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P e r g amonR e n e w a b l e E n e r g y , Vol. 14, No s. 1-4, pp. 387-3 92, 1998 1998 Publishedby ElsevierScience Ltd. All rights reservedPrinted in G reat BritainPI I : S0 96 0-1 48 1 (98) 00 09 4- 9 0960-1481/98 $19.00+0.00

SOLAR ENERGY EDUCATION - A VIABLE PATHWAY FORSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

S . M . H A S N A I N * , S . H . A L A W A J I , A N D U . A . E L A N I

E n e r g y R e s e a r c h I n s ti t ut e , K i n g A b d u l a z i z C i ty f o r S c i e n ce a n d T e c h n o l o g yP O B ox : 6086 , R iya d h 11442, S a ud i Ar a b ia . *E- m a i l : sy id@ ka c s t . e du . saF a x : + 9 6 6 - 1 - 4 8 1 3 8 8 0

A B S T R A C TThe g r ow ing c onsum pt ion o f l im i t e d r e se r ve s o f f o s s i l f ue l s a nd the i r im pa c t t o the e nv i ronm e n t ha ve r a i s e dg loba l i n t e r e s t i n ha r ne s s ing so la r e ne r gy . P r ope r know le dge o f so l a r e ne r gy i s l a c k ing in m a ny l e ve l s o fsoc ie ty . R e c e n t ly , t h e Ene r g y R e se a r c h I n s t i t u t e ( ER I ) o f K in g Ab du la z i z C i ty f o r S c ie nc e a nd Te c hn o logy( KA C S T ) ha ve c ondu c te d a su r ve y on the a va i l a b i l i t y o f so l a r e ne r gy e duc a t ion p r og r a m a r ound the wor ld . I tha s be e n obse r ve d tha t a c ons ide r a b le a m oun t o f wo r k ha s be e n done f o r de ve lop ing so la r e ne r gy t e c hno log ie sbu t r e l a t ive ly l i t t le a t t e n t ion ha s be e n pa id on the r o l e o f so l a r e ne r gy e duc a t ion . Th i s pa pe r g ive s a n ove r v ie wof the c u r r e n t s t a tu s o f so l a r e duc a t ion p r og r a m a va i l a b le a r ound the g lobe a nd i t a l so h igh l igh t s t he im p or t a nc eo f the e ne r gy in f o r m a t ion ne tw or k f o r so l a r e duc a t ion p r og r a m . 1998 P ub l i she d by E l se v ie r S c ie nc e L td . A l l r i gh t s r e se r ve d .

K E Y W O R D SSolar energy education; Sustainable developm ent; Global survey; Energy d atabases; Public awareness program

I N T R O D U C T I O NAv a i l a b i l i t y o f c he a p a nd a bunda n t e ne r gy w i th m in im um e nv i r onm e n ta l a nd e c o log ic a l ha z a r ds a s soc ia t e dwi th i t s p r oduc t ion a nd use i s one o f t he im po r t a n t f a c to r s f o r de s i re d im pr ove m e n t in the qua l i t y o f l i fe o f t hepe op le l i v ing e spe c ia l ly in de ve lo p ing wor ld . The g r owing sc a r c i ty o f f o s s i l f ue l s ha ve r a i s e d g loba l i n t e re s t inthe ha r ne s s ing o f so l a r e ne r gy . P r ope r knowle dg e o f so l a r e ne r gy is l a c k ing in m a ny l e ve l s o f soc ie ty . A m a jo robs t a c l e to the de ve lopm e n t o f u s ing so la r e ne r gy is a p r e se nc e o f a l a rge vo id in e duc a t ion p roc e s s . Th i s vo idc a n be f i l l e d by pu t t ing he c t i c e f f o r t s t o im pr ov e the ove r a l l unde r s t a nd ing a nd know le dge o f r e l i a b le a nde nv i r onm e n ta l ly sound so la r e ne r gy ( B our d i r ous , 1991 , C ha r t t e rs , 1992 a nd Ga r ge t . a l , 1992). One of thep r io r i t ie s i n th i s dom a in i s t he r e f o r e to p r om ote t r a in ing a nd in f o r m a t ion a im e d a t s e ns i t is ing spe c ia l i s t s a nd thege ne r a l pub l i c t o the poss ib l e u se r s o f so la r e ne r gy wi th pa r t i c u la r r e ga r d to e nv i r onm e n ta l c onc e r ns a nd ther e q u i r e m e n t o f s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t ( H a s n a i n e t . a l , 1995). R e a l i s ing the im por t a nc e o f so l a r e ne r gye duc a t ion f o r e f f e c t ive u t i l i s a t ion o f so l a r e ne r gy t e c hno logy , a su r ve y ha s be e n c onduc te d by the Ene r gyR e s e a rc h I n s t i t u te ( E R I ) o f K i n g A b d u l a z i z C i t y f o r S c i en c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y ( K A C S T ) t h r o u g h aque s t ionna i r e on the a va i l a b i l i t y o f so l a r e ne r gy e duc a t ion p r og r a m s a t d i f f e r e n t e duc a t ion l e ve l s a r ound thewor ld . Th i s pa pe r e xa m ine s the r e su l t o f t he su r ve y in the a r e a o f s c hoo l & un ive r s i ty e duc a t ion , voc a t iona lt r a in ing a nd e n e r gy da ta ba se s .

