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“Social expenditure and productivity: a structuralist view on
sustainability”
Mario Cimoli
Gini and income per capita
Paraguay Colombia
Chile Panama Peru Brazil
Malaysia Costa Rica Hong Kong
Ecuador Mexico Singapore
Uruguay
United States Venezuela United Kingdom
Spain Australia Italy Korea Canada
New Zealand France Ireland
Germany Austria Netherlands
Sweden Finland Denmark
Norway
y = -0.0004x + 46.854 R² = 0.7119
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000
Gin
i C
oef
fici
en
t, a
fte
r ta
xes
and
tra
nsf
ers
GDP per capita (constant 2005 US$)
Production structure and income distribution
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Canada
Chile
Costa Rica
Denmark
Ecuador
Finland
France Germany
Ireland
Italy Korea
Mexico
Netherlands Norway
Peru
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
United States Uruguay
y = -5.7128x + 54.365 R² = 0.5345
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ind
ex 1
0-1
0
Production Structure (Circa 2007) (medium-or-high tech manufacturing VA per capita, in logs)
Income Gini versus Productivity Gini
Spain
Italy
Germany
United Kingdom
Austria
Costa Rica
Japan
Netherlands
United States
Paraguay
Canada
Denmark
Australia
Sweden Finland
Colombia
Norway
Korea
New Zealand
Brazil
Chile
Peru
Argentina Venezuela
Panama
Uruguay
Ecuador
Mexico
y = 0.6171x + 0.1863 R² = 0.2727
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Inco
me
Gin
i
Productivity Gini
Production structure and education
Thailand
Indonesia
Ecuador
India
Costa Rica Colombia
Brazil Mexico
Singapore Finland United States Chile Peru
Peru United Kingdom Japan Argentina Uruguay Korea
Spain
Ireland
Canada Malaysia
China
France Austria
Sweden Australia Netherlands Italy
Norway Germany
y = 4.3432x + 19.694 R² = 0.3628
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Edu
cati
on
Production structure
Gini coefficients and 10 % richest / 10 % poorest – selected countries and regions
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Denmark
Ecuador
Finland
France
Germany
Ireland Italy Korea
Mexico
Netherland New Zealand
Norway
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ind
ex 1
0-1
0
Gini Coefficient, after taxes and transfers
Productivity and value added, selected countries
1990
2000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
100000 150000 200000 250000 300000
Lab
ou
r P
rod
uct
ivit
y (c
on
stan
t 2
00
5 U
S$)
Value added (constant 2005 million US$)
Argentina
1990 2000
8000
8500
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
500000 700000 900000 1100000
Lab
ou
r P
rod
uct
ivit
y (c
on
stan
t 2
00
5 U
S$)
Value added (constant 2005 million US$)
Brazil
1990
2000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
50000 100000 150000 200000
Lab
ou
r P
rod
uct
ivit
y (c
on
stan
t 2
00
5 U
S$)
Value added (constant 2005 million US$)
Chile
1990
2000
8000
8500
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
50000 100000 150000 200000
Lab
ou
r P
rod
uct
rivi
ty (
con
stan
t 2
00
5 U
S$)
Value added (constant 2005 million US$)
Colombia
1990
2000
17500
18000
18500
19000
19500
20000
20500
21000
500000 700000 900000
Lab
ou
r P
rod
uct
ivit
y (c
on
stan
t 2
00
5 U
S$)
Value added (constant 2005 million US$)
Mexico
1990
2000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
17000
18000
100000 120000 140000 160000 180000 200000
Lab
ou
r P
rod
uct
ivit
y (c
on
stan
t 2
00
5 U
S$)
Value added (constant 2005 million US$)
Venezuela
1990
2000
60000
65000
70000
75000
80000
85000
90000
95000
100000
100000 150000 200000 250000 300000
Lab
ou
r P
rod
uct
rivi
ty (
con
stan
t 2
00
5 U
S$)
Value added (constant 2005 million US$)
Denmark
1990
2000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
300000 500000 700000 900000 1100000
Lab
ou
r P
rod
uct
rivi
ty (
con
stan
t 2
00
5 U
S$)
Value added (constant 2005 million US$)
Korea
Social expenditure, productivity and income distribution (Gini)
United States, 38
Australia, 33.4
Canada, 32
Denmark, 25.2
Finland, 26
Ireland, 33.1
New Zealand, 31.7
Sweden, 26.9
Korea, 31.1
Singapur, 44.8
Hong Kong, 43.1
Argentina, 44.5
Brazil, 54.7
Chile, 50.1
Colombia, 55.9 Costa Rica, 50.7Ecuador, 49.3
Mexico, 47.2
Peru, 48.1
Uruguay, 45.3
Venezuela, 44.8
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Lab
ou
r p
rod
uct
ivit
y
Social expenditure (% GDP)
Social expenditure - Labour productivity (1990 = 100)
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY SOCIAL EXPENDITURE % GDP
Social expenditure - Labour productivity (1990 = 100)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
SOCIAL PROTECTION EDUCATION HEALTH HOUSING AND OTHERS LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY