small producer agency in the globalised market. making choices in a changing world - iied/hivos new...

7/30/2019 Small producer agency in the globalised market. Making choices in a changing world - IIED/HIVOS New Book with

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Small produceragency in theglobalised market

Making choicesin a changing world

BILL VORLEY

ETHEL DEL POZO-VERGNES

ANNA BARNETT


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Small produceragency in theglobalised market

Making choicesin a changing world

Bill Vorleyethel del Pozo-VergnesAnnA BArnett


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About the authors

B V (b.v@.) a pcpa ac a e P-V(.pv@.) a ac iied suaab Mak gup.

Aa Ba ([email protected]) a ac w a pca cc, vm a uaab vpm; a a cua iied/hv Kw Pamm sma Puc Ac gba Mak.

t pubca a puc Kw Pamm: sma puc ac ba mak. t Kw Pamm

am map, c a a kw mma c ma-ca puc ba, a a aa mak.

t pamm wk w ac b w vc, ccp a ba ba. i b k upp vpm cmmu, cu pcmak, puc aa a bu, ac b m pc

a pacc. t pamm b huma iu dvpm Cpa (hv) a iaa iu

evm a dvpm (iied), a a a ba a wk, cv b Maumb akuu Bva.

F pub 2012 b Kw Pamm sma Puc Ac gba Mak, a j av :

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Ca: V, B., P-V, e., Ba, A. 2012.Small producer agency in the globalised market:

Making choices in a changing world. iied, l; hiVos, t hau.

d b A Wk

P b Pak Cmmuca, UK 100% cc pap u vab ba k.

isBn: 978-1-84369-895-1

A caau c pubca avaab m B ba.

t pubca ca a b wa m:

p://www.v./hv-Kw-Pamm/Pubca p://pub../16521iied

t wk c u Cav Cmm Abu-sa Ak Wk 3.0 na lcc.

t vw a cp cc, v p://cavcmm./cc/b-a/3.0// a

Cav Cmm, 171 sc s, su 300, sa Facc, Caa, 94105, UsA.


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1Contents

ContentsForeword Ackwm

Abbva a acm v

1. Introduction 1

1.1 t w aa acuu 21.2 rap ba: W ac ma 2

1.3 Abu Kw Pamm 3

1.4 Abu p 5

2. Context and dynamics 6

2.1 W a ma am? 7

2.2 rcp ma-ca am a ua vpm 11

2.3 Ca am a am 12

2.4 sma puc ac a v v 17

3. Markets or the poor and markets o the poor: small-scale producer agency in ormal and inormal markets 183.1 ecmc ama a ma mak 21

3.2 sma puc a ma mak: ba a caa 26

3.3 impac a, aa a ca mak u baa 29

3.4 iab a: a vau u cuu, a aa kw 31

3.5 Ma ma puc m 33

4. What organisations or what armers? Matches and mismatches between individual and collective agency 34

4.1 Wa aa, wa am? 36

4.2 hw cpav ucc ba mak 36

4.3 ima ucu ccv ac 43

4.4 Fac v am cc abu aa 45

5. Connects and disconnects between small-scale armers and policies 48

5.1 obac ma puc ac pcmak 51

5.2 Pc upp cmc ma-ca puc 55

5.3 Pawa pca a cvc ac 58

6. Conclusion: meeting small-scale armers in their markets 62

6.1 t w a 63

6.2 Fm cuv bu ac 64

6.3 rk aa ma-ca am 65

Reerences 66

Appendix: Knowledge Programme products and contact inormation 71


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ForewordMa vpm aa k u av p pa. Pa u wk abu v cvc, cp a ca ca. W u w k ac ua w pp ca ak ac v, u pca u. A pa u wk abu cmc mpwm mak. t ak a pamac appac pc a k cca u ca cmc baa a ba mak c.

i 2008 hv k ba p b w a w a Kw Pamm,sma ac ba mak, pap w iied.

t a b hv Kw Pamm a cmpx ca u kw a.B b acamc a pac kw , w ca b ca a a muaa a w pc a pacc. t Kw Pamm p b w a ba abu uu w a-b ma am.

t la nwk ma, wc iied a wk w w m ab , pv appu c-a kw bw pp m v w. A wk am a,bu pp, ac a cv c wa cv a pa Ca Amca, A, ea Aca,

ia a ia. i wa m Bva b Maumb akuu rac C.

t nwk a cu wk w aa: w ma fuc b pc v aa am, a w ma cpa b cmp vau ca. A nwk w cc a cca capac, uc a wk aa mak ma, cmcaa a ma-ca puc ac wc vua bcam m mpa pa pamm. t a ca xp amc pac u, a ma mak a cc p maj ma-ca am a w-cm cum.

s, wa app w u b m c v ca, ac a mak , au cmpx cc ac ma-ca puc a a baa? t bk a accmpaa umma va mpa . i pv a ba Kw Pamm,

uppm w vc m w au a a Pvca ba a w au eup c mma vpm pc. ou a u ua w am aa a a w w m wa m b. i p u ua am cmc ac uv uc ca a a cx mak b wak, a mm v pa vma pva u. i p u ua w ma-ca am ma -ca -vaumak, j a puc aa.

t bk ca u u a vpm cmmu, b m u aump a ww abu pc a kw. i cu c ba ma aabu ba cu, a gba suaab dvpm ga, w p a u w a w pc a v.