387

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3 88 S . M . H A S N A I N e t a l .S O L A R E N E R G Y E D U C A T I O N S U R V E Y

The m a in a im f o r de s ign ing the que s t ionna i r e wa s to f ind ou t : t he e x te n t t o w h ic h so l a r e ne r gy c onc e p t s u se d a td i f f e re n t e duc a t ion l e ve l ; t he c o u r se s t r uc tu r e / sub je ct c on te n ts ; a nd the a va i l a b i l i t y & type s o f t e a c h ingr e sou r c e m a te r i a l s on a g lob a l le ve l . The c o n te n t s o f t he que s t ionna i r e a r e ou t l i ne d in F ig . 1 .

N a m e & A d d r e s s o fthe Or ga n i sa t ion

P r i m a r y R o l e o f t h e O r g a n i sa t i o n R e s e a r c h & D e v e l o p m e n t Te a c h ing / T r a in ing A c a d e m i c ( E d u c a ti o n ), $ ..5 .5 .5 ,&

Level / Types o fTeaching Programs*School Education*Undergraduate*Postgraduate*Short Courses /Seminars

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Availability o f*Short Courses*Teaching ResourceMaterial*Any Joint Programwith other Agency

F ig . 1 . M a in i t e m s c ove r e d in t he Que s t ionna i r e on S o la r Ene r g y Educ a t ionTh i s su r ve y wa s t a r ge t e d 19 loc a l a nd 172 f o r e ign o r ga n i sa t ions ba se d in 60 d i f f e r e n t c oun tr i es . F iveque s t ionna i r e s we r e r e tu r ne d a s unde l ive r e d , t he r e f o r e 186 o r ga n i sa t ions a r e c ons ide r e d f o r f u r the r s tudy .Na m e s o f t he c oun t r i e s a r e g ive n a lpha be t i c a l ly i n Ta b le 1 , w i th num e r i c a l num be r s i n b r a c ke t r e p r e se n t sd i f f er e n t o r ga n i sa t ions u se d f o r t he q ue s t ionna i r e o f t ha t c oun t r y .

Ta b le 1 . L i s t o f c oun t r i es s e l e c t e d f o r t he su r ve y on so l a r e ne r gy e duc a t ionAlg e r i a ( 2 )* Egy p t ( 5 ) L iby a ( 2 ) S pa in ( 1 )Aus t r a l i a ( 7 ) Eng la nd ( 10 ) M a la ys i a ( 3 ) S r i La nk a ( 1 )Aus t r i a ( 2 ) F r a nc e ( 4 ) M e x ic o ( 1 ) S uda n ( 1 )B a hr a in ( 3 ) Ge r m a ny ( 8 ) N . I r e l a nd ( 2 ) S we de n ( 2 )B a ng la de sh ( 4 ) Gha na ( 2 ) Ne the r l a nds ( 4 ) S wi t z e r l a nd ( 2 )B a r ba d os ( 1 ) Gr e e c e ( 1 ) N ige r i a ( 1 ) S y r i a ( 2 )B e l g i u m ( 3 ) H o n g K o n g ( 1 ) * m a n ( 2 ) T h a i la n d ( 2 )B o t sw a na ( 1 ) Hun ga r y ( 2 ) P a k i s t a n ( 5 ) Tun i s i a ( 2 )B r a z i l ( 1 I nd ia ( 13 ) P o la nd ( 2 ) Tur ke y ( 4 )B u lga r i a ( 1 ) I r a n ( 2 ) P o r tuga l ( 1 ) U . A E. ( 2 )C a na da ( 5 ) I t a ly ( 2 ) Qa ta r ( 1 ) U . S . A . ( 18 )C h ina ( 6 ) J a pa n ( 4 ) R om a n ia ( 1 ) Ukr a ine ( 1 )C os ta R ic a ( 1 ) Jo r da n ( 2 ) R uss i a ( 3 ) Ve ne z ue la ( 2 )C ypr us ( 1 ) Kuw a i t ( 1 ) S a ud i Ar a b ia ( 19 ) Ye m e n ( 1 )D e n m a r k ( 1 ) L e b a n o n ( 2 ) S o u t h K o r e a ( 2 ) Z i m b a b w e ( 2 )* Num erical number in bracket shows num ber of addresses used in that country.

Ta b le 2 , shows a de t a i l e d in f o r m a t ion o f t he que s t ionna i r e s e n t t o d i ff e r e n t c oun t r i e s a nd r e sponse s r e c e ive da ga ins t i t. 26 3% r e sponse s : 16 . 1% f r om indus t r i a l i s e d a nd 10 .2% f r om de ve lop ing c oun t r i e s a r e r e c e ive d fr om25 c oun t r i e s ( 11 o f t he m a r e de ve lo p ing c oun tr i e s) . Th i s shows a tr e nd o f th in r e p l i e s r e c e ive d fr omde ve lop ing c oun t r i e s a s c om pa r e d to i ndus t r i a l i s ed c oun tr i e s.

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S o l a r e ne r gy e duc a t i onT a b l e 2 . I n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g Q u e s t i o n n a i r e to / f r o m I n d u s t r i a l is e d a n d D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s

389

N u m b e r o f N u m b e r o fT o t al n u m b e r N u m b e r o fCountries of coun tries respondent organisations in organ isat ions incountries respondent no n- respond ent Responses receivedcountries countriesI ndus t r i a l i s e d 30 14 65 26 30D e v e l o i 30 11 53 42 19

F i g u r e 2 , i ll u s tr a t e s p e r c e n t a g e o f o r g a n i s a t i o n s r e sp o n d e d t o t h e s u r v e y a c c o r d i n g to t h e i r p ri n c i p a l s c o pe . O u to f 49 r e s pond e d o r ga n i s a t i ons , 34 i n s t i t u t e s a r e f oun d e nga ge d i n t e a c h i n g a c t i v i ti e s . I t i s e v i de n t f r om t h i sf i g u r e t h a t 2 4 . 6 % r e s p o n s e s a r e r e c e i v e d f r o m th o s e a c a d e m i c o r g a n i s a t io n s , w h o a r e a l so e n g a g e d in R & Da nd T r a i n i ng a c t i v i ti e s . I t ha s a l s o be e n f ound t ha t 22 . 4% o f t a r ge t o r ga n i s a t i ons a r e no t d i r e c t l y e nga ge d i nf o r m a l s o la r e n e r g y e d u c a t i o n p r o g r a m . W h e r e a s 2 0 . 4 % & 1 4 . 3 % r e s p o n d e d o r g a n i s a t io n s a r e e x c l u s i v e l ye nga g e d i n a c a d e m i c a nd R & D a c t i v i t i e s r e s pe c t i ve l y .

F ig . 2 0 r g a n i s a t i o n s r e s p o n d e d t o t h e s u r v e y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r p r in c i p a l s c o p eS c h o o l E d u c a t i o n

