Smart CardsSmart CardsFuture Life………Future Life………

Santosh KhadsareSantosh Khadsare

Aim of my ppt is to just give you a brief idea about the smart card technology being one of the best steps towards the advancement of science and technology , making our life faster and obviously easier.

Plastic CardsPlastic Cards

Visual identity applicationVisual identity application Plain plastic card is enoughPlain plastic card is enough

Magnetic strip (e.g. credit cards)Magnetic strip (e.g. credit cards) Visual data also available in machine Visual data also available in machine

readable formreadable form No security of dataNo security of data

Electronic memory cardsElectronic memory cards Machine readable dataMachine readable data Some security (vendor specific)Some security (vendor specific)

What is a Smart What is a Smart Card? Card? A Smart card is a plastic

card about the size of a

credit card, with an

embedded microchip that

can be loaded with data,

used for telephone calling,

cash payments , and other

applications, and then

periodically refreshed for

additional use.

What is a smart card?What is a smart card?

HistoryHistory

70’s70’s

Smart Card First Patent in Germany and Smart Card First Patent in Germany and later in France and Japan.later in France and Japan.

80’s 80’s

Mass usage in Pay Phones and Debit Cards.Mass usage in Pay Phones and Debit Cards.

90’s90’s

Smart Card based Mobiles Chips & Sim Smart Card based Mobiles Chips & Sim Cards.Cards.

HistoryHistory

2000’s2000’s

Payment and Ticketing Applications Payment and Ticketing Applications

Credit cards, Mass transit (Smartrip)Credit cards, Mass transit (Smartrip)

Healthcare and Identification Healthcare and Identification

Insurance information, Drivers licenseInsurance information, Drivers license

Dimensions of smart Dimensions of smart card.card.

85.6mm x 53.98mm x 0.76mm(defined by ISO 7816)

Why use smart cards?Why use smart cards? Can store currently up to 7000 times more data than a Can store currently up to 7000 times more data than a

magnetic stripe card.magnetic stripe card. Information that is stored on the card can be updated.Information that is stored on the card can be updated. Magnetic stripe cards are vulnerable to many types of fraud.Magnetic stripe cards are vulnerable to many types of fraud.

Lost/Stolen CardsLost/Stolen Cards SkimmingSkimming Carding/ PhishingCarding/ Phishing

Greatly enhances security by communicating with card Greatly enhances security by communicating with card readers using PKI algorithms.readers using PKI algorithms.

A single card can be used for multiple applications (cash, A single card can be used for multiple applications (cash, identification, building access, etc.) identification, building access, etc.)

Smart cards provide a 3-fold approach to authentic Smart cards provide a 3-fold approach to authentic identification:identification:

• PinPin• SmartcardSmartcard• BiometricsBiometrics

Card ElementsCard ElementsMagnetic Stripe

Chip

Embossing (Card Number / Name / Validity, etc.)

Logo

Hologram

Smart Cards devicesSmart Cards devices

VCC

Reset

Clock

GND

VPP

I/O

ReservedVarun Arora |

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What’s in a Card?What’s in a Card?

VccRSTCL

KRFU

VppI/O

GND

RFU

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Electrical signals descriptionElectrical signals description

: Clocking or timing signal (optional use by the

card).

GND : Ground (reference voltage).

VPP : Programming voltage input (deprecated / optional use by the card).

I/O : Input or Output for serial data to the integrated circuit inside the card.AUX1(C4): Auxilliary contact; USB devices: D+AUX2(C8) : Auxilliary contact; USB devices: D-

VCC : Power supply input

: Either used itself (reset signal supplied from the

interface device) or in combination with an internal

reset control circuit (optional use by the card) .

Fig : A smart card pin out

RST

CLK

CARD STRUCTURECARD STRUCTURE

Out of the eight contacts only six are

used. Vcc is the supply voltage, Vss is

the ground reference voltage against

which the Vcc potential is measured,

Vpp connector is used for the high

voltage signal,chip receives

commands & interchanges data.