Manuela Monteiro, Managing Director, Hivos Camilla Toulmin, Director, IIED

1 ForeWord


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1 ACKnoWledgMents

Acknowledgmentst bk puc a ccv a ma pp. hv a iied av ca a p a pac vw b xp. Fam a, a bu pu, ac avpm pac av cbu kw m backu. dcu gba la nwk m a v Aa, Aca a la Amca, ua pap av pak u x Pvcav sma eup a ac cmm pcc pc

bk.

t au w xp pu ackwm a w cbu ap bk.

t d Mu, cv la nwk, a a nwk mmb w bu a a xpc cu a a: sajv Aaa, sa Aa , Mu Buwa,l Ca, lu gau, Fau guaa, h Kua, Ab M, Maa Mua, rnaawjaja, Caua raab, M rwakakamba, Mamm sa, skaa s, nc ta a CacaWau.

t au cmm ac pap a bu vc a ca ppcv mpa pc:spa Mup, luca Mcu, Jku hua, Xab Wa, huaua Qu, Fc Pc a Va lucc.

t u pa a pak pvcav ma a m la nwk ba mw ca cu ba a u w ua: g t (esFiM, Wa Ur), suasama, (enrAP, ia), Au Aua Vama (Aumu Uv Mxc), ova ta (siAni), Aaram (sa), na Kmau (sw Cpav C), ov scu (U na spca rappu r F), daa M (idPM, Uv Mac, iied), A gav (C ecc, Ba), P. V.sa (dcca dvpm sc, ia), J n, (snV), r B (Buau iaa, Fac), Baa sau (Kit,Buka Fa), ham va ouv (tpca Cmm Ca, t na), ov ra (irAM, Fac),spa Ba (idPM, Uv Mac), su l (iaa U Fwk), sa Ba(oxam UK), P McA (eca ta iav), M Ma (Uv luv, Bum), sukpa s(iiM, ia), W Kamam (Wma A l, Ka), P U (Unrisd), C Ca (Va, Bum),

sajv Aaa (nsFi, ia), C Bac (saa Caa Uv, UsA), rca hw (MeP a eupa Paampkp cpa ca pb), M Pa (ClAC), Mu M Caa (snV, ncaaua),Ppp rm (iFAd), g dx Fa (MiJArC, Bum), Juu s (lse, UK), s Vma (WaUr), e va Waum a J Cav (ileiA), P Am a Jam Wak (oW UK), la Kamaka dap ru (hv).

W wu k ackw a u pa cbu a a a pacua d Mu, ncta, r naawjaja a sa Mam cbu ap bk u a wp w Fbua 2012 Bau, ia.

Fa, w w ak u c pa a cau w ma avu, bk,pb. t hv a pca Bwap g cuu upp a J smmaa a Ca

gbau awa cucv a uu cqu. t u cau m iied, pca l Ca,sa lw, Mk saaa, Fac r a ra Pma, w a cbu cmmuca apuc pamm ap ba.

W upp a au ackw, vw xp a au pb.


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1 ABBreViAtionsAnd ACronyMs

Abbreviationsand acronymsALBA Bvaa Aac Amca

CECOSESOLA Vua Fa sca svc CpavCOMESA Cmm Mak ea a su Aca

Danida M F Aa dmak

DDS dcca dvpm sc

EAC ea Aca Cmmu

EAFF ea Aca Fam Fa

EPO ecca puc aa (ncaaua)

FAO F a Acuu oaa U na

FNC Cmba C gw Fa

FTA F a am

IFAD iaa Fu Acuua dvpm

ILO iaa labu oaa

JNC naa C Ba (Pu)

KACOFA Kapcwa Cmmca Fam Aca (Uaa)

KRC Kaba rac a ruc C (Uaa)

MAMCOS Maa Aca Mak Cpav sc (ia)

Mercosur Cmm Mak su (su Amca)

NAADS naa Acuua Av svc (Uaa)NABARD naa Bak Acuu a rua dvpm (ia)

NABARD naa rv Bak Acuu a rua dvpm (ia)

NSFI naa sk Fua ia

OECA Camp cmc aa (Bva)

OECD oaa ecmc Cpa a dvpm

REAF Mcu pca cuav up am am

RIMISP la Amca C rua dvpm

TSS ta Cpav sa sc (ia)

UBOS Uaa Buau sac

UNFFE Uaa naa Fam Fa

v


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1

1Introduction


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2

Acuu a ma-am : a a b am a w ca puc a ca pp w ma a v 90 p c ub-saaa Aca (iFPri 2004), a 50 p c ia (Aaa Aaa, la nwk; bw). e uc pv, , a c k w ma am. tv 2.2 b pp a k ma-caacuu (s 2012).

sc c 2007-2008 a ack

2010-11 ava uu acuu, ma am av aaaa. su cmm pc av u vuab w upp ba ca,a mmac ca a wppua u vma ca.gbaa k ca (Bx 1.1), a a ap b a xp ma-ca am c pc va a vv mak qum ap mup ppu a k.

1.1 The new agendafor agriculture

t w a acuu a cc ma am mak.gvm, a vpm cmmu aa, a w a ma pva c, av mbac a mak-ba vpm am ma a m mak u pucaa a cuv bu. rc g8, W ecmc Fum a m vm

r+20 a Ju 2012 av a mpa appac, au a vvm pvacmpa cbu a g ecm uaabvpm.

t pu v wa ma-ca am capa a a-w ppua u vvma ca. Bu a wpa xpca a, u mak cu, ma puc ca uvva v pp ac maj acuu

a mak u b baa. i waa, ma-ca puc a a k uc ua pv, bu a a a pa ba cu, wa aua uc a bv, apa u cma ca.

F aa a aa bu, abap w ma am a cac cu uppa vp w mak a acuuapu. sm w b cmpa, cuWama a Uv, av auc ambu a

b ma-ca am upp wk.

1.2 Reshaping the debate:why agency matters

tu xpa ma-ca am ac, p am cbu wa ap ba v uu. Ma ppa av b cuc caav: puc ma b pa a vuab vcm baa, m mak vmaa, w ca b vp a bca vm, a pva av. Bu b a

Box 1.1 Dening globalisation

spa Mup vw Kw Pamma apc baa (Mup 2010):

l gba upp ca, ba ma acmmuca c a ab ca a.

l lbaa a pc, v b a vw a a capa vm a a wmak a m c ucm ucmc vpm a pubc wa.

l t baa xpca, a cuua wc pp ap a ba aa m-ca cump.

t apc ac a c a,a a a ca vp cu a

ma puc.


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3

1introdUCtion

ma am a vcm bca, pammm puc a acv cmc ac w . gv pua au acuu,ma puc a aa p, maak a mak w c v ac ma amm a uavuab pc. i w, a xc ac (Bx 1.2), b avua a ccv.