I t i s e s s e n ti a l f o r t h e y o u n g s c h o la r s t o l e a rn a b o u t e n e r g y a n d e n e r g y s o u r c e s, a c h a n g i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a n d as e n s e o f i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e o f s y s t e m s o n e a rt h . T h u s , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o i n t r o d u c e s o la r e n e r g y c o n c e p t f r o m t h ev e r y e a r ly s t a g e o f ed u c a t io n . T h e c o n t e n t o f te a c h i n g c o u r s e s o n s o la r e n e r g y v a r y w i th t h e a g e o f t h e s t u d e n tf r o m p r i m a r y t o s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l a n d t o u n i v e r s i ty l e v e l. F o r e a c h l e v el , t h e r e w i l l b e v a r i o u s a d e q u a t em e t h o d s t o d e s i g n t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e c o u r se o n s o la r e n e r g y . I n g e n e ra l , t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e c o u r s e f o r p ri m a r ys c h o o l i s b a s e d o n q u a l i t y d e m o n s t r a ti o n , w h i l e f o r s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l a n d f o r u n i v e r s i t y l e v e l, t h e c o n t e n t o f t h ec o u r s e i s b a s e d o n c o n c e p t o f q u a n t i t y a n a l y s i s w h e r e t h e a i m s a r e o n m e a s u r e m e n t s , c a l c u la t i o n s, s y s t e md e s i g n a n d p e r f o r m a n c e a n a l y s is . A n u m b e r o f o r g a n i s a t i o n s a r e e n g a g e d in d e v e l o p i n g c u r r i c u l u m / t e a c h i n gr e s ou r c e ma t e r i a l s f o r r e ne w a b l e e ne r g i e s e s pe c i a l l y a t s c hoo l l e ve l . I t w a s f ound t ha t 31% o f t he r e s pon de di n s ti t u te s o u t o f 4 9 a r e e i th e r e n g a g e d i n d e v e l o p i n g c u r r i c u l u m f o r s c h o o l c h i l d r e n o r d e v e l o p i n g t e a c h i n gr e s ou r c e ma t e r i a l s i n t he a r e a o f s o l a r e ne r gy . A l i s t o f s ome o f thos e o r g a n i s a t i ons / i n s t i t u t e s i s g i ve n i n T a b l e

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3 90 S . M . H A S N A I N e t a l .Ta b le 3 L i s t o f Or ga n i sa t ions / I n s t i t u t ions e nga ge d in de ve lop in g c u r r i c u lum t e a c h ing re sou r c e m a te r i a l s f o rso l a r e ne r gy c ou r se s a t s c hoo l l e ve l Ene r gy C onse r va t ion a nd

R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G r o u p ,R oya l M e lb our ne I n s t i t u t eo f T e c h n o l o g y , M e l b o u r n e ,Aus t r a l i a* E n e r g y E d u c a t i o n C e n tr e o fV i c t o ri a , V C A H L i m i t e d -B ur n le y C a m pu s , V ic to r i a ,Aus t r a l i a S c hoo l o f Eng ine e r ing ,U n i v e r s it y o f M e l b o u rn e ,

V ic to r i a , Aus t r a l i a

The C e n t r e f o r A l t e r na t iveTe c hno logy , M a c hyn l l e th ,P o w y s , E n g l a n d

S c hoo l o f Eng ine e r ing ,U n i v e r s it y C o l l e g e o f F a l u n -B or l a nge , B or l a nge , S w e de n

T h e A M S E T C e n t re , D e -M ont f o r t Un ive r s i ty ,Le ic e s t e r , UK.

C ounc i l f o r Env i r onm e n ta lEduc a t ion , Un ive r s i ty o fR e a d ing , R e a d ing , Eng la nd

S c hoo l o f B u i l t Env i r onm e n t , Un ive r s i ty o f U l s te r , Nor thI r e l a nd

S ou thwe s t Educ a t iona l D e v e l o p m e n t L a b o r a t o ry ,Aus t in , Te xa s, US A N a t i o n a l R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y *L a b o r a t o ry , T h e A M S E T

C e n t r e , Go lde n , C O. , US A .

S a nd ia Na t iona lLa bor a to r i e s , Educ a t ionOut r e a c h , A lbuque r que , NM ,U S A .

* F lo r id a S o la r Ene r gy C e n t r e ,C a pe C a na ve r a l , F lo r ida ,U S A .

