soch111 history of healing · pdf filesoch111 –history of healing session 10...

SOCH111 – History of Healing

www.endeavour.edu.au

Session 10

Traditional Korean &

Japanese Medicine

Department of Social

Sciences

© Endeavour College of Natural Health www.endeavour.edu.au 2

Session Aims

o To explore historical Korean and Japanese

medical systems and their philosophical

underpinnings

o To contextualise the development of Korean

and Japanese medicines within a changing

political and global landscape

o To define the key concepts and philosophies

within Korean and Japanese medicines


Korean Historyo Humans have lived on the

Korean Peninsula since the

Stone Age, 2,500,000 –

200,000 years ago

o Creation myths of the Korean

people trace back to legends of

a divine being, Dangun, who

established the first Korean

kingdom, Gojoseon in 2333

BCE

o First recorded evidence of

established society on the

Korean Peninsula appears in

Chinese texts around 400 BCE

Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curi

d=139829


o ‘Three Kingdoms’ Period involved

conflict between the Koguryo,

Paekche and Silla states

o Silla was victorious, ultimately

unifying Korea in 668 CE

o The current boundaries were

formed during the Koryo Dynasty

(918-1392 CE)

o The Choson Dynasty (1392-1910)

strengthened Korea’s boundaries

and cultural identity

o Culturally Korea borrowed heavily

from China

Korean History

By kwanumeurope.org - CC BY-SA 3.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.

php?curid=23090902


Korean History

o 16th century: Japanese invasion

o 17th century: Manchu invasion

o Both incursions caused much damage to the

country

o As a result Korea closed its borders, with

diplomatic missions occurring infrequently

o Korea became known as the ‘Hermit Kingdom’

o Late 19th Century, Chinese empire started

declining and Western countries started vying

for dominance in East Asia


Korean Historyo Britain’s defeat of China’s Qing Dynasty during the

Opium Wars of the mid 1800’s discouraged Korea from

openly dealing with Western powers

o The Sino-Japanese War (1894-5) and Russo-Japanese

War (1904-5) saw Japan place a footprint as the

dominant military nation in the region

o In 1910, Japan annexed Korea, in an act that is still

under contention

o When Japan surrendered to the Allied Forces in 1945,

Korea regained sovereignty, forming the Provisional

Government of the Republic of Korea

o At this time the south of Korea became occupied by the

US military and the north by the Soviet Union


Korean History

o In 1947, the United Nations attempted to apply democracy

to Korea, which succeeded in the South. A Communist

government was established in the North.

o In 1950, the North Korean military invaded South Korea,

starting the Korean War (1950-53)

o This action also pitted the US and Soviet Union against

each other

o No peace treaty was signed, so effectively the war

continues

o North and South Korea now separated by a demilitarised

zone (DMZ), one of the most heavily militarised borders

on the planet, with tensions to this day


o Some historical suggestion that

acupuncture actually originated

with the ‘Go’ people, which was

how the Chinese people referred

to Koreans – the ‘People of the

East’

o Archaeological evidence of stone

needles found in North

Hamgyong Province, North Korea

o Chinese Medicine theories were

introduced into Korea in the

Three Kingdoms period, which

have developed along their own

trajectories since

History of Korean Medicine

By by Nagyman - CC BY-SA 2.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27

91576


o Haany-hak: term used for Korean

traditional medicine

o Part of an axis of East Asian

medicines, including Chinese,

Japanese and Vietnamese

healing systems, which have

shared yet divergent approaches

and techniques

o Used extensively in Korea and in

immigrant Korean communities

around the world

o Utilises acupuncture-moxibustion

as well as locally sourced and

imported herbal medicines

Korean Medicine – Haany-hak

By lamoix - Doctor's Office, CC BY 2.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=

43960253


Dongui BogamTreasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine

o Written 1610 by Heo Jun (1539-1615)

o Definitive and exhaustive Haany-hak

text, published during the Choson

dynasty (1392-1897)

o Reproduced many times in other

languages including Japanese,

Chinese, Vietnamese

o Formed the basis of Korean

traditional medicine education since

1945

o Discusses theory and treatment,

including herbal medicine,

acupuncture, massage and ‘do-in’

By en:Heo Jun - Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/in

dex.php?curid=7430010


o Yin-Yang

o Gi (Qi)

o O-haeng (Five Phases)

o Yuk-gi (Six External

Influences)

o Four constitution treatment,

which classifies humans into

one of the following:

• Tae-Yang (Greater Yang)

• So-Yang (Lesser Yang)

• Tae-Eum (Greater Yin)

• So-Eum (Lesser Yin)

Haany-hak Concepts

By Fred Ojardias - CC BY 2.0,



Revision Questions

o Whilst there are a lot of similarities between

Chinese and Korean medicine, what differences

are apparent to you at this point?

