social beliefs: lecture #3 topics observation: elements of social perception attributions:from...
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Social Beliefs:Lecture #3 topics
Observation: Elements of social perception
Attributions: From elements to dispositions
Integration: From dispositions to impressions
Confirmation: Corroborating what we believe
Elements of social perception
PEOPLE
first impressions are affected by physical appearance
we read traits from & _________ people’s faces
Elements of social perception
THE SITUATION
scripts: pre-set ideas of how to act in different types of
situations
provide _________ for understanding behaviour we see what we expect we know the reasons behind someone’s behaviour
Elements of social perception
NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOUR
emotion: ability to identify certain ones is adaptive
eye gaze: can signal _________ / _________
touch: can signal _________ / _________
From elements to dispositions
attributions:
explanations for people’s behaviour
can be _________ (internal factors; e.g., ability) or _________ (external factors; e.g., luck, fate)
From elements to dispositions
correspondent inference theory
(Jones & Davis, 1965):
we infer whether an action corresponds to _________ characteristics of the actor
inferences are based on: _________ _________ _________
From elements to dispositions
covariation theory (Kelley, 1967):
cause of behaviour should be _________ when it occurs & _________ when it doesn’t occur (_________ principle)
attributions are based on: _________ _________ of behaviour _________ of behaviour
From elements to dispositions
consensus:
how do _________ react to the same stimulus?
distinctiveness:
how does the actor react to _________ stimuli?
consistency:
is the actor’s response to the stimulus _________?
From elements to dispositions
attribution biases can stem from heuristics:
_________ _________ that let us make quick judgments, but that often lead to mistakes
From elements to dispositions
availability heuristic:estimating the odds of an event occurring based
on how _________ examples of it come to mind
false consensus:
_________ how many people share our opinions and (negative) traits
base-rate fallacy:
being influenced by _________ events &
insensitive to actual _________ (base rates)
From elements to dispositions
counterfactual thinking:
imagining outcomes that could have happened but didn’t imagining a better outcome – _________, regret imagining a worse outcome – relief, _________
especially likely if we were on the _________ of a better/ worse outcome e.g., Olympic medalists
From elements to dispositions
illusory correlation:
seeing a relationship where _________ exists/ stronger relationship than _________ exists
more likely to recall instances that _________, rather than _________, this “relationship” e.g., premonitions
From elements to dispositions
illusory control:
perception that _________ events are under one’s control/ more controllable than they really are e.g., _________ _________ to the mean: statistical tendency for
extreme scores to return to the average
From elements to dispositions
fundamental attribution error (FAE):
overestimating _________ factors &
underestimating _________ factors when explaining someone else’s behaviour
e.g., Jones & Harris’ (1967) Castro study e.g., Ross, Amabile, & Steinmetz’s (1977) quiz show
study
From elements to dispositions
RESULTS (Jones & Harris, 1967):
PRO
ANTI
Position chosen Position Assigned
Att
itu
de
attr
ibu
tio
n
Pro-Castro
Anti-Castro
From elements to dispositions
RESULTS (Ross, Amabile, & Steinmetz, 1977):
HIGH
LOW
Contestants' ratings Audience's ratings
Per
ceiv
ed k
no
wle
dg
eab
ilit
y
Contestant
Quizmaster
From elements to dispositions
why do we commit the FAE?
actor-observer effect:
we make _________ attributions for other
people’s behaviour and _________ ones for our own
self as actor self as observer
From elements to dispositions
why else do we commit the FAE?
motivational biases:
need for _________ causes us to make positive, self-serving attributions that make us look good
personal ideologies:political beliefs lead us to make certain attributions about disadvantaged peoples
stems from “_________”: we get what we deserve & deserve what we get
From dispositions to impressions
impression formation:
process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression
influenced by: _________ _________ _________ _________
From dispositions to impressions
perceiver’s characteristics: mood
priming effects: priming: tendency for _________ /
_________ concepts to come to mind easily colours our interpretation of new information
e.g., Higgins et al.’s (1977) “Donald” study
From dispositions to impressions
Higgins et al. (1977):
“DONALD”
GROUP 1 _________ _________ _________
GROUP 2 _________ _________ _________
“DONALD”… climbed mountains drove in a demo derby crossed the Atlantic in a sailboat
From dispositions to impressions
target’s characteristics:
some Big 5 traits (CANOE) are easier to read than others
trait negativity bias: negative traits are more influential than positive traits, leading us to form more _________ impressions
From dispositions to impressions
contextual factors:
implicit personality theories: if someone has one trait, we infer they have certain other traits as well
primacy effects: information presented _________ than _________ has more influence on the impressions we form e.g., Asch (1946)
From dispositions to impressions
Asch (1946):
List 1 intelligent industrious impulsive critical stubborn envious
List 2 envious stubborn critical impulsive industrious intelligent
Corroborating our impressions
belief perseverance:
_________ of one’s initial beliefs
although a belief has been discredited, the reasons we generate to support our beliefs _________ e.g., Darley & Gross’ (1983) “Hannah” study
Corroborating our impressions
RESULTS (Darley & Gross, 1983):
HIGH
LOWNo Yes
Watched Hannah's performance
Rat
ing
s o
f H
ann
ah's
aca
dem
ic
abil
ity
High expectations
Low expectations