Z h i X i n M i d d l e S c h o o l,Gua ngz hou , Gua ng tung ,C h i n a

B r a c e R e se a r c h I ns t i t u te ,M c Gi l l Un ive r s i ty , Que be c ,C a n a d aC e n t r e f o r Ene r gy S tud ie s &R e se a r c h , De v i Ah i lyaVishwa v idya la ya , I ndor e ,I n d i a

T e c h n i c a l a n d V o c a t i o n a l T r a i n i n gOnly 8 . 8% o f i n s t i tu t e s ha ve c ou r se s on so l a r e ne r gy f o r voc a t iona l t r a in ing /d ip lo m a l e ve l. Th i s a r e a c ou ldr e qu i r e m or e c onc e n t r a t ion e spe c ia l ly i n t r a de o f e l e c t ri c i a ns , p lum b e r s e t c . , so tha t t r a ine d t r a de sm e n c a ne a s i ly i n s ta l l , ope r a te , m a in ta in a nd look a f t e r so l a r e qu ipm e n t .

U n i v e r s i t y E d u c a t i o nS o la r e ne r gy c ou r se s c an be a pa r t o f the r e gu la r unde r g r a dua te a nd pos tg r a dua te p r og r a m s . Th i s c ou ld be doneby the inc o r po r a t ion o f so l a r e ne r gy c onc e p t s i n r ou t ine sc i e nc e a nd e ng ine e r ing sub je c t s w i th the he lp o fe xa m ple s on he a t a nd m a ss t r a ns f e r p r oc e s s , f o r i n s t a nc e in so l a r c o l l e c to r s , so l a r c ooke r s , so la r de sa l ina t ionun i ts , so l a r c h im ne y , so l a r t he r m a l a nd powe r sys t e m s , e t c . I t ha s be e n f ound th r ough the su r ve y tha t 64 . 7%r e sponde d o r ga n i sa t ions a r e c onduc t ing c ou r se s on so l a r e ne r gy a t unde r g r a dua te /pos tg r a dua te l eve l a s a pa r t o ff u l l f l e dge d e ng ine e r ing c ou r se . I t a ppe a r s t h r ough the su r ve y tha t on ly th r e e in s t i tu t e s ; one a t Un ive r s i ty o f DeM o n t f o r t ( U K ) a n d t h e o th e r a t t h e U n i v e r s it y o f R e a d i n g ( U K ) a n d a t t h e U n i v e r s it y o f O l d e n b u r g ( G e r m a n y )a r e r unn ing f u l l f l e dg e d M . S o . de g r e e c ou r se in R e n e wa b le Ene r g y ( S o la r e ne r gy ) . Ne ve r the l e s s , i t i s m or ee s se n t ia l t o a r r a nge de g r e e c ou r se s on so l a r e ne r gy in de ve lop in g c oun t ri e s .

S h o r t C o u r s e sI t ha s be e n f ound tha t 10 .6% a nd 35% o f t he to t a l r e sponde n t o r ga n i sa t ions a r e r unn ing sho r t c ou r se s a ndc onduc t ing se m ina r s /w or kshop s on so l a r e ne r gy r e spe c t ive ly . B r a c e R e se a r c h I ns t i t u t e i n C a na da i s one o f t hee xa m ple , p r ov id ing sc i e n t if i c , t e c hn ic a l a nd p r a c t i c a l t r a in ing fo r pe r sons wo r k ing in t he a r e a o f so l a r e ne r gy .W he r e a s , Ta r a Ene r g y R e se a r c h I ns t i t u t e i n I nd ia i s t he on ly o r ga n i sa t ion , c onduc t ing t r a in ing p r og r a m s f o rgove r nm e n t o f f i c i a l s o f d i f f e r e n t de pa r tm e n t s i n o r de r t o e du c a te the m a bou t va r ious a spe c t s o f so l a r e ne r gy . I t

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Solar energy educa t ion 39 !a l so g ive s p r e l im ina r y in f o r m a t ion a bou t s t a t e - o f - the - a r t o f te c hno logy . R e c e n t ly , UN ES C O ( B e r kovsk i , 1995)ha s l a unc he d a un ique Ene r gy Eng ine e r ing Le a r n ing P a c ka g e t a r ge t ing pos tg r a dua te eng ine e r s . Th i s Le a r n ingP a c k a g e i s b e i n g d e s i g n e d t o p r o v i d e t h e t y p e o f m u l t i m e d i a f o r p o s t g r a d u a te e n e r g y e n g i n e e rs w h i c h m a yb e n e fi t b o t h i n d u s t ri a li s e d a n d d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i es t h r o u g h a p r o g r a m o f n e t w o r k i n g b e t w e e n in d i v id u a l s,i ndus t r y a nd e duc a t iona l i n s t i t u tions .