Ac m k b ca wa

aum a -ma u wka a u a ma cmca pca u. tu, ma ac ama a c a. Fma a mau a p, bu a cmp wac mac a pw. A l B w,a a w w cm cap, ima pac uma ac w vua a up u pac au u mak m wk avu (B 2002).

t Kw Pamm sma Puc Ac gba Mak, a j pamm iied, hv aBva-ba Maumb, a cu capac puc mak cv cc ac xaaa a pwu ac, a ac cc.t Kw Pamm u a ac ppcv ua a a ca ma am.

suc a ppcv ca p m apppapc a bu v. M cuv bum, a, a cc w a aw m am, a xp k vk 90 pc w a ac b maj vau-caav. dvpm aa cu pa m, ma a ba mak, ccv pw ma am aa, a pa mapuc aa pcmak, bu ma c a a v ma c, v mav cmb ma a ma, am a -am,uba a ua acv, aa ca ua ucu ma am u cmc cpaa ap u mak. t uu

90 p c a acv ambuxpca ma-ca acuu pcmak,bu a ngo mu ak qu. ia w mak mak wk p, w k aw p mak mak wk m.

1.3 About the KnowledgeProgramme

t -a Kw Pamm, auc Jaua2009, u map, c a a kw mma c ma-ca puc ba, a a aa mak. t pamma ucu wk au cmpmacmp:

A Global Learning Network: t gba la nwka bu a a pac macama, am a abu la Amca, Aaa Aca (Bx 1.3). t up a u w m cca ca a ma-ca puc aac ba mak, u pucac.

t la nwk pc a cmb ac acw kw c-cuc a a ju, a a cmb ac a,

pa a cuua backu. t , wk a cu fc a cubw v pacpa, a muc a pucvc-ba puc. t la nwk wa m Bva (cv b d Mu Maumb),a wk e a spa. F a wkmmb ac pc a cac ma, Appx.

A series o Provocation Seminars: U Mak mak wk ma-ca am? iied, hv

a caba u a a av pvca ba ca cva wm w cu ma mak, b ppcv wa wk a w. Bw spmb2010 a Ma 2012, x Pvca sma w ac eup, ac a v pak, caa, a aa pacpa (va wb am) u ba, w e-spa e-Fc aa. Wb pa ac ma, w p,ac, b p, v a c-a apak, a Appx.

Commissioned research: t kw ap a ca k Kw Pamm u, uw cmm u k pc. Mup (2010)vw w ba ma am a baa


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4

Box 1.2 What is agency?

i m pc cu au ma-am acuua mak, muc w abu upp ampw am, aa, mak a pc, a a bca xa av.Bu a cu ca cc a

ama w cvc-v ca, bu ava acuua pc ca a m a, acuu, v a c k. ta agency.

Ac a ccp au pp-cvpm vpm a aw pp akac p m m , maa ka mak p wa acv apa(B 2002). i capac vua ac p a mak w cc.

Fm c bcm m ppuw pp av capacity to act cc. tp assets a capabilities, a cbb s (1985) a suaab lvFamwk pm b dFid a 2000. t amwk u v p capa aca, pca, aua, uma a ca apv capac w a c va. t capa a ab a,w uma a ca capa ca b u acapab. A c capab ab mak u inormation a knowledge, uca m vab a w mak ppu, a pc am puc.

tu, ac up capac puc acv w xa a ppu, a maa k a vuab, cu aapa cma ca, u c xm aca. t v amc p u ua aa Ca, w vcw cv k-maam a

ap b C ua u, cu cmvca a ma ca upp (hua et al.2012).

W ccp ac a vua -ma, ca cv b vua a ccvcapac pp b a v a vpm, wk w acv ccvcuua, pca a cmc a wa ha Bm cvc ac (Bka a Fw 2009).

Agency and institutions

t a pc pu a k ac w pv

amav ca a u. Institutionsucu pp acc a a capab, a mak c bw vpm acu xcu p.

M vpm v a ca ormal institutions a a ama vpm pac: u a,a (u a a a ua pw) ma market, a civil society.

Muc -ba appac vpm(sc 2.2) cu w mpw cmmuuc a ma am ca ca v pacpa c-mak w ma au (Bka a Fw 2009) a pc mv m c baa

a p mak.

lkw, muc mak-ba appac vpm cu w ma am a aa ca b cu vau ca ampw mak a bca xaav (dFid a sdC 2008). l a pa w ma-ca am ca b upp capac mak cc ac wppu, w pw ucu a pwuxa aa. suc p ma puc

a ack ac a ppu cu vm, muaa aa, ,ngo, acamc, a m c pva c.Paaxca, v aca ca mvm camww pa mm av a p-wcu a c ma-ca amcapac mak a ac w cc.

Agency and inormality

F ma-ca puc mv, m mpa

u a ca aca w a ma mak, wc a a cmaa maaa ma b u a c xcu, mmu pu m maa up,a v uk pa ma am .t u ca x -ba appac. i Kw Pamm Pvca sma, daaM xpa a av pbm pw a fuc v pc a pc. Aa uba vm, a up p av bcm cpca ba xpc

w a av -ba amwk aaca uc (iied 2011a).


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5

1introdUCtion

Box 1.3 Learning Networkmembers

Bolivia: lu gau (Aua Cu), dMu (Maumb), Caua raab (riMisP/da ta rua c ia Cuua), ncta (Uv C l)

Guatemala: Ab M (opc/Aj tc)

India: sa Aa a sajv Aaa (naask Fua ia), skaa s (iav dvpm Fua)

Indonesia: r naawjaja (PajajaaUv), Caca Wau (ia-BuxCamb Cmmc).

Kenya: h Kua (tcv), Maa Mua(ea Aca Fam Fa)

Nicaragua:Fau guaa (siMAs)Peru: l Ca (Jua naca Ca)

Uganda: Mu Buwa a Mamm sa(Kaba rac a ruc C), Mrwakakamba (Ac tama)

a vv v m. Pc a lucc (2012) k aua u a cx ap ca, w mak a ca b mw am. tw m

u xam w ma-ca am av ac ac xm ap cmc ma, a Ca(hua et al. 2012), u aav ppua cam, a Vua a Bvaa vmvv AlBA a am (Mcu 2012).t pap a avaab a www../pub (Appx).

t, acv am cbu baa . t pamm a u cc a a va w a ac cmm

mma a wk, a a ba cmmu ; a a kw a cmm mma; b w vc a aa ba ba; a upp vpm cmmu,pcmak, puc aa a bu ac b m pc a pacc.

