soil testing in tomatoes jim rideout extension specialist soil fertility
TRANSCRIPT
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Soil Testing in Tomatoes
Jim RideoutExtension Specialist
Soil Fertility
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Maintain growth while applying only those nutrients which can not be supplied by the soil in adequate amounts
The Main Idea
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Other Reasons Routine monitoring can spot
nutrient problems before they become nutrient deficiencies
Mountain soils are extremely variable
Fertility can be considered part of a good IPM program
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How Tomatoes Differ from Agronomic Crops
May have drip fertigation Must manage calcium Need to consider source of
nutrients Earliness and quality are important High value per acre
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Soil Analysis Basics
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NCDA&CS Agronomic Division
Soil Plant tissue Irrigation water Nutrient solutions Nematode assay
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What Does Soil Analysis Measure ?
The extractable nutrient concentration in a soil sample
Does not measure the total nutrient concentration
Estimates the ability of the soil to supply nutrients to a crop
Optimized for annual row crops
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Recommendation Philosophies
Crop Response Nutrient Replacement (maintenance) Nutrient Buildup Cation Balancing
NC Recommendations – Crop response + some
maintenance
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Soil Sampling Methods
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Importance of Collecting a Representative Soil
Sample
One acre of soil, 6” deep, weighs about 2,000,000 pounds
Weight of soil in box about 1 pound
Weight of sample analyzed is about 2.5 g (1/10) of an ounce
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Selecting Areas for Routine Sampling
Areas should be less than 5 acres Similar soil type and crop history Similar fertilization history Keep blocks same year to year
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Soil Sample Handling Mix cores well in clean plastic
bucket Fill box to line Do not oven-dry sample Send sample in for analysis as
soon as possible
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Stick With Your Lab Different reporting units Different soil extracting solutions Different yield assumptions Different recommendation
philosophies
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NCDA Sample Volume
252,025 soil analyses last year
Turnaround time varies by month
7 to 10 days in summer
February 2004: 5 to 6 weeks0
2
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18
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
% o
f Y
earl
y S
am
ple
s
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Will reduce lime recommendation to account for un-reacted lime
New codes
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Interpretation of Results
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Now What Do I Do?
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Crop Information
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Basic Soil Information
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Soil pH and Lime
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Lime Recommendations Actual pH Acidity (buffer pH) Target pH (6.5 for tomato) Residual credit for applied lime
CANNOT make an accurate lime recommendation based on pH alone
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Nitrogen
Based on crop code, not on test results
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NCDA Index System Unique to North Carolina Converts nutrients to common
units for interpretation Used for P, K, Mn, Zn, Cu, S Similar to index used for tissue
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Soil Interpretation Indices
I ndex I nterpretation Response
0- 24 Deficient High
25- 49 Low Medium
50- 74 Medium Low
75- 99 High None
100- 124 Excess None
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Phosphorus and Potassium
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Calcium and Magnesium Expressed as percent of CEC May determine the type of lime
needed Need to consider CEC for gypsum
applications
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Calcium and Magnesium
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Micronutrients and Sulfur
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Salinity Information
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Additional Information
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Fruit Calcium
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Causes of Low Fruit Calcium
Low soil calcium Low soil pH Nutrient imbalances Excessively wet or dry soil Large fruit Variety differences
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Cation Balance and Fruit Calcium
Must balance calcium, potassium and magnesium in the soil
Excessive potassium fertilization can reduce fruit calcium content
Excessive magnesium fertilization from dolomitic lime can reduce fruit calcium content
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----------
Ca ++
Ca ++
Ca ++
Ca ++
Ca ++
K+ K+
----------
++ Mg++ Mg
+K +K+K +K
+H +H
K+ K+
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Questions?