Typical ConfigurationsTypical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM.256 bytes to 4KB RAM. 8KB to 32KB ROM.8KB to 32KB ROM. 1KB to 32KB EEPROM.1KB to 32KB EEPROM. 8-bit to 16-bit CPU. 8051 based 8-bit to 16-bit CPU. 8051 based

designs are common.designs are common.

Smart Card ReadersSmart Card Readers

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen, keypad, printer, often also have biometric devices such as thumb print scanner.

Terminal/PC Card Terminal/PC Card InteractionInteraction

The terminal/PC sends commands to The terminal/PC sends commands to the card (through the serial line).the card (through the serial line).

The card executes the command and The card executes the command and sends back the reply.sends back the reply.

The terminal/PC cannot directly The terminal/PC cannot directly access memory of the card soaccess memory of the card so

data in the card is protected from data in the card is protected from unauthorized access. This is what unauthorized access. This is what makes the card makes the card smart.smart.

Why Smart Cards?Why Smart Cards?

Security: Data and codes on the card are

encrypted by the chip maker. The Smart

Card’s circuit chip almost impossible to forge.

Trust: Minimal human interaction.

Portability.

Less Paper work: Eco-Friendly

Two Types of ChipsTwo Types of Chips

Memory chipMemory chip Acts as a small Acts as a small

floppy disk with floppy disk with optional securityoptional security

Are inexpensiveAre inexpensive Offer little security Offer little security

features features

Microprocessor Microprocessor Can add, delete, and Can add, delete, and

manipulate its manipulate its memory. memory.

Acts as a miniature Acts as a miniature computer that computer that includes an operating includes an operating system, hard disk, and system, hard disk, and input/output ports. input/output ports.

Provides more security Provides more security and memory and can and memory and can even download even download applications. applications.

From 1 billion to 4 billion From 1 billion to 4 billion units in 10 years…units in 10 years…

Worldwide smart card shipments

925 960

26553325

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Mil

lio

ns

of

un

its

Microprocessor cards

Memory cards

4285

3580

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

925 960

Smart Cards in Smart Cards in everyday life…everyday life…

Ticketing

Payment

Loyalty

Transport

Smart Poster

Health card

Communication

Contact Smart CardsContact Smart Cards

Requires insertion Requires insertion into a smart card into a smart card reader with a direct reader with a direct connection connection

This physical contact This physical contact allows for allows for transmission of transmission of commands, data, and commands, data, and card status to take card status to take place place

Contactless smart Contactless smart card:-card:-

Contactless Smart Contactless Smart Cards Cards

Require only close Require only close proximity to a readerproximity to a reader

Both the reader and card Both the reader and card have antennas through have antennas through which the two which the two communicate communicate

Ideal for applications Ideal for applications that require very fast that require very fast card interfaces card interfaces

ISOISO 14443. 14443.

International standard.International standard. Deals – only contactless smart cards.Deals – only contactless smart cards. Defines:-Defines:-

a.a. Interface.Interface.

b.b. Radio frequency interface.Radio frequency interface.

c.c. Electrical interface.Electrical interface.

d.d. Operating distance.Operating distance.

Etc…..Etc…..

Dual interface smart Dual interface smart cards.cards.

Also called Also called Combi cardCombi card..

Has a single chip over it.Has a single chip over it.

Has both contact as well as Has both contact as well as contactless interfaces.contactless interfaces.

We can use the same chip using either We can use the same chip using either contact or contactless interface with a contact or contactless interface with a high level of security.high level of security.

DualDual interface smart interface smart cardcard..

Hybrid smart card.Hybrid smart card.

Two chips.Two chips. One with contact interface.One with contact interface. Other with contactless Other with contactless

interface.interface. No connection between the No connection between the

two chips.two chips.

Hybrid smart cards.Hybrid smart cards.