E n e r g y I n f o r m a t i o n a n d D a t a b a s e sAc c o r d ing to t he w or ld so l a r p r og r a m m e 1996-2005 ( UNE S C O , 1996), i t s e e m s tha t i n f o r m a t ion on thepo te n t i a l o f so l a r e ne r gy a nd i t s a pp l i c a t ions , f o r t he be ne f i t o f a l l c onc e r ne d pe op le ( e .g . de c i s ion - m a ke r s ,e c onom is t s , i ndus t r i a li s t s , c iv i l s e r va n ts , e duc a t ion se cto r , i nve s to r s a nd use r s e t c . ) i s e x t r e m e ly im por t a n t t oc r e a t e a f a vour a b le c l im a te f o r t he e nha nc e d e xp lo i t a t i on o f so l a r e ne r gy . I t ha s a l so be e n obse r ve d tha t anum b e r o f so l a r ne tw or ks a r e e s t a b l i she d a r ound the wor ld . F o r e xa m ple , t he In t e r na t iona l S ys t e m f o r Ene r gyExpe r t i s e a nd Kn ow le dge [ I S EEK ] da t a ba se wa s a l so in i t i a t ed in 1994 wi th the ob je c t ive to p r ov idein f o r m a t ion on na t iona l gove r nm e n ta l o r ga n i sa t ions , r e se a r c h c e n t r es , in f o r m a t ion c en t r e s , p r o f e s s iona l t r a dea s soc ia t ions , ne two r ks , t r a in ing a nd e duc a t ion a c t iv i t i e s a nd f a c i l it i e s , da t a ba se s /da t a ba nks , j ou r na l s a ndr e f e r enc e pub l i c a t ions a nd ra d io - v i sua l a id s ( UNE S C O , 1995). A s t r a te g ic p r o j e c t wa s a l so p r opo se d r e c e n t lyon the so l a r e ne r gy in f o r m a t ion ne two r k in t he Ar a b W or ld ( B a lha m e l , 1996) f o r c o l l e c t ing , c om m unic a t inga nd e xc ha ng ing da t a r e l a t e d to so la r a nd o the r r e ne wa b le e ne r gy a c t iv i ti e s . The R e ne w a b le Ene r g y Na t iona lP r o je c t s ( R EN P ) Da ta ba se wa s r e c e n t ly p r e pa r e d by the En e r gy R e se a r c h Ins t i t u t e a t KA C S T . Th i s da t a ba sede sc r ibe s t he m a jo r na t iona l p r o j e c t s on r e ne wa b le e ne r gy in S a ud i Ar a b ia a nd i t a l so p r ov ide s b r i e fin f o r m a t ion on so l a r t he r m a l , pho tovo l t a i c s , f ue l c e l ls , hyd r oge n , w ind e ne r gy , ge o the r m a l a nd e l e c t r i ca le ne r gy c onse r va t ion ( A la wa j i , e t .a / , 1997).The m a jo r f ind ings o f t he su r ve y r e ve a l s t ha t :

On ly th r e e un ive r s i t i e s o f i ndus t r i a l is e d c oun t r i e s a r e c onduc t ing M a s te r De g r e e C our se on S o la rE n e r g y / R e n e w a b l e . S om e un ive r s i t i e s in i ndus t r i a l i s e d c oun t r i e s induc te d sub je c t s r e l e va n t t o so l a r e ne r gy / re ne wa b le inthe i r c u r r i c u lum a t un ive r s i ty l e ve l. W hi l e , ve r y f ew top ic s on so l a r e ne r gy / r e ne w a b le ( a s e l e c t ivec our se ) a r e a va i l a b l e i n i n s t i tu t e s fo r unde r g r a dua te a nd po s tg r a dua te p r og r a m s in de v e lop ingcountr ies . I n de v e lop ing c oun t r i e s, I nd ia n I ns t i t u t e o f Te c hno logy , Ne w De lh i , i s t he on ly o r ga n i sa t ion ,

c onduc t ing a po s tg r a dua te p r og r a m in Ene r gy Eng ine e r ing . Th i s i n s t i t u t e i s a l so o f f e r ing a M .Te c h . P r og r a m in e ne r gy s tud ie s.Ke e p ing a bove po in t s i n m ind , i t is no t ou t o f c on te x t , t o s t a t e t ha t t he p r oposa l s pub l i she d e a r l i e r by Ha sna ine t . a l ( 1995) , r e ga r d ing the induc t ion o f p r opose d so l a r e ne r gy top ic s i n e x i s t i ng c u r r i c u lum a nd p r oposa l s f o rho ld ing M . S c c ou r se s on so l a r e ne r gy a re va l id a nd c a n be a do p te d e spe c ia l ly in de ve lo p ing c oun t ri e s .