1.4 About this reportF p, w av

a ppcv m Kw Pamm cmp, pu m cx cuba a a ac m u pamm.ra a aw, u pup a b ca cu c aav, wc u p-wv a mv m a ma-caam. Fcu ac w am a aa w w wa m b, wa a acapab p ma, w mak cc a ac m ca cbu b-m a a pc, bu av avpm v.

i Chapter 2 w xp cx pamma ma puc ac ba mak,k a pa ba v uavpm, a a ua ca a acpuc apa a ac cc. t capa w cu ma puc ac mak, aa a pc aa w aa aa ma-ca acuu cw am cmpx a. i Chapter 3 w xam

w ma-ca am maa ppu a k vv ca a ma mak, a w a ba a ma pm b m vpmv. Chapter 4 k a w a w mapuc ac w am aa aa,b ma aa a ma aa .Chapter 5 u pca a cvc pac wpuc ma ap u v makb xc pca ac. Fa, Chapter 6 um upccu.


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2 ConteXt AnddynAMiCs

Reshaping the debate:Small-scale producer agency under global change

Current arguments

l t a huge expectations rom small producers,w ma m a k aca m ua pv cu

upp cma ca aapa. taa aa c aav ppuaw, uc qu a a cap upu a aa a amc backp baa, cmc amapc ca ua aa.

l hw ma am u p ca a xpca highly contestedterritory. Muc ba cu a traditiono treating poor producers as lacking in power

and agency a xav a/ pc m baa.

l W pawa ua vpm ac, vpm cmmu caxpc a the private sector will play a major rolea a ma puc w av access ormalmodern markets, be part o ormal organisations,

and infuence centres o policymaking ac ca baa a ma.

Questions for a new debate

l ha cu vau ca a cuv buaw u vpm v p pam ma puc? d w k a new elitism

in development policy?

l hw cu vm, cv c a buav c a p heterogeneityo small producers? Wa wu upp muca pp armers who are not ormallyorganised mak, wm ma maka -am acv a a?

l hw maj ma puc cu a w a ua u a u agency a a wmak, aa a pc? Ca a c ka am w cc c wa pcmaka pac ?

i cap, w xp w vpmcmmu vw ma-ca puc a uu.W xpca ma-ca acuu av u a ba v wa w a b ma am ca pa a cu, ua pv a vma a a baa a ma. t c aum a ma pucw av acc ma m mak, b pa ma

aa, a fuc c pcmak ac ca.

W k a a-w w mapuc mv a mak c a akac. W acuua mak a ca w

baa, am a am mv a aca m mapc, a,v a apa. rua ama, v bc k ubaa, mak, aa a ab acc ma, cuca ua maam a a cc a maam abu w k a ppu m ba mak.

2.1 Who are small farmers?dp ap ubaa a ca a-cacmmca am, muc acuu au b a ma-ca puc. sma aumb av p aw aa a pbm a pa.

7


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8


M cmm, ma-ca acuu aba am ; ma uc, cu iaaFa Acuua Puc, cu a w ca a ma am. B mau, a a a 450-500 m ma am, p 85

p c w am (naa 2005; Fu 2.1);Pc a lucc vw (2012) u umbma b v a. t am a u upp pa cmp a ppua u 2.2 bpp, - uma (s 2012).

sm xp pa ma am v m w w app, v ap bwmaxmum pb a cu ava maam (Mup 2010). i vw ua mapcca, Pc a lucc (2012) a aumb ma puc a ap amcm w ma k bm. i

Ca, ia a ia a m 309 m am a w ca. Ca a a 189 m ucam, p 98 p c a am cu;82 p c ia am a 89 p c ia a a w ca.

t wa a ma-ca am vpmpcu b umb ,wv. i m cx am a a a wca a c ma; m am a mucav a a ; a m c a mab a a am. Mup (2010) w: o,cmpma, mc a ca xpa w

ma-ca am av cv muc a mvpm ac. t aa mc, wa a, a maaa m ap,a, uc, mak, ma, c, capa,a -a a.

0

50

100

150

200

Numberofholdingslessthan2ha(millions)

China

India

Ind

onesia

Vietnam

Ethiopia

Egypt

Pa

kistan

Philippines

Mozam

bique

Th

ailand

Brazil

Colombia

M

orocco

S

enegal

189,3

94,0

00

98,0

77,0

00

22,0

67,0

48

9,6

90,5

06

9,3

74,4

55

4,3

53,0

53

3,8

14,7

98

3,3

30,7

77

2,5

56,5

89

2,1

20,0

62

983,3

30

831,2

69

762,0

33

163,7

58

Figure 2.1 Number o small arms in selected countries

Source: Proctor and Lucchesi, 2012


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9

tu, ma am ca b u a a am a ma ca; ma puc av ,pc a ca, a maaa maa uqu caacc a vk.A cu Cap 5, ma acuua pc c u a a b u a-ca acuu. Bu a a ma vpmpamm cu ma puc pca ac, av upp mak puck ca cuu a ap, a bCaua raab la nwk.

rc ma-ca am a

ca a pc a w. su avm v up a umb wa:ba a (ha et al. 2010), acc aa pucv vm (Bu a ecba2002), a ca, mc aamak (t 2011), v a (dwa et al.2009) a pua au (Fam Fcu 2010).W ma am a v m a , maam a m a avaaa avaa mak xpu, a cau avaa a avaa. W c, ca a pa av bcc a b pcmak, ma-ca am avm b a a p a u ubjc capamm, a a b c a mpacmc ac.

t va maj ma am vp wa u cmmca. A muc a ppua ma-ca am wa Bu a Fuaba(2011) ca Ca B aa u am, awc W (2012b) cacua a cmp a ava 20 p c la Amca ua u a mak, bu a ma. t pam ma am u a muc a 80 p c ua puc mak a a m cm m a w p cmc acv,p a m Fu. 2.2. Acuuamak-ba v ma ac am p

pam; vc a cuvbu cm ba ma vau ca bma a aw m am pap 2-10 pc w a m capa, uca, c ubaaa a aucu, a wacmmca acuu (sv et al. 2011; A-haa et al.2006, c Camb 2008).

dvpm av ma a m u puc 80-90 p c maj b k p pp w amu-m a a pma cm uc. F xamp, Una am 2014 iaa ya Fam Fam,bu FAo am am a cv ma cm m acuu (FAo 2012). y ac ma umb u a ma a a up a p cm u acuu (vw naa 2005). A a u w a u

Figure 2.2 Which small producers are trading in markets?