Categories of Smart Categories of Smart CardsCards

Based on the type of IC chip embedded on the Smart Card. They are categorized into three types :-

IC Micro Processor Cards IC Memory Cards Optical Memory Cards

Key AttributesKey Attributes

Securityto make the Digital Life safe and enjoyable

Ease of Useto enable all of us to access to the Digital World

Privacyto respect each individual’s freedom and intimacy

SAFE

Biometric techniquesBiometric techniques

Finger print identification.Finger print identification. Features of finger prints can be kept on Features of finger prints can be kept on

the card (even verified on the card)the card (even verified on the card) Photograph/IRIS pattern etc.Photograph/IRIS pattern etc.

Such information is to be verified by a Such information is to be verified by a person. The information can be stored person. The information can be stored in the card securelyin the card securely

Smart Card ReadersSmart Card Readers

Dedicated Dedicated terminalsterminals

Usually with a Usually with a small screen, small screen, keypad, printer, keypad, printer, often alsooften alsohave biometric have biometric devices such as devices such as thumb print thumb print scanner.scanner.

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Terminal/PC Card Terminal/PC Card InteractionInteraction

The terminal/PC sends commands to The terminal/PC sends commands to the card (through the serial line).the card (through the serial line).

The card executes the command and The card executes the command and sends back the reply.sends back the reply.

The terminal/PC cannot directly The terminal/PC cannot directly access memory of the card access memory of the card data in the card is protected from data in the card is protected from

unauthorized access. This is what unauthorized access. This is what makes the card smart.makes the card smart.

Communication Communication mechanismsmechanisms

Communication between smart card and Communication between smart card and reader is standardized reader is standardized ISO 7816 standardISO 7816 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OSInterpreted by the card OS Card state is updatedCard state is updated Response is given by the card.Response is given by the card.

Commands have the following structureCommands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1..Le bytes Response from the card include 1..Le bytes followed by Response Codefollowed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1..Lc Le

Security MechanismsSecurity Mechanisms

PasswordPassword Card holder’s protectionCard holder’s protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseCryptographic challenge Response Entity authenticationEntity authentication

Biometric informationBiometric information Person’s identificationPerson’s identification

A combination of one or moreA combination of one or more

Password VerificationPassword Verification

Terminal asks the user to provide a Terminal asks the user to provide a password.password.

Password is sent to Card for Password is sent to Card for verification.verification.

Scheme can be used to permit user Scheme can be used to permit user authentication.authentication. Not a person identification schemeNot a person identification scheme

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Cryptographic Cryptographic verificationverification

Terminal verify card (INTERNAL AUTH)Terminal verify card (INTERNAL AUTH) Terminal sends a random number to card to Terminal sends a random number to card to

be hashed or encrypted using a key.be hashed or encrypted using a key. Card provides the hash or cyphertext.Card provides the hash or cyphertext.

Terminal can know that the card is Terminal can know that the card is authentic.authentic.

Card needs to verify (EXTERNAL AUTH)Card needs to verify (EXTERNAL AUTH) Terminal asks for a challenge and sends the Terminal asks for a challenge and sends the

response to card to verifyresponse to card to verify Card thus know that terminal is authentic.Card thus know that terminal is authentic.

Primarily for the “Entity Authentication”Primarily for the “Entity Authentication”Varun Arora |

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Biometric techniquesBiometric techniques

Finger print identification.Finger print identification. Features of finger prints can be kept on Features of finger prints can be kept on

the card (even verified on the card)the card (even verified on the card) Photograph/IRIS pattern etc.Photograph/IRIS pattern etc.

Such information is to be verified by a Such information is to be verified by a person. The information can be stored person. The information can be stored in the card securely.in the card securely.

Data storageData storage

Data is stored in smart cards in Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROME2PROM Card OS provides a file structure Card OS provides a file structure

mechanismmechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

File Naming and File Naming and SelectionSelection

Each files has a 2 byte file ID and an optional Each files has a 2 byte file ID and an optional 5-bit SFID (both unique within a DF). DFs may 5-bit SFID (both unique within a DF). DFs may optionally have (globally unique) 16 byte optionally have (globally unique) 16 byte name.name.

OS keeps tack of a current DF and a current OS keeps tack of a current DF and a current EF.EF.

