small v/stol optionally manned uav for personnel recovery ...proceedings.ndia.org/7040/02 small...
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D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #1
2007 Worldwide Personnel Recovery ConferenceJanuary 9-12, 2007, Omni Shoreham Hotel, Washington, DC
Small V/STOL Optionally Manned UAVfor Personnel Recovery / Medical Evacuation
S. Paul DevD-STAR Engineering Corporation
AurAayan Aerospace Divn.4 Armstrong Road, Shelton, CT 06484
Ph : 203 925 7630 x 101; Mobile : 203 915 3166Fx : 203 925 7631; em : [email protected]
All Rights Reserved
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #2
Outline
1. Conventional V/STOL Aircraft Some Traditional Solutions and Challenges Shafts, Gears, Transmissions : the Enemies of V/STOL
2. V/STOL Aircraft : A New ParadigmFinding the ‘Knee of the Curve’ : The Optimum System, Challenges
3. AVX Fans and Lift/Thrust Systems50:1 Bypass, 25:1 Thrust/Weight, Low Noise, Low InfraRed Emissions
4. Optionally Manned UAV / AVX-12 PAVfor Personnel Recovery / Medical Evacuation
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #3
V/STOL Aircraft with Turbojets / Low-Bypass Fans
Compact Lift System Offers High-Speed Potential, ButHigh Jet Velocity Raises Dust Clouds, Causes Thundering Noise
High Fuel Consumption Limits Range / Endurance. Transonic Exhaust has Greater Louver Losses,
High Fuel Consumption Limits Range / Endurance.
DuPont DP-2
Based on the X-14 (First Flight 1957)
Harrier
the noisemaker
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #4
Lockheed F-35
Much Better
than a Harrier
But Optimized for Transonic Operation
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #5
Helicopters
Look Good on a Golf Course
Transonic Tips are Noisy,Rotors Beat Up Quite a Storm,
There is Danger from Wires, Trees, Buildings,Cannot be Operated in Urban Areas.
But,
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #6
V-22 Tilt-Rotor
Speed and Range are Better than Helicopters,
Greater Space Claim, Danger from Wires / Trees / Buildings,
Cannot be Operated in Urban Areas,Complex, Heavy Transmission System.
But,
First Flight (XV-3) : 1955IOC : 2007 (52 years later!)
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #7
Outline
1. Conventional V/STOL Aircraft Some Traditional Solutions and Challenges Shafts, Gears, Transmissions : the Enemies of V/STOL
2. V/STOL Aircraft : A New ParadigmFinding the ‘Knee of the Curve’ : The Optimum System, Challenges
3. AVX Fans and Lift/Thrust Systems50:1 Bypass, 25:1 Thrust/Weight, Low Noise, Low InfraRed Emissions
4. Optionally Manned UAV / AVX-12 PAVfor Personnel Recovery / Medical Evacuation
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #8
Shaft, Clutches & Gears : The Enemy of V/STOLHelicopters
are Weighed Down
by Complex Transmissions
for Main Rotorand Tail Rotor
CH-53E Needs 44 Hours of Maintenance per Flight Hour. (Half-Hour AM Commute Needs 3 Mechanics Working All Day; PM Commute Needs 3 Mechanics Overnight).
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #9
Shaft, Clutches & Gears : The Enemy of V/STOL
Geared Engine
Gear Box Reduces Speed,Divides Output
Power Transfer Shafts (2)
Gear Boxes (2)Reduce Speed, Turn Output
Swivel Drivesfor Gear Box and Engine
Prop Drive Systems (2)
“Simple, Reliable System”?Not!
Fully Articulated Rotors(Collective + Cyclic)
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #10
Helicopters, Tilt-Rotors and the Next V/STOL Aircraft
Mechanical Geared Pendulum WatchesServed Us Well, ButHave Been Replaced by More Accurate, Less Expensive Quartz Watches.
Slow, Smelly Horse-Carriages Served Us Well, ButHave Been Replaced by Faster, Easier to Drive, Less Expensive Automobiles.
Helicopters Too Have Served Us Well, ButAre Technologies Now Feasible to Replace the Helicopter?
Lower CostLess WeightMore Accurate+ Compass
AltimeterBarometerThermometer
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #11
Boeing Dragonfly Canard Rotor/Wing (CRW)
Avoids the Geared Transmissions, Can Achieve Faster Speeds, ButRetains Large Rotor (Risk of Collision with Trees / Wires / Buildings / Cities),Retains Rotor Articulation System (Complexity, Increased Losses in Gas Duct).Both Prototypes Have Crashed,
The Second due to the Effects of Rotor Downwash on the Aft Fuselage.