Other food for thought:o How do you think Korea closing its borders in the

17th century affected the development of its

medicine?


Japanese History

o Origins of human life in Japan uncertain

o Paleolithic tools have been discovered

dated to 30000-10000 BCE

o Migrations believed to have occurred

via land bridge from Korean peninsula

as well as via Soya and Tsugaru from

NE Asia

o 10-3rd centuries BCE: the Jomon

culture developed during the Mesolithic

period, characterised by its beautiful

pottery

o Very little known about societal

structure and, therefore, medicine

o It is believed tribal society existed and

that shamanic practices were

customary

By Unknown - UBC Library, Public Domain,


0409083


Japanese History

o 300 BCE – 250 CE: Yayoi culture emerged

o 250-538 CE: first recorded historical period in

Japan – the Kofun period

o 538-710 CE: Clan societal structure and

development of feudalism – Asuka period,

heavy influence of Chinese culture and belief

o 794-1185 CE: Heian period – Japanese art

and culture developed to a high degree

o 1185-1868 CE: Shogunate rule over a

number of dynasties, in the name of the

Emperor who was a puppet

o 1868: Meiji Restoration, Emperor took back

control

By 東京美術学校 - Horyuji Taikyo ( 法隆寺大鏡) 48 (1926), Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/ind

ex.php?curid=18894240


Shintoo Indigenous religio-spiritual belief

system of Japan

o Term emerged in 6th century CE to

differentiate from Buddhism, which

had just arrived from China

o Means ‘the way of Kami’

o Kami translates as ‘divinity’,

‘sacred’, ‘mystical’, and ‘superior’

o In lay terms ‘kami’ came to refer to

gods and deities

o Shinto then is a polytheistic religion,

which worships the divine in nature

and in all things

By WolfgangMichel - Own work, CC0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/inde

x.php?curid=29080919


Shinto

o Has no recognised founder

o Has no official textual basis – no scriptures

o Has no strict dogma

o Is deeply interwoven into the Japanese belief

system today

o There are three main types:

• Jinja Shinto (Shrine Shinto)

• Kyoha Shinto (Sect Shinto)

• Minzoku Shinto (Folk Shinto)

o Cross-over occurs between the types


o 552 CE: Buddhism officially arrived from Korea, initially

met with opposition

o Shinto originally absorbed into the Buddhist framework

o A form of ‘Buddhistic Shinto’ developed from 8th century

onwards, which was eventually dismantled during the

Meiji Restoration in 1892

o Religion, politics and power intersected variously over the

centuries, impacting the development of the differing

versions – or sects – of Buddhism and Shinto, as well as

the dominance of Chinese Taoism and Confucianism

o With Shinto came the foundation for the Japanese moral-

ethical framework

Buddhism in Japan


Buddhism in Japan

The Four Noble Truths

1. In life there is

suffering

2. Suffering has a cause

3. There is a way to

cease suffering

4. The Noble Eightfold

Path is the way to

end suffering

By Marubatsu - Own work, Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.ph

p?curid=799678


o Originates with Ch’an Buddhism

in China, which is a synthesis of

Indian Mahayana Buddhism and

Chinese Taoism

o Founded by the Indian Buddhist

Patriarch, Bodhidharma in China

in the 6th Century CE

o Spread to Korea in the 7th

Century CE and Japan in the 12th

Century CE

o Strips back scriptural dogma,

attempting to attain a direct

experience of ‘satori’, or

enlightenment

Zen

By Unknown - Internet, Public Domain,


3374946


o Shingon: form of esoteric

Buddhism introduced to Japan

from China in 7th Century CE

o Mikkyo: Japanese term for

‘Esoteric Buddhism’,

sometimes translated as

‘secret teachings’

o Practice aimed at attaining

“enlightenment in this lifetime”

o Teaching transmitted from one

person to another, often

spiritually rather than verbally

o Rites harken back to esoteric

Indian Buddhist rituals

Shingon and Mikkyo

By Japanexperterna, CC BY-SA 3.0,



History of Japanese Medicine

o Before the 6th Century CE, included

shaman-like practices, exorcisms,

purifications and unrefined herbal

medicine practice

o Chinese Medicine arrived in Japan

via Korea in the 6th century CE

o At this time, Japan adopted the

Chinese alphabet, which facilitated

increased understanding of

Buddhism, Confucianism,

government, divination practices

and medicine

By Unknown - The Japanese book

"Japan, Country of Beauty:

Inaugural Exhibition, Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/in

dex.php?curid=17862769



o Major acceptance of Chinese herbal

medicine occurred with the arrival of

Jian Zhen (Ganjin) in 753 CE

o Jian Zhen was a blind Chinese

Buddhist priest who identified herbal

ingredients by smell

o He brought Chinese medical texts,

herbal ingredients, gave treatment for

free and taught his knowledge and skill

o This increased the reputation of both

Chinese herbal medicine and

Buddhism in Japan

By 今泉篤男 et al. - Nihon no

Chokoku 4 - Tenpyō Jidai (Bijutsu

Shuppansha 1952), Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/inde

x.php?curid=19182933


o Kampo – Japanese application of Chinese herbal

medicine theory and treatment

o Transliteration of Kampo is ‘the Chinese method’

o Kampo is heavily informed by two fundamental Han

Dynasty Chinese herbal medicine texts:

• Shang Han Lun (Treatise on Cold Injury)

• Jin Gui Yao Lue (Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Cabinet)

o Both authored by Zhang Zhongjing, originally a single

book

o Included such ingredients as oyster shell, dragon bone,

gypsum and talc in the formulations



o Portuguese traders and missionaries brought Western

medicine to Japan around 1590

o Japanese medicine scholars began analysing and then

integrating biomedical concepts into their Kampo

systems for several hundred years

o When the smallpox vaccine was introduced in 1849,

Japanese medicine did not have a comparative

intervention and went into decline

o 1867 marked the end of the Edo period and the end of

feudal society

o The Meiji Restoration occurred in 1868

Kampo Gets Supplanted


o Continuing attempts were made to integrate Japanese

and Western medical concepts, often at the neglect of

important local knowledge

o The conceptualising of the meridian system moved

away from notions of a larger sense of ‘flow’ towards

local point stimulation

o Relegated to the edge of medicine, Japanese medicines

including acupuncture-moxibustion and Kampo fell into

decline

o A ‘neo-classical’ revival sprang up in the mid-1920s

when a passionate group of practitioners maintained

and built on the original pre-biomedical traditions

Japanese Medicines Supplanted


Kampo Concepts

o In-You (Yin-Yang)

o Gogyou (Five Lines)

o Ki (Qi)

o Sui (Water)

o Ketu (Blood)

o Sho (Diagnosis)

• Once a patient’s signs and symptoms are collected, the

practitioner forms a diagnosis based on the pattern of

disease – this directs the selection of herbal medicines

for treatment


Revision Questions

o What practical relationship does Buddhism have to

Japanese traditional medicine?

o How do you think Shinto might have contributed to

the development of Japanese medicine?

Other food for thought:o What links, if any, do you see between Japan’s

shamanic origins and its continued use of

traditional medicines?


Japanese Acupuncture

o There is no one

representative style of

Japanese acupuncture,

but many diverse

traditions

o Three main categories

exist in Japan today:

• The stimulation therapy

school

• A modern Chinese

medicine-based style

• A style based on the flow

of Ki in the meridians –

‘Meridian therapy’

By Gallery:

http://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0019548.html, CC BY

4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35991017


Japanese Acupuncture

o Palpation/touch is a common

hallmark of most acupuncture styles

developed and practiced in Japan

o Japanese styles are known for their

delicate and superficial needling

techniques, however deeper

needling is also used when called

for

o Treats deficiency and excess, hot

and cold in the meridians and

organs By http://CC BY 4.0,

https://commons.wikimed

ia.org/w/index.php?curid

=36029194


Japanese Moxibustion

o Developed hand-in-hand with acupuncture to become a

highly refined art, moxibustion is the burning of parts of the

Mugwort plant on or near the body to introduce heat

o Is distinct in methodology from moxa’s use in other East

Asian medical traditions

By WolfgangMichel - Own work, CC0,



Japanese Moxibustion

o ‘Indirect’ moxa

o ‘Direct’ moxa

o The heat from

moxibustion aims to

tonify Yang, Yin or Qi, to

move Qi and/or Blood

and in some

applications, to stimulate

the release of heat!By Wolfgang Michel - Own work, Public Domain,



o Developed by George Ohsawafrom the 1920’s, inspired by the teachings of Sagen Ishizuka, a Japanese Army doctor

o Ohsawa used the principles to heal himself of tuberculosis, which had killed his mother, brother and sister

o Based on the traditional Japanese diet

o ‘Macro’ = big; ‘bios’ = life

o Macrobiotics then, is the way to use food to enable a full, healthy life, to become aware of the underlying unity present in the natural order

