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Smart Energy Systems and the modelling of sector integrated national energy strategies
Henrik Lund
Professor in Energy Planning
Aalborg Universitet
4th Grid Science Winter School and Conference
January 11-15, 2021, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
Aalborg University, Denmark
Jutland/Denmark:
• Approx. 50% wind power
• High share of the world’s offshore power
• 30-50% of electricity supplied by CHP
• >50% District Heating
• > 10% Biogas in the natural gas supply
Renewable Energy SystemsA Smart Energy Systems Approach to the Choice and Modeling of 100% Renewable Solutions
1. Edition in 2010
2. Edition in 2014
New Chapter on
Smart Energy
Systems and
Infrastructures
The long-term Objective of Danish Energy Policy
Prime minister 16 November 2008:
”We will free Denmark totally from fossil fuels like oil, coal and gas”
Prime minister 16 November 2008:
”… position Denmark in the heart
of green growth”
Expressed by former Prime Minister Anders FoghRasmussen in his opening speech to the Parliament in 2006 and in several political agreements since then:
To convert to 100% Renewable Energy
100% Renewable Energy 2050…… but how…???!!
Energy Systems Analysis Model
CHP
Boiler
Electro-
lyser
Heat
pump and
electric
boiler
PP
RES
electricity
Fuel
RES heat
Hydro waterHydro
storage
Hydro
power plant
H2 storage
Electricity
storage
system
Import/
Export
fixed and
variableElectricity
demand
Cooling
device
Cooling
demand
Transport
demand
Process
heat
demand
Industry
Cars
Heat
storage
Heat
demand
www.EnergyPLAN.eu
IDA Energiplan 2030
Smart Energy Systems
Smart Energy Systems:
Hourly modelling of all smart
grids to identify synergies!
… and influence of different
types of energy storage..!
Smart Energy Systems
www.energyplan.eu/smartenergysystems/
2019 New Government and agreement:
70% reductions in Greenhouse gases by 2030Climate Law and Action plan:
1. Energy savings in among others public buildings
2. National Strategy for Sustainable buildings
3. Strategy for electrification of transport, industry and society in general
4. More funds for green research and demonstration projects
5. Assessment of Danish and North Sea countries mutual expansion of offshore wind
6. Investigation of energy island of 10 GW wind before 2030
7. Support afforestation (new forest)
8. Climate adoption via coordination of coastal protection
Smart Energy SystemsThe key to cost-efficient 100% Renewable Energy
• A sole focus on renewable electricity (smart grid) production leads to electricity storage and flexible demand solutions!
• Looking at renewable electricity as a part smart energy systems including heating, industry, gas and transportation opens for cheaper and better solutions…
Power-to-HeatPower-to-Gas
Power-to-Transport
Energy Storage
Pump Hydro Storage
175 €/kWh (Source: Electricity Energy Storage
Technology Options: A White Paper
Primer on Applications, Costs, and
Benefits. Electric Power Research
Institute, 2010)
Natural Gas Underground Storage
0.05 €/kWh (Source: Current State Of and Issues
Concerning Underground Natural Gas
Storage. Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission, 2004)
Oil Tank
0.02 €/kWh (Source: Dahl KH, Oil
tanking Copenhagen A/S,
2013: Oil Storage Tank.
2013)
Thermal Storage
1-4 €/kWh (Source: Danish Technology
Catalogue, 2012)
Thermal Storage 6200 m3 Thermal Storage
2500 €/MWh (Skagen: 6200 m3
for 5.4 mio. DKK)
0.16 m3 Thermal Storage
300.000 €/MWh (Private house: 160 liter
for 15000 DKK)
200,000 m3 Thermal Storage
500 €/MWh (Vojens: 200,000 m3
for 30 mio. DKK)
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
160 liter 4 m3 6200 m3 200.000 m3
Pri
ce (
€/M
Wh
)
Thermal storage: Price and Size
4 m3 Thermal Storage
40,000 €/MWh (Private outdoor: 4000 m3
for 50,000 DKK)
www.journals.aau.dk/index.php/sepm
Existing distribution grids
100% Renewable Energy 2050… Power-to-Heat..