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #12
Helicopter in a Box? : The Bell / Urban Aero. X-Hawk
V/STOL Aircraft : noun. definition :A Flock of Gear Boxes in Close Formation Flight, Tied Together by Shafts?
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #13
Outline
1. Conventional V/STOL Aircraft Some Traditional Solutions and Challenges Shafts, Gears, Transmissions : the Enemies of V/STOL
2. V/STOL Aircraft : A New ParadigmFinding the ‘Knee of the Curve’ : The Optimum System, Challenges
3. AVX Fans and Lift/Thrust Systems50:1 Bypass, 25:1 Thrust/Weight, Low Noise, Low InfraRed Emissions
4. Optionally Manned UAV / AVX-12 PAVfor Personnel Recovery / Medical Evacuation
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #14
Reduced Disk Loading Offers Greater Lift Capacity
0
2
4
6
8
10
1 10 100 1000 10000Disk Loading, lb / sq. ft.
Lift
Cap
acity
, lbs
VT
OW
/ hp
Empirical DataLift / Power, lb/hp =
25 / SQRT (Disk Loading, psf)Lift Jets
Helicopters
Tilt-Rotors
Lift Fans
Theoretical LimitLift / Power, lb/hp =
53.3 / SQRT (Disk Loading, psf)
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #15
Disk Loading vs. Power Loading : Ducted Fans are Better
0
2
4
6
8
10
1 10 100 1000 10000Disk Loading, lbs/sq.ft.
Pow
er L
oadi
ng, l
bs/h
p .
Theoretical Limit
Empirical Successes
CH-47
X-22A
Doak
Helicopters
Tilt-Rotors,Tilt-Wings,Vert. Props
JSF Fan Harrier
Chrysler VZ-6, Lossy Duct
X-Hawk
Well-Designed Ducts of Optimum
h/D
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #16
It Is Possible to Have Low Power Needs, Compact Dimensions
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 50 100 150 200Disk Area, sq. ft., per 1000 lbs VTOW
Pow
er, h
p, p
er 1
000
lbs V
TO
W Powerful EnginesHigh Engine WeightHigh Fuel WeightHigh Jet Noise
HelicoptersTurbine PistonTilt-Rotors
Large SizeHigh Rotor WeightHigh Driveline WeightHigh Blade-Tip Noise
AVX FansOptimum Disk Loading
No Shafts, Clutches, Gears
Lift Jets
Low BypassLift Fans
JSF Fan
Harrier
CH- K-MaxMagicPill
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #17
Challenges to Achieving the Optimum Disk Loading:Conventional Turbo-Fans Are Limited to Moderate Bypass Ratiosby the Need for Gears
Engines Have Become Lighter, More Compact
Over Time,
Gear-Boxes have Not Changed as Much.
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #18
AVX Fans : Scalable Lift / Thrust SystemsIdeal for V/STOL, Air Cushion and Surface Effect Vehicles
AVX Fan in Duct50:1 By-Pass Ratio
Super-High Fuel EfficiencyVery Low Noise (∆JetNoise = -35 dB)
25:1 Thrust/Weight RatioVery Light Weight
No Infra-Red Emissions
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #19
Outline
1. Conventional V/STOL Aircraft Some Traditional Solutions and Challenges Shafts, Gears, Transmissions : the Enemies of V/STOL
2. V/STOL Aircraft : A New ParadigmFinding the ‘Knee of the Curve’ : The Optimum System, Challenges
3. AVX Fans and Lift/Thrust Systems50:1 Bypass, 25:1 Thrust/Weight, Low Noise, Low InfraRed Emissions
4. Optionally Manned UAV / AVX-12 PAVfor Personnel Recovery / Medical Evacuation
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #20
The AVX Fan™ SystemEliminates Shafts and Gears, Saves Weight.
Hot Gases from a Core Engine Are Effluxed through Slots on Upper Surface of Fan Blades,Nozzles on Blade Tips.
Fan Blades are Driven by Jet Reaction,Have high CL by Slot Blowing.Can have low Speed, Low Weight, Low Noise.
AVX Fansare Immune to Stalling,Can TolerateDistorted Inlet Flow.