Macrobiotics

By THOR - Macrobiotic Food, CC BY 2.0,


p?curid=40606351


o The main principle is to use food to affect Yin and Yang, restoring balance and, hence, health

o The underlying premise therefore is that health is a state of balance

o Each food is ascribed a place on the continuum of Yin-Yang, according to its nature and characteristics

o An assessment is made of the patient, which determines their state of Yin-Yang imbalance

o A relevant, balanced diet is prescribed to address this imbalance

Principles of Macrobiotics



p?curid=40606352


o Being: Vitality – having the amount of energy needed to do the things you want to

o Good appetite – for both food and life

o Deep, peaceful sleep – being fully rested, with only 6 hours sleep required

o Good memory – reflective of effective nervous system function

o Good humour

o Mood of justice – the ability to see the bigger picture, to tap into the way of nature, to appreciate cause and effect, to see the outcomes of our actions in life

Macrobiotic Attributes of Health



p?curid=40606345


o Anma, a Chinese folk-style form of

massage arrived in Japan, from the

5-6th centuries CE

o Anma’s principles were based on

the Chinese Medicine meridian

system

o In Japan, over centuries, this

became its own folk tradition,

developed in its own unique way

and became a part of daily life

o The term ‘shiatsu’ was coined by

Tokujiro Namikoshi in 1925

Shiatsu

By Shinsai Ota(Life time: 1840) - Original

publication: 1827, Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php

?curid=25339353


o A form of Japanese bodywork based

on Chinese Medicine theories,

combined with anatomy and

physiology

o Shiatsu translates literally as ‘finger

pressure’, although the thumbs, palms,

elbows, knees and feet are used to

treat

o Treatment is given on a futon on the

ground and the patient remains clothed

o Active and passive stretches are

applied

Shiatsu

By Arnaldo V. Carvalho - Own work, CC

BY-SA 3.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.

php?curid=20482826


o Embraces the concept that ‘Ki’ (Qi in

Chinese) motivates and flows in all

things - and in the human body,

through the meridian system

o Traditionally used to treat a wide

range of physical and emotional

conditions, including:

• Allergies, arthritis, asthma

• Back, neck and shoulder pain, headaches,

migraine

• Digestive problems, menstrual irregularities

• Depression, insomnia, fatigue, stress

o Hara diagnosis figures heavily

Shiatsu

By Arnaldo V. Carvalho - Own

work, CC BY-SA 3.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org

/w/index.php?curid=20482825


Seikotsu, Kappo/Kuatsu

By Kagami Bunken - Seikotsu shinsho (New

Book of Osteopathy), Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?c

urid=18575588

o Seikotsu is a traditional form of

Osteopathy, perhaps better

translated as ‘Bone-setting’, or

even ‘Judo therapy’

o Developed in the 19th century as

the martial arts were

modernising

o Kappo/kuatsu are

interchangeable terms used for

techniques applied to resuscitate

someone who is incapacitated

o Developed in the 18th century in

a number of jujutsu schools


o A fundamental concept in Japanese culture and

medicine

o Arises from the Chinese philosophical and medical

classics and Buddhist meditative traditions

o An untranslatable term that relates to the structural

and energetic ‘centre’ of the whole person – the

abdomen

o Developed experientially through practice of

Japanese arts, including noh/butoh (forms of

dance), chanoyu (tea ceremony), ikebana (flower

arranging), and shiatsu, as well as the martial arts

Hara


o Principle palpatory diagnostic system in Japanese

healing traditions – also used extensively for treatment

o Originated from concepts delivered in the Huang Di

Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic) and

importantly, the Nan Jing (Classic of Difficulties)

o Developed to very high levels of understanding within

Japanese medical practices

o Japanese uptake and development of Nan Jing

concepts - including hara diagnosis - reflect the

country’s unique evolution of the medicines originating

in China

Hara Diagnosis


o The origins of a person’s vital

energy arises from the space

between the Kidneys

o This is the space where the

organs reside

o A nexus of interaction exists here

between the organs and the

meridians

o Palpating this region enables the

practitioner to gain insight into

deep states of health or ill-health

Hara Diagnosis

By Wolfgang Michel -

Genshinkan shichisoku kai, CC0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w

/index.php?curid=17660643


Revision Questions

o What are modalities commonly utilised in:

• Japanese traditional medicine?