Source: based on Seville et al. 2011.

3-15%

Regularlyselling into markets

20-30%

Occasionallyselling into markets

40-50%

Net food consumers,

most income from off-farmwork and remittances

1-2%

Commercialfarmers


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10


v pam a p: ca cp puc,u ap puc, a wa abu a -am cm. B, a acuua abu cacaua, a cac am vp, a a ma amca wk am paa uppm bac cm, c bw wa wk aam bak w ( scu 2009).

Wa abu a a am a am mmaa a vuab ua c. i a

ma, a 450 m acuua wk

ba (FAo et al. 2007). A , ju v 1 bpp w mp acuu 2009, am a m Aa (Pc a lucc 2012; Fu 2.3). i Kw Pamm Pvca sma, ov scu, Un pca appu , 1a 200 m amwk a pa u bm cu a a v a waa pc a pva av a a u a v wa. Am a pc a pvaav pc a upp ma vk

1 www.iied.org/provocation-seminar-series-rights-based-versus-market-

based-development

Figure 2.3 Employment in the agriculture sector by region (millions)

Source: Proctor and Lucchesi 2012; gures are rom 2009

South Asia 347

East Asia 300

Sub-Saharan Africa 176

Southeast Asia and the Pacific 125

Latin America and the Caribbean 41

Middle East and North Africa 30

Developed economies and the EU 18

World total 1,068

w pp a am w amaa/ mv am a aa abu.

davaa am ua p a va ca,acc , c a ca (FAo 2010). ia, m ma-ca am bu m a puc, a ac a m a (W azwa, 2011). t puc vap ca pua cum, a pc ca u m

m a p m.Pc a lucc (2012) vw aa

ma am Aca, Aa a laAmca. ev w a a mau, xpa, ac uc a ava am pp am a w ca mpa vaab.Ua c cuca cc a k a ppu p b ba mak.t vau ac ma-ca acuu av ba m ca pca ppcv, a avb aa ---a cp, pc, a

vpm a bu v.


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2 www.iied.org/provocation-seminar-series-rights-based-versus-market-

based-development

2.2 Recipes for small-scale farming and ruraldevelopment

exp av camp a w a vpmcp p am m cuca pca ca k baa.Mup vw ba (2010) u w ax ba vw baa a ma am a aum abu ma-ca

puc uu acuu (Fu 2.4). i cm, aa a ba up.

i w quaa a w v a buu ma puc ba mak. t vw ca a aa vpma avca mak-ba cp a mbacma, ca upp ca, vau ca aa ava pv am ma. nwcuv bu m cu a ma-caam vau ca. t uua p am

m cpav ma aa pm a b pa b m bu, cuma- a mum-ca p (sMe) a w a maj

aaa cmpa am u upp. F sMew w bu ppu, v upp m ma am mpv cmpv ma mak. W Kamam, a mum-cafw xp Ka, xpa: oc u av a maka a ca bu, mak c v am a upp bcm a c, a uxu (iied2011b; a Pvca sma2).

i ca, avca upp quaa avu-ba appac vpm (iied 2011a),

wc av m a a p mac mak a cmc pc, a m cc a mac b p.r-ba vpm a ma-ca am w ca mvm a cpapa acuu, baa, aavca a mcac a v a bu uma . t Va Campa paamvm, xamp, wc cam p 200m ma-ca am au w, a bavca c 2001 a U na huma r

Cuc a aa caa paa ,pc a, , aa acuuakw a m m pc.

Figure 2.4 Perspectives on the role o small-scale armers in relation to globalising markets

Source: Based on Murphy 2010

Join labour market,farm and non-farm

work

Globalisation can and

must be reversed

Small-scale farmers

are the future

Globalisation is inevitable

and incontrovertible

Small-scale farmers

are an anachronism

Claim rights to

protect small-scalefarming fromglobalisation

Cooperate tocompete in valuechains and niche

markets


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Fa, w quaa pu a ma amca b ca pa uu acuua mak. tavu a-ca acuua vm, w m mapuc mv w am a jb wa abu a am. i Mup aa, vw p ma vm uc ca mak baa a ma amca upm ua acuu a av cbu cmc w a vpm.A vw c ma-ca am a vpm bu m am av ca jb appa a acuu ca up. A vw,wc a cuv bu appac, au aa w pua ma am w awa m a a cmp, uvv cmak aa w a am av aac pubcaucu (W 2009).

t Kw Pamm Pvcasma, bw 2010 a 2012, av pa aum. Pacpa xp

a bw -ba a mak-baappac; vc a a mv wa aam wa abu ma b b a ucua pv a ma am am, bcau pvppu p, a paa; quw cuv a cuv bu av; a ua ca ua u a mpm, ju puc ma-ca acuu.

i Kw Pamm a p, wav cu ma puc cc a ac

acuu, a a pawa u c au ma a -am wk ca a b mpacmp am v, a cu bw.lk m c a ppa upp ma-caam w ca a u, va mak-ba a -ba vpm a a paa pp. i pacc, a amp ma c appac v , ama vpm ac a ac pa m a-ba appac a pc v w ap amak-ba appac u.

eac w a a ca ma.icuv bu a vau-ca cm ca ppu a m, a m ma-caam bu a abv, uua xcu aa 90 p c ma puc. tu, a a pa

cv au mak-ba ua vpmcc w upp ma am cu cuv bu (Bx 2.1).

