smart grids for india

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SMART-GRID IN INDIAN

CONTEXT Ashok Jhunjhunwala, IIT [email protected]

01-10-2014 ICT Empowered Grid 1



INDIAN CONTEXT




As India’s Economy continues to grow

• India’s average GDP growth during 2006 -09: 8.6%• Yet per capita income dismally low at Rs 46,500 last year• 7% world’s GDP: economy fourth -largest in world in PPP terms

• Increasing demand for energy from a low base• energy production just 4% of and consumption only 5% of world’s

• But affordability is the key• solutions that sell in india has to be at Indian prices

% of world

Population 17

GDP 7

Net national Income Growth 14.5

Personal Disposable Income 14.7

Consumption India World

per-capita electricity (kWh) 704 2752

average energy (TOE) 0.53 1.82

Euro1 = Rs65




India’s Fuel -wiseGeneration-Capacity (MW)

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Thermal Hydro Nuclear RES Total

• Generation capacitycontinues to increase• Keeping pace with

country’s rapid (8 to 9%)economic growth

0100200300400500600

700800900

Energy Generated (BU)




Dominant Fuel Sources• Coal: good for base-load

• significant domestic reserves• proven reserves of 105 billion tonnes• could last 200 years at current level of production

• Not good for environment

• Natural gas share up from 4.4% to 10% in last 15 years• emit half as much CO2 per kWh as compared to coal-based plants

• Hydroelectric potential of 600 billion kWh per annum

• Capacity of 148.7 GW• only 23% realised so far• High initial costs and developmental risks

• Nuclear: small




Power Supply Shortage• Even Plant Load Factor have also

continued to increase along withgeneration

• Plant load factor still low• India’s Per -Capita yearly Electricity

Consumption is only 704.4 kWh asopposed to world average of 2,752 kWh

Availability far behind Requirements

50.0

55.060.065.070.075.080.085.0

Plant Load Factor (%)

• Meerut, barely 50 Kms form Delhi,has 12 hour power-cuts in summermonths

• Most of 600000 villages connected• 17% villages unconnected

• Over 60% have power for 4 to 10 hours• Quite a few for less than 4 hours a day

Energy ( MU) Peak (MW)

Requirements 933741 136193

Availability 837374 118676

Surplus -96367 -17517

Surplus % -10.3% -12.9%




But average deficit is deceiving• As evident from the fluctuating

prices at Power Markets• Day variation of Rs 2000 to 4500

per MWh• Prices varies from Rs 2000 to

12000 per MWh in one week• Huge power shortage during

peak hours

Euro1 = Rs65




Transmission and DistributionLosses• Varies between 20% to 45%

• Average in between 30 to 35%• Combination of leakage and losses

• Requires technology and processes to plug this

• Transmission Losses are indeed measured in real time• Reasons for losses can be figured out

• Measure power at distribution transformer output line aswell as the consumer-meters in real time?• An unusual difference implies something is wrong• Requires electronic meters with communications

• Indian homes uses mechanical meters: cost reasons




Yes, there is huge energy saving potential• Known technologies could result in huge electrical power savings• Constraints

• Low affordability in the nation• High Investment on new appliances, better processes

• Today’s estimated saving potential: 183.5 billion kWh

Require newlow cost

solutions

2007-08 Consumption(B kWh)

ConservativeSavings

Agricultural Pumping 92.3 27.8

Commercial Buildings 9.9 2.0

Municipalities 12.5 2.9

Domestic 120.9 24.2

Industry (including SMEs) 265.4 18.6

Total (Billion kWh) 501 75.4




Why continue to use AC appliances?• Lighting

• LEDs, 10 to 100 times more efficient as compared to tungstenbulb, use only DC power

• CFL is neutral to AC or DC power• Motor : a small DC motor can be 2.5 tomes more energy efficient as

compared to a AC motor• Historically brush replacement needed – but not anymore

• A fan is primarily a motor – a dc fan also allows better speed control• A refrigerator is essentially a motor• An air-conditioner is primarily a motor• A washing-machine / grinder is a motor

• Electronics : all electronics (mobiles/TV/Computers) use low voltage DC• Need a ac/dc power adaptor to charge

• World switched to AC primarily for transmission of power• Any ac / dc conversion or vice-versa implies 7 to 15% losses

Has time come to switch back – at least at customer’s premises?