Current DF or EF can be changed using Current DF or EF can be changed using SELECT FILE command. Target file specified SELECT FILE command. Target file specified as either:as either: DF nameDF name File IDFile ID SFID(Short File Identifier, 1 byte)SFID(Short File Identifier, 1 byte) Relative or absolute path (sequence of File IDs).Relative or absolute path (sequence of File IDs). Parent DFParent DF

Basic File Related Basic File Related CommandsCommands

Commands for file creation, deletion etc., Commands for file creation, deletion etc., File size and security attributes specified File size and security attributes specified at creation time.at creation time.

Commands for reading, writing, Commands for reading, writing, appending records, updating etc. appending records, updating etc. Commands work on the current EF.Commands work on the current EF. Execution only if security conditions are met.Execution only if security conditions are met.

Each file has a life cycle status indicator Each file has a life cycle status indicator (LCSI), one of: created, initialized, (LCSI), one of: created, initialized, activated, deactivated, terminated.activated, deactivated, terminated.

Access control on the Access control on the filesfiles

Applications may specify the access Applications may specify the access controlscontrols A password (PIN) on the MF selectionA password (PIN) on the MF selection

For example SIM password in mobilesFor example SIM password in mobiles Multiple passwords can be used and Multiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be givenlevels of security access may be given Applications may also use Applications may also use

cryptographic authenticationcryptographic authentication

How does it all work?How does it all work?

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power. OS boots

up. Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds, capability negotiations etc.Terminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2. Stores a status “P2 Verified”. Responds “OK”

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds “OK”

Card responds “OK”

So many Smart Cards with So many Smart Cards with us at all times…..us at all times…..

In our GSM phone (the SIM card)In our GSM phone (the SIM card) Inside our WalletsInside our Wallets

Credit/Debit cardsCredit/Debit cards HealthCare cardsHealthCare cards Loyalty cardsLoyalty cards

Our corporate badgeOur corporate badge Our PassportOur Passport Our e-Banking OTPOur e-Banking OTP

… … and the list keeps growingand the list keeps growing

Our Industries Is rapidly Our Industries Is rapidly changingchanging

eTicketing

Interactive billboards Transports

Retail

New solutions leveraging New solutions leveraging on mobile contactless on mobile contactless

servicesservices

Smart Card ApplicationsSmart Card Applications

Government programsGovernment programs Banking & FinanceBanking & Finance Mobile CommunicationMobile Communication Pay Phone CardsPay Phone Cards TransportationTransportation Electronic TollsElectronic Tolls PassportsPassports Electronic CashElectronic Cash Retailer Loyalty ProgramsRetailer Loyalty Programs Information securityInformation security

Banking and financeBanking and finance

Electronic purse to replace coins for small

purchases in vending machines .

Credit and debit cards

Securing payments across the internet

Smart card Pay phones Smart card Pay phones

Outside of the United States there is a Outside of the United States there is a

widespread use of payphones widespread use of payphones phone company does not have to collect coinsphone company does not have to collect coins the users do not have to have coins or the users do not have to have coins or

remember long access numbers and PIN remember long access numbers and PIN codescodes

The risk of vandalism is very low since these The risk of vandalism is very low since these payphones are smart card-based. “Generally, payphones are smart card-based. “Generally, a phone is attacked if there is some money a phone is attacked if there is some money inside it, as in the case of coin-based inside it, as in the case of coin-based payphonepayphone

TransportationTransportation

Driver’s licenseDriver’s license

Mass transit fare collection Mass transit fare collection

systemsystem

Electronic toll collection systemElectronic toll collection system

It’s no longer only «Cards»It’s no longer only «Cards»e-Passport: the first Smart Secure e-Passport: the first Smart Secure

DeviceDevice

45 Millions e-Passport in 2009

E GovernanceE Governance

As the amount of business and holiday As the amount of business and holiday travel increases security continues to travel increases security continues to be a top concern for governments be a top concern for governments worldwide.worldwide.

When fully implemented smart When fully implemented smart passport solutions help to reduce fraud passport solutions help to reduce fraud and forgery of travel documents.and forgery of travel documents.