• Korean traditional medicine?

o How do you think that Chinese philosophy and

religion have influenced Korean and Japanese

medicine?

Other food for thought:o Why and how do you think the medicines of

Korean and Japan have evolved significantly from

their (largely) Chinese origins?


Referenceso A noted Traditional Korean Doctor, Byun Chung-hwan is Writing New Donguibogam, viewed 5 August

2016, http://koreaittimes.com/story/20148/noted-traditional-korean-medical-doctor-byun-chung-hwan-writing-new-donguibogam.

o Beinfield, H, & Korngold, E 1991, Between Heaven and Earth, Ballantine Books, New York.

o Eckman, P 2014, The compleat acupuncturist: a guide to constitutional and conditional pulse diagnosis, Singing Dragon, London.

o Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ancient Japan to 1185, viewed 12 August 2016, https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/History#ref167953.

o Encyclopedia Britannica Online, China, viewed 22 June 2016 <http://www.britannica.com/place/China>.

o Encyclopedia Britannica Online, Daoism, viewed 22 June 2016 <http://www.britannica.com/topic/Daoism>.

o Encyclopaedia Britannica, Shinto, viewed 12 August 2016, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shinto.

o Goma Fire Ritual, viewed 15th August 2016, http://seattlekoyasan.com/services/goma-fire-ritual/.

o Grossinger, R 1995, Planet medicine, North Atlantic Books, Berkeley.

o History of Korea, viewed 5 August 2016, http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/History_of_Korea.

o Ikeda M (Obaidey E trans) 2005 The practice of Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion: classic principles in action, Eastland Press, Seattle.

o Kampo Medicine, viewed 17 August 2016, http://www.altmd.com/Articles/Kampo-Medicine--Encyclopedia-of-Alternative-Medici.

o Kampo Medicine: the Practice of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Japan, viewed 8 August 2016, http://www.itmonline.org/arts/kampo.htm.

o Kayne, SB 2010, Traditional medicine: a global perspective, Pharmaceutical Press, London.

http://koreaittimes.com/story/20148/noted-traditional-korean-medical-doctor-byun-chung-hwan-writing-new-donguibogam

https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/History#ref167953

http://www.britannica.com/place/China

http://www.britannica.com/topic/Daoism

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shinto

http://seattlekoyasan.com/services/goma-fire-ritual/

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/History_of_Korea

http://www.altmd.com/Articles/Kampo-Medicine--Encyclopedia-of-Alternative-Medici

http://www.itmonline.org/arts/kampo.htm


References continuedo Kano, J (1994), Kodokan Judo, Kodansha International, Tokyo.

o Korean History and Political Geography, viewed 4 August 2016, http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography.

o Lower Paleolithic Period, viewed 5 August 2016, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lower-Paleolithic-Period.

o Macrobiotics: the History of Macrobiotics, viewed 15 August 2016, http://www.macrobiotics.co.uk/history.htm.

o Matsumoto, K & Birch, S 1998, Hara diagnosis: reflections on the sea, Paradigm Publications, Brookline, Massachusetts.

o Otsuka, K 2010, Kampo, a clinical guide to theory and practice, Churchill Livingstone, London.

o The Four Noble Truths, viewed 15th August, 2016, http://www.japanese-buddhism.com/four-noble-truths.html.

o The Meiji Restoration and Modernization, viewed 8 Auguest 2016, http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1750_meiji.htm.

o What is Macrobiotics?, viewed 15 August 2016, http://www.ohsawamacrobiotics.com/macrobiotics/what-is-macrobiotics.

o What is Macrobiotics?, viewed 12 August 2016, http://www.kushiinstitute.org/what-is-macrobiotics/.

o What is the Dongui Bogam?, viewed 5 August 2016, http://www.korea.net/Government/Current-Affairs/National-Affairs?affairId=422.

o Zen Buddhism, viewed 15 August 2016, http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/subdivisions/zen_1.shtml.

http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lower-Paleolithic-Period

http://www.macrobiotics.co.uk/history.htm

http://www.japanese-buddhism.com/four-noble-truths.html

http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1750_meiji.htm

http://www.ohsawamacrobiotics.com/macrobiotics/what-is-macrobiotics

http://www.kushiinstitute.org/what-is-macrobiotics/

http://www.korea.net/Government/Current-Affairs/National-Affairs?affairId=422

http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/subdivisions/zen_1.shtml

soch111 history of healing · pdf filesoch111 –history of healing session 10...

Documents