• India can certainly use solar energy, as capital goods prices fall• Solar photo-voltaic provides DC power for about six hours a day

• Rs 100 per Wh capital cost: with 10% interest and payback in 20 years, amounts toRs 12 per year(not computing costs of land)• Costs a little over Rs 7.25 / kWh assuming 10% losses

• As opposed to Rs 3 to 5 per kWh for grid power

• If not used immediately, would require feeding to grid• dc to ac conversion loss + grid T&D losses• Expensive energy being wasted

• Or Energy Storage Systems• Just like several other renewable energy solutions like wind-power, power from

ocean-waves

• Off-grid (local usage) in day-time would make a lot of sense

Sun shines brightly over India

Euro1 = Rs65

Solar PV power price computation

investment per kWh Rs. 1,00,000.00 sun-hours/day 6

interest rate 10% number of days /year 300

depreciation (years) 20 total power in Kwh gen/yr 1800

yearly payment Rs. -11,745.96 Losses 10%

price per kWh Rs. 7.25




• Batteries are expensive proposition for back-up• Lead acid battery : 1500 cycles if operated between 60 to 100% capacity

• 1 kWh back-up will cost Rs 16.3/ kWh assuming single charge / discharge per day• Assuming Rs 6000 per kWh battery and 10% interest rate

• Li Ion battery : 5000 cycles if operated between 10% to 90% capacity

• 1 kWh back-up will cost Rs 20 per kWh assuming single charge per day• Assuming Rs 25000 per kWh battery and 10% interest

• Solar requires different kind of storage• Storage price must work out to be small compared to solar generation• At current prices, it hardly makes sense

• Alternative: Can energy be stored in any other way• Say in form of ice and to be used for cooling• Current costs much less than that of electrical battery

Battery cost (per kWh) Rs. 6,000.00 Battery cost (to deliver 1kWh) Rs. 15,000.00discharge 40% depreciation (years) 4.11Number of cycles 1500 Storage cost per unit Rs. 16.27interest rate 10%cycles used per day 1Losses 10%

Lead acid battery

Energy StorageEuro1 = Rs65




Decentralized Solar PV• Would be ideal in day time

• To complement grid• Direct usage in offices / shopping malls can reduce the day time peak

load requirement to a considerable extent• Some coupling to ice-battery (charged during off-peak hours)•

Makes economic sense today, provided there is space for solar PVinstallation

• Some solar PV / solar thermal feeding to grid would be helpful

• What about evening peak loads ?• Solar can not help here• Reducing load by enhancing efficiency• Reducing consumptions by introduction of time of day metering• Using some storage (electrical / ice-battery – charged during 5 PM to 7

PM)




SOME SCENARIOSreduce consumption of substantial quantities of diesel,kerosene, furnace oil




What are the options when power fail?

• Power-Sources:• Grid: Rs 5 per kWh: ram-bharose (as per god’s will) • Diesel generator: Rs 17 per kWh when diesel is subsidized visavis

petrol, when generator runs at 80% efficiency: instantaneous• Costs will go over Rs 25 per kWh without subsidy• Primary use today in organizations / offices

• Solar PV: Rs 7.50 per kWh when dc is used: day six hours• Electrical battery back-up: storage costs over Rs 15 per kWh• Ice-storage: ?

• Usage• Electrical Load: lighting, motor and electronics• Cooling Load

• What should one use when? How to optimize?• What to optimize? – costs, energy consumption, CO2

Euro1 = Rs65




Simulations


d d 20



Rural Cellular Base Stations• Remote Base-stations providing communications

• Electrical grid is off for 16 to 20 hours• Primary operation costs for operators: diesel costs

• How to use battery back-up, diesel generator and solar poweroptimally to operate the base station?• Will ice-battery help? Certainly!

• Can we save energy at base station?• Especially energy needed for cooling• Will DC motors (for exhaust fans) and LEDs help?


01 10 2014 ICT E d G id 21



Solar PV for Rural Schools• Rural Schools are used only during day time

• Primarily fan, some light and some electronics

• Solar PV with a small battery (grid-connected) would be agreat solution• When sun-light is poorer, it is cooler and fan usage is lower• Why not use dc fans?• Why not use LEDs / CFL

• What should be DC line voltage?• 48V: Losses in line a consideration• What will be dc-dc conversion losses?




01 10 2014 ICT Empowered Grid 24



Smart-grids and efficient appliances• Possible to come up with new low cost appliances

• Help increase usage efficiency and reduce wastage• Come with new devices and appliances, may be dc powered• Come up with better methods of cooling / heating and cooling / heating

locally if required• Figure out where dc can be used

• what should be the DC line-voltage

• Always watch for costs / investments required

• Smart-grids must help India move away from coal and oilto renewable resources as its economy grows


smart grids for india

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