Domestic heating
Smart Heating Europe
100% Renewable Energy 2050… Power-to-Transport … Electrofuels
Electricity
(111 PJ)
Conversion Process │ │ │ │ Transport Fuel
Electric Grid1
Electricity
(100 PJ)
│ Transport Demand
294 Gpkm
323 Gtkm
OR
Resource
Resource
Electricity
(111 PJ)
Conversion Process │ │ │ │
Electricity (100 PJ)
│ Transport Demand
313 Gpkm
Freight is not
applicable
Transport Fuel
OR Electric Grid1
Electrolyser1
Biomass
[Cellulose]
(65 PJ)
Electricity
(83.5 PJ)
Methane
(100 PJ2)
H2
(60.5 PJ)
Steam
Gasifier
Chemical
Synthesis Hydrogenation
1.9 Mt
Syngas
Resource Conversion Process │ │ │ │ │ Transport Demand
61 Gpkm
36 Gtkm
Transport Fuel
OR
H2O
(2.6 Mt)
4.5Mt
Marginal Heat3
(7.6 PJ)
Power Plant
6 PJ3
0.6 PJ
83 PJ
59 PJ
Electrolyser1
Biomass
[Glucose]
(60 PJ)
Electricity
(83 PJ)
Methane
(100 PJ2)
H2
(60.5 PJ)
Anaerobic
Digester
Chemical
Synthesis
CO2
Hydrogenation
4.5 Mt
Resource Conversion Process │ │ │ │ │ Transport Demand
61 Gpkm
36 Gtkm
Transport Fuel
OR
H2O
(2.3 Mt)
Biogas
(50 GJ)
2.3 Mt
OR
Biomass1
(77 PJ)
Methanol/DME
(100 PJ5)
Electricity
(178 PJ)
CO2
(7 Mt)
Co-electrolysis4
Carbon
Sequestration &
Recycling3 Electricity
2
(7.3 PJ)
Chemical
Synthesis
Syngas
(139 PJ)
H2O
(5.7 Mt)
Resource Conversion Process │ │ │ │ │ Transport Demand
or
50 Gtkm
83 Gpkm
Transport Fuel
Electricity
Heat Power Plant
Electrolyser6
Chemical
Synthesis
Fermenter
Hydrogenation Chemical
Synthesis
Electricity
(307 PJ)
H2
(149.4 PJ)
Straw
(401.7 PJ)
H2
(72.2 PJ)
Methanol/DME
(62.6 PJ2)
Ethanol
(100 PJ)
Methanol/DME
(337.5 PJ2)
CO2
(4.4 Mt)
H2O
(15.5 Mt)
Hydrogenation
Low & High
Temperature
Gasification7
Resource Conversion Process │ │ │ │ Transport Fuel
OR
Transport Demand │
52 Gpkm
67 Gpkm
31 Gtkm
39 Gtkm4
279 Gpkm
169 Gtkm
OR
OR
Lignin (197.7 PJ)
C5 Sugars (92.8 PJ)
Biomass
(40.2 PJ) Power Plant
115 Mt
1 Mt
Marginal Heat1
(50.2 PJ)
303.6 PJ
3.4 PJ3
3.5 Mt
Smart Energy SystemsThe key to cost-efficient 100% Renewable Energy
• A sole focus on renewable electricity (smart grid) production leads to electricity storage and flexible demand solutions!
• Looking at renewable electricity as a part smart energy systems including heating, industry, gas and transportation opens for cheaper and better solutions…
Power-to-HeatPower-to-Gas
Power-to-Transport
Smart Energy Europe
www.EnergyPLAN.eu/SmartEnergyEurope
Report Online
Paper Published
More information:https://www.energyplan.eu/book2/
www.EnergyPLAN.eu
www.4DH.dk
www.energyplan.eu/smartenergysystems/
www.henriklund.eu
www.heatroadmap.eu
www.energyplan.eu/SmartEnergyEurope