Thermal Barrier Coatings in Ducts
Gases from Core Engine
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #21
Geared Fans vs. AVX Fans
ConventionalFan Drive
Power turbine
Multi-Stage Reduction
Gears
Geared Fan
D-STAR Fan Drive
Direct-drive fan
Turbo-Jet
Core
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #22
D-STAR / Aurayan AVX Fan™ Conceptual Design
Inertia Ring and
Foil-Air Bearings
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #23
The AVX Fan™ System in Duct with Coanda Slots
Coanda SlotCoanda Slot
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #24
The D-STAR AVX Fan™ Lift / Thrust SystemEngine and Fan are Angled in Duct
Duct has NACA Inlet, Blown Coanda Slot for High-Speed Flow Capture
Duct Exit has Louvers in Belly, Flap in Thrust Nozzle.
Air Inlet
Lift
Lift / Thrust System
Coanda Slot
Coanda Slot
Thrust
Inertia Ring and
Foil-Air BearingsAVX Fan
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #25
Outline
1. Conventional V/STOL Aircraft Some Traditional Solutions and Challenges Shafts, Gears, Transmissions : the Enemies of V/STOL
2. V/STOL Aircraft : A New ParadigmFinding the ‘Knee of the Curve’ : The Optimum System, Challenges
3. AVX Fans and Lift/Thrust Systems50:1 Bypass, 25:1 Thrust/Weight, Low Noise, Low InfraRed Emissions
4. Optionally Manned UAV / AVX-12 PAVfor Personnel Recovery / Medical Evacuation
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #26
Optionally Manned UAV / AVX-12 PAVfor Personnel Recovery / Medical Evacuation
Carry 4 in a C-130, Self Loading / Unloading
Max. Speed 260 knots
Range 440 nmiles with 700 lbs., VTO
Range 820 nmiles with 500 lbs, U-STO
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #27
Optionally Manned UAV / AVX-12 PAVfor Personnel Recovery / Medical Evacuation
Mini-ISO Container(MISO Pack)
84” x 28” x 24”
Alternative MISO Packs
Boom Tail Retractedfor Transportation,
Parking
Spinning Dust
Separator
LSTAT / CSTAT
Supplies
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #28
Optionally Manned UAV / AVX-12 PAVfor Personnel Recovery / Medical Evacuation
Medical Supplies
LSTAT / CSTAT
Boom Tail Extendedfor Flight
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #29
Optionally Manned UAV / AVX-12 PAVfor Personnel Recovery / Medical Evacuation
Lifting Louvers
Opposable Pairsof Louver Sets
Provide 6-D.O.F. Control
Thrusting + Lifting Louvers
18 deg.
BRS Chute
Single Turbofan Engine, with High Reliability (No Gears, No Shaft, Oil-Free Lubrication)
Inlet Vanesw/ BLC
AVX Fan
Coanda Slots for Flow Turning
Air Duct
Pneumatic Telescopic Tail Boom
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #30
Optionally Manned UAV / AVX-12 PAVfor Personnel Recovery / Medical Evacuation
AVX-12 : Preliminary Analysis
Weights : Empty : 600 lbs, Max. Payload : 700 lbs; Fuel : 700 lbs; VTOW : 2000 lbs
Dimensions : Body : 12 ft. 3” L, 7 ft W.
Power : Core Gas Generator (no fan or output shaft) from a 800 hp class turbine engine.
Loadings : Fan Disk : 100 psf; Fan Power : 2.5 lbs/hp; Planform Area : 25 psf
Preliminary Performance Projections
Max. Speed : 260 knots
Range : 440 nmiles with 700 lbs., VTO820 nmiles with 500 lbs, U-STO
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #31
Optionally Manned UAV / AVX-12 PAVfor Personnel Recovery / Medical Evacuation
AVX-12 : Range at Mid-Cruise WeightVTO (@2000 lbs), Normal Payload (500 lbs)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300Cruise Speed, knots
Ran
ge, N
autic
al M
iles
CL = 0.00CL = 0.08CL = 0.20CL = 0.30CL = 0.40CL = 0.60CL = 0.80CL = 1.00CL = 1.25CL = 1.50CL = 0.14
Maximum Range
D-STAR Engineering Corporation / AurAayan Aerospace Division All Rights Reserved 2007.01.09, #32
Conclusions
1. It is Timefor Complex, Costly, Cumbersome Clap-Trap ContraptionsCalled Helicoptersto be Replaced by Compact, Quiet, Lower Cost Air Vehicles.
2. The Trade-Off between Power and Rotor Size Leads to an Optimum ≈100 psf Disk Loading, 10 lbs/hp Power Loading.
But, this Optimum must be Achieved without Heavy, Maintenance-Prone Shafts & Gears.
3. The AVX-12 PAV / UAV by D-STAR / AurAayanOffers Low Cost & Low ComplexitySafe and Quiet Operation Ability to Operate in Urban / Forested AreasExcellent Speed, Range and Endurance.