P U B L IC A W A R E N E S S P R O G R A M SB e s ide de s ign ing a c a de m ic p r og r a m s on so l a r e ne r gy , i t i s a l so ne c e s sa r y to e nha nc e pub l i c a wa r e ne ss a bou tu t i l i s a tion o f t e c hno log ie s ba se d on r e ne wa b le e ne r g ie s . M a ss & p r in t m e d ia , Exh ib i t i on a nd De m ons t r a t ionC e n t r e s c ou ld e f f e c t ive ly be u t i l i s e d fo r th i s pu r pose . P ub l i c a t ion o f l it e r a tu r e i n l oc a l l a ngua ge s i s a l so a ve r yim por t a n t f a c to r f o r e f f e c t ive c om m e r c ia l i s a t ion o f so l a r e ne r gy t e c hno logy . A p r op e r c a m pa ign ha s to bes t a r te d to c onv inc e de c i s ion m a ke r s a nd indus t r y l e a de r s f o r t he a dop ta t ion o f so l a r e ne r gy t e c hno log ie s .Ha sna in e t . a l ( 1995) e xp r e s se d the i r v i e ws tha t e ve n due to l a c k o f up - to - da t e in f o r m a t ion on so l a r ene r gy a ndte c hn ic a l e xpe r t i s e , pe r sonne l a t i n s ti t u t ions suc h a s t he Wo r ld B a nk , Un i t e d Na t ion s De pa r tm e n t s a ndAge n c ie s a r e o f t e n no t a b l e f a i r ly t o e va lua t e t he te c hn ic a l m e r i t o r t r ue po te n t i a l o f so l a r e ne r gy . The r e f o re ,c onduc t ing sho r t t r a in ing c ou r se wor kshops , s e m ina r s o r b r i e f ing se s s ions fo r suc h ke y pe r sonne l (i .e . de c i s ionm a ke r s ) a r e ne e d o f t he hour . Eve n , o r ga n i s ing se m ina r , wo r kshop s a nd c on f e r e nc e s in t he r e l a t e d a ge nc ie sl ike Ene r gy Age n t s , U n ive r s i t i e s a nd E le c t r i c U t i l i t i e s on the sub je c t o f so l a r e ne r gy i s a good too l f o r ga the r ing

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3 92 S . M . H A S N A I N et al.t he in t e r e s te d pe op le . The se m e e t ings w i l l p r ov ide the e nv i r onm e n t t o e f f e c t ive ly p r e se n t s e m ina r s a bou t so l a re ne r gy a nd to d i sc uss a nd e xc ha ng e ide a s a m ong th e spe c i a l is t s .

C O N C L U S IO N A N D R E C O M M E N D A T I O N SA su r ve y i s c ond uc te d on the a va i l a b i l i t y o f so l a r e ne r gy e duc a t ion p r og r a m s a r ound the wor ld . The m a inpo in t s to be d r a wn f r om the su r ve y a r e :

On ly th r e e u n ive r s i t i e s o f i ndus t r i a l i s e d c oun t r i e s a r e c onduc t ing M a s te r D e gr e e C our se s on so l a re ne r gy / r e ne wa b le , w h i l e no s im i l a r c ou r se i s a va i l a b l e i n de ve lo p ing c oun t r i e s. How e ve r , ve r y f e wtop ic s on so l a r e ne r gy / r e ne w a b le ( a s e l e c t ive c ou r se ) a r e a va i l a b l e i n i n s t i t u t e s f o r unde r g r a dua te a ndpos tg r a dua te p r og r a m s in de ve lop ing c oun t ri e s .