Enhanced security for travellersEnhanced security for travellers Philips launched such a project Philips launched such a project

with the US in 2004.with the US in 2004.

Student id cardStudent id card

All-purpose student ID card (a/k/a All-purpose student ID card (a/k/a campus card), containing a campus card), containing a variety of applications such as variety of applications such as electronic purse (for vending electronic purse (for vending machines, laundry machines, machines, laundry machines, library card, and meal card).library card, and meal card).

Threats in Using Smart Threats in Using Smart CardsCards

failure rate

probability of breaking: keeping in

wallets may damage the chip on the

card.

malware attacks: active malwares on

systems may result in modifying the

transactions.

OS Based ClassificationOS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System. There are many Smart Card Operating Operating System. There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market, the main ones being:Systems available in the market, the main ones being:

1. MultOS 1. MultOS 2. JavaCard2. JavaCard3. Cyberflex3. Cyberflex4. StarCOS4. StarCOS5. MFC5. MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called, are placed on the ROM and usually commonly called, are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB. SCOS handle:occupy lesser than 16 KB. SCOS handle:

• File Handling and Manipulation.• File Handling and Manipulation.• Memory Management• Memory Management• Data Transmission Protocols.• Data Transmission Protocols.

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES Proven to be more reliable than the magnetic stripe card.Proven to be more reliable than the magnetic stripe card. Can store up to thousands of times of the information than the magnetic stripe card.Can store up to thousands of times of the information than the magnetic stripe card. Reduces tampering and counterfeiting through high security mechanisms such as Reduces tampering and counterfeiting through high security mechanisms such as

advanced encryption and biometrics.advanced encryption and biometrics. Can be disposable or reusable.Can be disposable or reusable. Performs multiple functions.Performs multiple functions. Has wide range of applications (e.g., banking, transportation, healthcare...)Has wide range of applications (e.g., banking, transportation, healthcare...) Compatible with portable electronics (e.g., PCs, telephones...)Compatible with portable electronics (e.g., PCs, telephones...) Evolves rapidly applying semi-conductor technologyEvolves rapidly applying semi-conductor technology

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Smart cards used for client-side identification and authentication are the most secure way for eg. internet banking applications, but the security is never 100% sure.In the example of internet banking, if the PC is infected with any kind of malware, the security model is broken. Malware can override the communication (both input via keyboard and output via application screen) between the user and the internet banking application (eg. browser). This would result in modifying transactions by the malware and unnoticed by the user. There is malware in the wild with this capability (eg. Trojan. Silentbanker).

Remedies…Remedies…

Banks like Fortis and Dexia in Belgium combine a Smart card with an

unconnected card reader to avoid this problem. The customer enters a

challenge received from the bank's website, his PIN and the transaction

amount into the card reader, the card reader returns an 8-digit signature.

This signature is manually copied to the PC and verified by the bank. This

method prevents malware from changing the transaction amount.

Future AspectsFuture Aspects

Soon it will be possible to access the data in Smart cards by the use of

Biometrics.

Smart card Readers can be built into future computers or peripherals

which will enable the users to pay for goods purchased on the internet.

In the near future, the multifunctional smart card will replace the

traditional magnetic swipe card.

Smart Card is not only a data store, but also a programmable, portable,

tamper resistant memory storage.

The Smart card success The Smart card success storystory

2040

410

205

2600

500

225

3000

580

295

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Identity & others

Banking - Retail

Telecom (SIM)

+15%

+27%

+22%

+16%

+31%

+10%

2007 2008 2009

Microprocessor Smart Cards Shipments ( Millions of units )

By 2020 …By 2020 …

20 Billion Smart Secure Devices

>4 Billion Mobile Appliances users

>4 Billion e-ID documents in use

Conclusion… Conclusion…

• Smart Cards will evolve into a broader family of Devices

• More new shapes for new applications

• Our virtual « digital personal attributes »

• Embedded software and ultra-embedded nanotechnologies

• The only mistake to avoid for our Industry is to entertain an endless debate about fears.