2.3 Changing farms andfarmers

W ba v ma-ca acuu vvpm av, u w am a

xc ac, ua cm a cmmu, ap ca. Puc a ac c baa mak, bu a xpc ubuca ca ma apc ua c cumapc a, ubaa, ucu a a a mak, abu a bcau ma, a vv pa -am wk auf wa ua pp mak v. ov a ca, pacua cc av b au abu ma ma-ca am; ca mav w m acuu

a mpm (FAo, iFAd, ilo 2010a ) a a pa ppu a ca a vpm vau ca p wm cm a mpwma ca a cmc ac w (FAo, iFAd,ilo 2010b).

2.3.1 The next generation:ewer armers?

t am xpc a w ppua mww cm m a ua u. Bu ua aa a

u a maj mapc , cb p Pc a lucc u (2012). t a a c ua u muc vp w (Fu 2.5). iub-saaa Aca, ua u pjc pak bw2030 a 2040, w b pp a abuumb u ua ppua a a a u.

Mv, uv a vw (Pc a lucc2012) u a ma u pp p b ab av acuu, a apa mm back b

am. ima m ia a ea Aca, xamp,p a u am a a a w uca a p. i ia, a naasamp suv oc uv (nsso 2008, c Pca lucc 2012) u 2003 a a 40 p c am u a a pp am


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Box 2.1 Working with the other 90 per cent?

Fac w ca mak a ppu vauca, am av p p up mamak, a ma mak, p u c (dwa et al. 2009). Muc aa cuv bu u bw

up, a pa a w maj puc a ba pam. Bucuv bu a vau ca v wkma w am b qupp p up.

t m juca uc a appac. tvau ca-a puc, w ma aa bma a, p w-a u. ta a k b pa acuu x ca m, a a a v upa puc m ma bu . i , pv

mpm a kck- b wua cm.

Bu cm ca, a a uacm ma p b 2-10 pc puc ac b ma w vauca. W (g 2012a) au ba aa 25 p c am acuuavpm, u ma c.h v a wpa aaa a ma wa m b a Ca: [w ] ua ppua ca ca a v m -am cm, mv w a c [a] aua , , a u-m am bu (W2012). W 25 p c p a ma-ca am w cu p up u-mam bu vau ca a cuv bu ma b cv appac ac up.

A aav a-c appac a pubcpcum pamm a vm puca c m ma am. Pva p ca

ac a pac a a ab , a Ba

acuua m 2010, w Mcu apBa pubc pcum cm acuu(Fa 2010). sc-w aa a pc,k a Cmba c c ( sc3.2.3), ma a b ab ac a v ba ba

puc.

F p ma-ca puc w a cum, Ja (2010), xamp, au a a a m mma a a u vpm, cu a pv ava,a a cmmc t acv pjc acm a vm v a k cu v maca am a c a ca v cm a ca b pp a . i Kw Pamm Pvca sma,3

Mu M, duc ac snV pav ncaaua, a a p p cab ac b cuv bu a mu b bjc ca pamm.

r-ba appac xpc am v 90 p c. Bu a cp vpm,-ba ppa ma b ccv b xpa mpm m p w, muc k vau-ca av a pa w ubavpm b daa M Pvca sma(iied 2011a). t ma a m pccv a wa am a ack, a a m a cua am w a a c.

B ba, , k cu a a paac v vm, apva pamm a am vp ma pucwu a pcc cx a a, capab a apa. o b , ac ppcv a pa wma-ca am a a a w wa b,a ca p xa v aap acc.

ma wu qu am a cac.sa Aa a sajv Aaa ca u uv w ia a a u a 77-81 p c ama wa c ak up am a accupa. i Ka, 64 p c a 900-u uvp wa abu (c Pc a lucc 2012).

t ac ma am ma ca a w am x a a ma a k ppuw. A w -am jb cu bw,amc a mak ma aca w am,a wa a.

2.3.2 Dynamic land markets

A w mapc, bu a cu ca. la a umb cu av p v c ca (Fu 2.6),a c am cu m pac u a w v Ca a ma a -am mpm av w, acc hua et al.

(2012) u amc Ca ma-ca am. Am uf a, vc m m cua ma ca ca u a a mak a vamc a a a acpp a ca.

3 www.iied.org/provocation-series-pro-poor-business-development-

smallholder-empowerment


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Figure 2.5 Number o rural youth (aged 15-24) by region trends and projections to 2050Source: Proctor and Lucchesi 2012, based on Van der Geest 2010

(elaboration rom United Nations, World Population Prospects, the 2008 Revision).

Estimations are based on population gures or the age group 15-24 and urbanisation rates.

250

200

150

100

50

0

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Eastern Asia

South-Central Asia

South-Eastern Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

Middle East and North Africa

Latin America and the Caribbean

Ruralyouth(millions)

190

230

136

3526

62

Figure 2.6 Average arm size (ha) by year

Source: Reproduced rom Zhou et al. 2008

6

5

4

3

2

1

0DR Congo Ethiopia China India Indonesia Nepal Pakistan Philippines

Averagefarms

ize(ha)

1970

1990

1977

198992

2001-

02

1980

1990

1999

1971

1991

199596

1973

1993

1992

2002

197173

1989

2000

1971

1991


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ta am, a a maa a vkm ua cm, ca ac pacuaavaa. i la nwk, Ab M a pvav pa Ca Amca, wc a aw ac - a ca, uc ubc am xca abu a p cp. i guamaa, w, aw w a av bu c k am a ab v cap, pmak pc a, u, a cm.

i wak 2007-2008 c, aam a ab a v a ab. F bu-up acuuaa ub-saaa Aca a vp mapu upc pu a uc a a um. t m vuab a a ma-ca am w ack ma u (Cua a Vmu2009).

Bu b b cmmca a a, wc a ava ac,4 a ca a a mak awa

accu aa ac. t a ca wppu ma am vp acuuaacv. i ua Ca, hua et al. (2012) cb amca up pa b a ca a uu b ma, cmb v ma ba a uaab v. sma puc iaa a ca a acpp caa a ca up puc, a r naawjaja la nwk.