The o r ga n i sa t ions ba se d in indus t r i a l i s e d c oun t r i e s a re on ly pu t t i ng the i r e f f o r t s t o r un t r a in ingc our se s / se m ina r s a nd som e o f t hose o r ga n i sa t ions ar e i nvo lve d in de s ign ing t e a c h ing r e sou r c e m a te r ia l se spe c ia l ly f o r s c hoo l c h i ld re n . W hi l e o r ga n i sa t ions in de ve lop ing c oun t r i e s a r e a r r a ng ing se m ina r s,c on f e r e nc e s f o r t e c hn ic a l pe r sonne l no t t a r ge t ing the youn g ge ne r a t ion a nd non- t e c hn ic a l pe r sonne l .

I n c onc lus ion , i t i s r e c om m e n de d to inc lude so l a r e ne r gy sub je c ts i n t he c u rr e n t c u r r i c u lum a t e ve r y l e ve l o fe duc a t ion e spe c ia l ly in de ve lo p ing c oun tr i e s. De g r e e C our se s ( t a ugh t / re se a r c h ) on so l a r e ne r gy a r e r e qu i r e d tobe a r r a nge d f o r t he c r e a t ion o f a pp r op r i a t e t e c hn ic a l m a n pow e r in t he f ie ld o f so l a r f o r sus t a ina b lede ve lopm e n t . I n a dd i t i on a we l l o r ga n i se d so l a r e ne r gy in f o r m a t ion da t a ba se /ne two r k i s re qu i r e d to bee s t a b li she d . Or ga n i s ing r e l e va n t wo r kshop s a nd se m ina r s c ou ld a l so p l a y a s ign i f i c a n t r o l e i n i nc r e a s ing thepub l i c a wa r e ne ss a bo u t u t i l i s ing so l a r e ne rgy .

R E F E R E N C E S

Ala w a j i S . H . , E la n i U . A . , A lz a h r a n i , A . K . ( 1997). A Da ta ba se on R e ne w a b le En e r gy P r o je c t s i n S a ud iAr a b ia . F i r s t I s sue , ( in Ar a b ic ) , I n t e r na l R e por t , S o la r P r og r a m s , K AC S T, R iya dh , S a ud i Ar a b ia .B a lha m e l M . ( 1996) . S o la r Ene r g y In f o r m a t ion Ne twor k P r o je c t fo r t he Ar a b Wor ld . UN ES C O.B e r kovsk i B . ( 1995) . S t r e ng the n ing Hum a n R e so ur c e s f o r Ene r gy Eng in e e r s o f t he 21s t C e n tu r y : UN ES C OEngine e r ing Educ a t ion a nd Tr a in ing . In Ene r gy O ppor tun i t i e s . Vo l . 10 , No . 1 , pp . 3 - 9 , Ne w D e lh i , I nd ia .B our d i r os E . L . ( 1991) . R e ne w a b le Ene r gy S our c e s E duc a t ion a nd R e se a r c h a s a n Educ a t ion f o r S u r v ival .Prog ress in Sola r En ergy Educa t io n. Vol . 1 , pp . 12-16, Bor lang e , Sweden .C ha r t e r s S . W. W . ( 1992) . S o la r Ene r gy Educ a t ion a l P a thwa ys . P r oc . 2 na W or ld R e ne w a b le Ene r gy C ongr e s s .R e a d i n g , U K .Ga r g P . a nd Ka ndp a , T . C ( 1992). R e ne w a b le Ene r g y Educ a t ion in De v e lop ing C oun t r i e s . P r oc . 2 na W or ldR e n e w a b l e E n e r g y C o n g r e ss . R e a d i n g , U K .Hasn a in S . M. , Elani , U. A. , Ala wa j i , S . H. , Ab aoud , H. A. , and Smia i , M. S . (1995) . Prosp ec ts & Proposa lsf o r S o la r Ene r gy Ed uc a t ion P r og r a m s . A p p l i e d E n e r g y . Vol. 52, pp. 307-314.U N E S C O - I S E E K ( 1 9 9 5 ). D a t a b a s e o n R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y a n d E n e r g y C o n s e r v a ti o n . U N E S C O . P a ri s, F ra n c e.UN ES C O . ( 1996) . W or ld S o la r S um m i t P r oc e s s , S t r a t e g ic P r o je c t s i n S o la r Ene r g y f o r W a te r R e sour c e s .De ve lopm e n t a nd Env i r onm e n t . S u l t a n Qa b oos Un ive r s i ty , Om a n .