social neuroscience...neuroscience of animal behaviors …“speaking to an animal in its own...
TRANSCRIPT
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Social Neuroscience
Saikat Ray
Dept. of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science
2020
Introduction to Neuroscience – Behavioral Neuroscience
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Diversity of social behaviors
Aggression
Deconstruction of parenting
Social bonding and hierarchy
Representation of others – social identity
Outline
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Nest building – Attracting mates
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Coordinated Behavior – Hermit crab shell exchanges
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Cooperative Behavior – Chimps cooperating
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Cooperative Behavior – Across species
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Aggression
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Aggression
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Hypothalamus
-Sleep
-Feeding
-Arousal
-Aggression
-Blood pressure
-Temperature Control
-Social hormones like
oxytocin & vasopressin
Ventromedial nucelus
Aggression – Hypothalamus
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Aggression – Ventromedial hypothalamus
cFos+ cells in
ventromedial hypothalamus
Anderson and colleagues
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Aggression – Activating cells in ventromedial hypothalamus
with optogenetics
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Aggression – Activating cells in ventromedial hypothalamus
causes aggression
Anderson and colleagues
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Aggression – Activating cells in ventromedial hypothalamus
causes aggression
An interesting aspect
was that they attacked
moving objects more
Anderson and colleagues
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Aggression – Infanticide of others’ pups
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Male mice who have mated, switch to parenting
and not be infanticidal ~3 weeks after mating
(which is the gestation time in mice)
– also to others’ pups
Male mice are
normally infanticidal
Parenting – Switch from infanticide to parenting
Dulac and colleagues
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Parenting – What is changing in the brain?
Dulac and colleagues
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Parenting – What is changing in the brain?
Medial preoptic area in hypothalamusDulac and colleagues
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Parenting – What is changing in the brain?
Hypothalamus
-Sleep
-Feeding
-Arousal
-Aggression
-Blood pressure
-Temperature Control
-Social hormones like
oxytocin & vasopressin
Medial Preoptic Area (MPOA)
-Sleep
-Temperature control
-Sexual behaviors
-Parental behaviors
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Parenting – Galanin+ neurons in MPOA activated in parents
Dulac and colleagues
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Parenting – Galanin+ neurons in MPOA
Cre mouse
To target only Gal+ neurons
Inject virus with toxin in MPOA
to target only Gal+ neurons
Dulac and colleagues
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Parenting – Galanin+ neurons in MPOA
Inject virus with channelrhodopsin
in MPOA to target only Gal+ neurons
and then shine blue light to activate them
Dulac and colleagues
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10 min break – followed by Questions
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Parenting – Galanin+ neurons in MPOA
What other aspects of parenting do
these neurons influence?
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Parenting – Different Galanin+ neurons project to different areas
Dulac and colleagues
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Parenting – Different Galanin+ neurons project to different areas
Dulac and colleagues
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Parenting – Different Galanin+ neurons project to different areas
Dulac and colleagues
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Parenting – Responses of Gal+ neurons projecting to different
areas
PAG
VTA
MeA
PAG – Periaqueductal Gray
VTA – Ventral Tegmental Area
MeA – Medial Amygdala
Dulac and colleagues
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Parenting – Responses of Gal+ neurons projecting to different
areas
5x speed
GCaMP6 – Ca2+ activity (spikes)
PAG
VTA
MeA
Dulac and colleagues
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Increased activity
during pup grooming
Parenting – Responses of Gal+ neurons projecting to PAG
Dulac and colleagues
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Increased activity
during sniffing or
retrieving pups
or entering nest with pups
Parenting – Responses of Gal+ neurons projecting to MeA
Dulac and colleagues
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Didn’t seem to do much
Parenting – Responses of Gal+ neurons projecting to VTA
Dulac and colleagues
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Activating
PAG projecting neurons
increases pup grooming
Inactivating
PAG projecting neurons
decreases pup grooming
Parenting – Pup grooming
Dulac and colleagues
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Parenting – Motivation to reach pups
Dulac and colleagues
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Activating VTA projecting neurons
increased barrier crossing
Inactivating VTA projecting neurons
decreased barrier crossing
But once they got there they might
kill the pups, so it didn’t make them
parental overall
Parenting – Motivation to reach pups
Dulac and colleagues
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Parenting – Different aspects
Dulac and colleagues