2.3.3 Beyond the arm: o-arm jobs,migration and rural-urban links

Ca wa m a a a wa mm b ppu mpm ama awa m ma am. t ppu a u m ua u. i Ca, huaet al. , m am a ak -am jb a awa av cu , v a cu ua cm a b mv mpm. A uv 2008 u a v a ua abu c wa paa u mp

am, cmpa w 15 p c a 1980.

t mv ua uba -am jb a a

u, a hua et al., am ppuawa a ma am. t abu a ua abu a 16-24 av u-m jb am,a wk a m uca a am u.Am abu w xpc am wk xv a, au 15 p c u c cmpa w 87 p c am p a am u.

ou Ca, au w av

mapc bu ua u mak (Fu2.5) w a a uua w ma jbavaab ua uba cm. t vma, a a c, bcm cmpx mxu vvmup ma aam.

i cx, ma a -am jb a ca mvm u am. M , am cmb w -am wk u ca uba-ua ka. la nwk u b raab acau Aa, Bva a Pu k a w

ma-ca puc a capa cum w ca cuua a; ma ak ppu mak aa puc, bu w wk aua a um bu. nc ta paaac la nwk Bva c wav ua a uba cm am u Amaa. t up xv kp k awua am, xamp, wk pca auba av p a wkp la Pa. i muc vp w, mpvm a a a bm apa bw ua a uba aa a aca

uc ccua m am c, a ma va avbcm w. A ua makpac a a w a m cc uba mak, ta pu a ua-uba cmc ap a bcmm fu a bw w pac abu.

sma-am v ca b ca mv -am a uba cm. Famcmc a av awa cu ma, buca vma a ma mak mac

m a a am. i a c ca u Bva, sa a taaa,p puc w a u m cma ca

4 The Land Coalition monitors these lands deals regularly:

www.landcoalition.org/cpl


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uvv b mv aa, wk a abu am. Fam w cv mac mma av w a m vuab cmmu (tac 2011). Ma mac ma vbcm mpa a ca aa cm: la nwk M a 1.5 mguamaa av U sa, a u back a quva 40 p c cugdP. M ma a u m p, ma-puc ma am.

i w , pacpa Pvca sma ua u5 u a xu u amu b c a w c b a .dvpm av cmm appac ua b x pbm a mak va m aacv.Fm ac ppcv, a aav m aw pc a a ua u mv k abu upp ma uc a wa au pp ca av uccu a a a cua u, b w k a kw back

cu.

2.3.4 Labour shortages andmechanisation

W a am ppua a aac u -am jb a ma, ma amu a ac abu a. t lanwk l Ca a sajv Aaa cb c abu cac Pu a ia. Cw cpav Pu a m cu cmp, p a mak pc, bcau wa up 360 p c m 2007-2011. i 2010, 5 p c Pu c cu b av bcau w w amwk (Ma 2011). Aaa, vwb Pc a lucc (2012), cb maj a am abu aa ia w ca makpv w jb pc, a a vc. i a Kaa, c pa av b bu a wa ma av upab (Pc a lucc,upub vw w ma m iaa

Mvm Cac Acuua a rua yu(MiJArC)).

A cmpv abu mak pu up wa apuc c, pv a cv wca a mca m acv. Aaap a aua puca ac av ub a ia a u a. i Ca, hua et al.w, -am mpm a pca ma av aa abu a, a m ma mcaa a abu bck, a vm am qupm.

2.3.5 New rural entrepreneurs

Au appa a ma ua u ap capam, a a ca a u w acuu a uc va w bu ppu. Pc a lucc (2012)p a pmm au u am ma cu uc a Ca a la Amcaw vp mak ma ppu v -vau acuu. naawjaja, la nwk, cb a ca mak-,

pua u am ia, w av a ap c a a aac -vaubu -k cp.

yu am ma av va p m avaab a pca cmmu w c m a w u wa . t amca mak cb abv a mpa upuc, a m ma a pac cuu -ap puc a b u m a. Pc a lucc ma cb w m

pua am a vp w m:

l i Kenya, u a ma p a ca cp ba 60 a a qua 35 a.

l i Guatemala, u am b cm 0.5 ca vab a 4-8 ca ma,a u m vab-w am a m a am.

l i Indonesia, w ma-ca am-pu wk1.3-1.7 ca bu a.

l i Uganda, u uba w-ca wk av pu a a, fc cama m m ca.

5 www.iied.org/provocation-seminar-series-rural-youth-today-

armers-tomorrow


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ima m Ka a Uaa cb a mp wc am cuva ap wu, a am w pac-c cpuc a ma a cabba pac. i paacmmu Pu, u av cb a mwama ub u am w u cm mma wk bpa aa cmmua acuuba p a w. t puc a v w c uc a a a ca, k pca b u m a ( P-V 2004).

B acc ma abu mak, u a mb p, ma b ac ab k va ( Bx 3.10). t w mpvapa a mak cc m ua uba aa, ccua ma ca v mcp am ac, p m mak cc mv m muav cp a acv. la ju a a pa v Kw Pamm la nwk ia aPu av w a m m appac

ma-am a vau mak, u wm a pac . Upa puc a packam m u wm apa b aam.

2.4 Small producer agencyand diverse livelihoods

tak , ca cu v c m bac a ua p:muac v a u v k amak m cac a, ca a uc.Wv abv a ma puc pca u a am am ma wk pa

m am -am jb, ma a c, a mac a a m cmam am p. A a pa vva b cc uu makpac bcmavaab, am ma vau p a xpmw w puc am pca aa mupcp. sma am ma ac, a muau, mak b ua a uba, ma a ma, caa ba, a xp x cap.

dvca b va a c; ma amca, a , v mv qu ac ca b aju p acv. t wppu p b ba mak uua xpam m c k; w vmaa, mak cm vca a ma. A w w , am xc ac ma c fxb a cmba mupp mm ua pa m a, ma a ca w. Bu uaw am mak u cmba mak k b pc a bu v k b

acuua puc a pucv a w a umpm.