• We will build the best solutions and the best value for people to enjoy many new services

• Political ownership and communication will be key to success

• Education … more Education

• Preparing people to use those Smart Secure Devices is as important as teaching them how to read and write

• Smart Cards will evolve into a broader family of Devices

• More new shapes for new applications

• Embedded software and ultra-embedded nanotechnologies

• The only mistake to avoid for our Industry is to entertain an endless debate about fears.

• We will build the best solutions and the best value for people to enjoy many new services

• Education … more Education

• Preparing people to use those Smart Secure Devices is as important as teaching them how to read and write

Conclusion:

• Smart Cards will evolve into a broader family of Devices

• More new shapes for new applications

• Our virtual « digital personal attributes »

• Embedded software and ultra-embedded nanotechnologies

• The only mistake to avoid for our Industry is to entertain an endless debate about fears.

• We will build the best solutions and the best value for people to enjoy many new services

• Political ownership and communication will be key to success

• Education … more Education

• Preparing people to use those Smart Secure Devices is as important as teaching them how to read and write

Conclusion:

Security of Smart CardsSecurity of Smart Cards

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) algorithms such as DES, 3DES, RSA algorithms such as DES, 3DES, RSA and ECC. and ECC.

Key pair generation.Key pair generation. Variable timing/clock fluctuation.Variable timing/clock fluctuation. 0.6 micron components.0.6 micron components. Data stored on the card is encrypted.Data stored on the card is encrypted. Pin Blocking.Pin Blocking.

Elliptical Curve Elliptical Curve CryptographyCryptography

y²=x³+ax+by²=x³+ax+b Q(x,y) =kP(x,y)Q(x,y) =kP(x,y) Uses point multiplication Uses point multiplication

to compute and ECDLP to compute and ECDLP to crack.to crack.

Beneficial for portable Beneficial for portable devices.devices.

Cryptographic Cryptographic coprocessors can be coprocessors can be added to speed up added to speed up encryption and encryption and decryption.decryption.

CAINCAIN Confidentiality is obtained by the Confidentiality is obtained by the

encryption of the information on the encryption of the information on the card.card.

Authenticity is gained by using the PKI Authenticity is gained by using the PKI algorithm and the two/three factor algorithm and the two/three factor authentication.authentication.

Integrity is maintained through error-Integrity is maintained through error-checking and enhanced firmware.checking and enhanced firmware.

Repudiation is lower because each Repudiation is lower because each transaction is authenticated and transaction is authenticated and recorded.recorded.

Common and Future Uses Common and Future Uses of Smart Cardsof Smart Cards

Current uses:Current uses: Chicago Transit CardChicago Transit Card Speed PassSpeed Pass Amex Blue CardAmex Blue Card Phone CardsPhone Cards University ID cardsUniversity ID cards Health-care cardsHealth-care cards Access to high level Access to high level

government government facilities.facilities.

Future uses:Future uses: Federally Passed Federally Passed

Real-ID act of 2005.Real-ID act of 2005. ePassportsePassports

Data StructureData Structure

Data on Smart Cards is organized Data on Smart Cards is organized into a tree hierarchy. This has one into a tree hierarchy. This has one master file (MF or root) which master file (MF or root) which contains several elementary files contains several elementary files (EF) and several dedicated files (DF).(EF) and several dedicated files (DF).

DFs and MF correspond to DFs and MF correspond to directories and EFs correspond to directories and EFs correspond to files, analogous to the hierarchy in files, analogous to the hierarchy in any common OS for PCs. any common OS for PCs.

Data StructureData Structure

However, these two hierarchies differ in However, these two hierarchies differ in that DFs can also contain data. DF's, EF's that DFs can also contain data. DF's, EF's and MF's header contains security and MF's header contains security attributes resembling user rights associated attributes resembling user rights associated with a file/directory in a common OS.with a file/directory in a common OS.

Any application can traverse the file tree, Any application can traverse the file tree, but it can only move to a node if it has the but it can only move to a node if it has the appropriate rights.appropriate rights.

The PIN is also stored in an EF but only the The PIN is also stored in an EF but only the card has access permission to this file.card has access permission to this file.