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Periventricular Nucleus
Anterior
Periventricular Nucleus
MPOA Gal+ neurons also
project to PVN directly or indirectly
– they project to oxytocin+ neurons
in the PVN
Oxytocin
Parenting – Gal+ neurons from MPOA also project to OXT+
neurons in PVN
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Parenting – Carrying your young ones
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Parenting – Carrying your young ones
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Parenting – Observational learning of pup retrieval in virgin
female mice
Froemke and colleagues
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Parenting – OXT+ neurons in virgin females increased firing on
observing retrieval of pups
Froemke and colleagues
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Parenting – Oxytocin neuron activation makes learning pup
retrieval for virgin females faster
Oxytocin receptor knockout
virgin mice
do not learn pup retrieval
Froemke and colleagues
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(Grooming)
(Sniffing, retrieving)
(Reaching pups)
(Observational learning of retrieval)
Deconstructing parenting
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10 min break – followed by Questions
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From aggression to parenting
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Social Bonding
Bolivian Titi Monkeys
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Prairie Voles
(pair bonds)
Social Bonding – Prairie voles like spending time with their
partners
Montane Voles
Young and colleagues
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Social Bonding – More OXT receptors in prairie voles
Prairie Voles
(pair bonds)Montane Voles
Young and colleagues
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Social Bonding – Blocking OXT receptors in PFC reduces
comforting of partners and siblings
Prairie Voles
Young and colleagues
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Social Hierarchy – Animal societies have structure and hierarchy
Silverback gorilla Elephant matriarch
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Social Hierarchy – Tube Test
Hu and colleagues
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Social Hierarchy – Consistent with other tests
Hu and colleagues
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Social Hierarchy – Neural recording in medial prefrontal cortex
Neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex increased their firing rate during
pushing or resisting
Hu and colleagues
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Inhibiting cells in mPFC
reduces rank
Activating cells in mPFC
increases rank
Social Hierarchy – Modulation of medial prefrontal cortex
(mPFC) neurons changes dominance
Hu and colleagues
ACC/PL/MO-
sub regions of mPFC
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Social identity and memory – Hippocampus
Mouse
Human
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Social Identity – Hippocampal representations of social identity
Fried and colleagues
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Social Identity – Jennifer Aniston Cell
Fried and colleagues
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Social Identity – Halley Berry Cell
Also responded to the written name
Fried and colleagues
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CA2 CA2
Social Memory – CA2 region of hippocampus
Sigelbaum and colleagues
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Social Memory – vCA1 region of hippocampus
Tonegawa and colleagues
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Social Memory – vCA1 region of hippocampus
5x speed
Tonegawa and colleagues
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Social Memory – Number of neurons representing familiar
mouse increases in vCA1
Then they familiarize with mouse A
for 2 hours or 3 days
Tonegawa and colleagues
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Social representation – Medial Amygdala
Dulac and colleagues
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Hippocampus – Spatial Representation
John O’Keefe
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Social-Spatial Representation – dCA1 region of hippocampus
Ulanovsky and colleagues Fujisawa and colleagues
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Social-Spatial Representation – PL region of mPFC
Witten and colleagues
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Social-Spatial Representation – PL region of mPFC
Witten and colleagues
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Social representation and behavior in the brain
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Neuroscience of social behaviors – What are we not looking at
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Neuroscience of social behaviors – What are we not looking at
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Group behaviors like hunting
…or communal defense
Neuroscience of social behaviors – What are we not looking at
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Prosocial behaviors
Altruism
Neuroscience of social behaviors – What are we not looking at
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Neuroscience of social behaviors – Where they happen
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Understanding how the brain represents and executes behavior by
Neuroscience of animal behaviors
…“speaking to an animal in its own language” (studying behaviors relevant to it)
…“and in its own world.” (studying them in surroundings in which the animal
evolved to express those behaviors – natural or naturalistic)
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Summary
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Questions