8-bit-microcontroller-w-8kbytes-isp-flash

http://www.botskool.com/tutorials/electronics/8051/input-output-instructions-8051-assembly-language

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THANK YOU