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3 Markets for the poorand markets of the poorSmall-scale producer agency informal and informal markets


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3MArKets For thePoor And MArKetsoF the Poor

Reshaping the debate:Small producer agency in markets

Current arguments

l Modernity comes with increasing ormality, apc u pm maa.

l sma puc a cua valuechains and modern markets, pca ba vauca, a vau mak.

l t m pva c cua makbusinesses inclusive o small armers. Buca u cu upp upp-ca a cmpv a mak, a w acbu pv uc.

l Ma vm aa a ma

mak a u, u-m, uc a ax-av; try to remove inormality orignore it.


l What can we learn rom inclusive businessarrangements bw ma am a

m a c w c a appac a m pa xcp puc w a a?

l W a m puc choosing not to trade insupposedly high-value modern and global markets;wa a c a k a b ac? Wa a avaa amc camak? hw ma puc ac wba mak a pa a v p cm acv?

l hw a ma puc x ac apw mak w ac w baa ama? W markets in thespaces outside the ormal economy mamak w cu a ac b? havbaa aav vk maca vbac ma pac, ma m m mak? hw mamak k p puc a p cum?Ca m b cpa ma

a vc va?

l hw ma puc ak avaa cacultural and territorial assets, a pa vv?

l hw ca pc xp ua ca a mapv b, upp 80 pc ma am w w v b mvau ca? Cu vm inclusiveormalisation ma c, apbm uc a p a w a fxb a cc ma a? Wahorizontal strategies cu a pmac w c a , pac vcaa am a vua vau ca?


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F m , m a a w ppv c (Un haba 2010), a b m mam a a a w m ca, ak ap w m cm (ecm 2009). A amm a ba upp ca a ba a avp w ppu a k ma am vp w, aa a ca mak wm puc a a am. i cap wk a w ma puc u ac ava ca, ca a ppu mak avaab m.

Wawa a m mak a a baab ma-ca acuu c cmp wm ba mak a ua-ca am, a c xpu ba pc va, a .h vau a b w aa c maa aa a mbaac mak pww a w a cmpa. imp mak caxcu ma puc m m mak.

Bu su mak a , w a-xpacm uc a Ca, ia a Ba bcm m w a cmm xp a mp a a a cum mak puc. raa ba a bw wa n mak ap su , m ppu a appa su-su a bw vp cu, aa am bu, a mc a waa mak. A a v, a pa w aam, uc a Mcu, Bvaa Aac Amca (AlBA), ea Aca Cmmu (eAC) a

Cmm Mak ea a su Aca (CoMesA),am a a u w.

A m au a ucua ama m vp cu a b v mca a w a (ra et al. 2003,c Mup 2010). r cm a m uba va vv ma m cum, w ppa m ma, a, u a vab, a w am pc a aua ma a axpca a. t vv cum ba a

p v xpv ca a acap mm cm, w upmak pa apac w a c. A w a pc, b w m cu a aa, a

maj mpca mpm ma am (lap2011).

t w upmak a pc puc aca w a u fux c vm bu a ca a,pc, c, a a u. t cx pu ab m pcum pacca m ca upp ca bpaaa wa a m c k am

mauacu. A am m, upmak a ba upp: puc a mu b c -qua a b v vum a cu am cum ma.

dvpm pamm a bu av avu u a ama avma puc b. Fm ap mak-ba vpm, wpa vw a m,ma a ba cmmc wp u vp w w pac aa, ma a

ca a wk pa. M aa pcpm maa a a u m a cmcw a ma a k amp u. sma-ca am, bv, b bu ma vau ca pca ba vau cak vau mak a up aa ba cmp. t , m pvac cua mak bu cuv ma puc, w a b cu upp cmpv a upp-ca a mak,a cbu pv uc.

Bu a cmc ama m cmpxa baa aav a . nw p ma mak av b ma uppa ma cm. excuv ba vau ca u ba upp a paa b aa vau caa, m cu, cu c a p mak pab a ap. A amav p b ba upp ca, amcca, aa a a mak. gw ma cu w uba mak, c-

b a a m-ca cum up uca cmp upp a pu m a cu. i a, caa mavp-w vm a v ca au


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w bu, wc a m p waca a ca mak; a m ubaa m-ca cum w w capuc u b apca a cuua au.ra a mak aa appac b,mm m c av pp c.

i , baa a ma a pac cmc pa, bu a pa paa wvba ma a ca cm. i am cmmu,

a a aa b cv m, m cx, ac a mm ca. ecmcca a cuv bu m, , a b a ma-ca puc wa u v cm uc a k.

3.1 Economictransformation and theinformal market

ev m cm w m a aacap a ca ap, ma m vau-ca aa ac cua a a m wu av u bv. t k mam upp ca vv ma aac ma puc ma a w m,ma aam uc a ca. tu, ma-ca puc, m mak apa am a k ca. t amac aa pacpa maku aa ca wk a ca wk ca a

w a aa.

A w ma mak av mpa ma aa uc a acab a a, a avmuc vpm m: taa mamak av ca pv a cv, ucak bw am a cum wc p cum ma: u b a a makau. Mv, uc mak a a m v ma-ca am a uc-p cum. t aa a a ma

a a pv mpm mpca uc mak(saa et al. 2006).

3.1.1 Inormal markets are growing

B m mau, ma a b xpa a v w, cu vp cu (tab 3.1).

Table 3.1 Size o the inormal economy by percent o GDP

Region 1990 2000Increase of

informality (%)

Aca 33.9 41.2 7.3

Ca a suAmca

34.2 41.5 7.3

Aa 20.9 26.3 5.4

ta cu 31.5 37.9 6.4

h vpoeCd cu

13.2 16.8 3.6

Based on OECD (2009). Data draws on statistics o 24 countries inArica, 17 in Central and South America, 25 in Asia, 23 transition

countries and 21 OECD countries.

taa mak ucu upp ma a aamc a ma ma pa Aca, Aa ala Amca, cu cu u ap cmcama:

l i ia c, umb ma va awk a b w w b bma m cu a b wk w

av ma jb, xamp w c x m Mumba. i a 1999 uv m naa Aac s V ia, 65 p c Mumba wkc wa a mac. o c 200,000 awk, m 20 p ca m a pma jb a u(Bwmk 1999).

l i la nwk, Aa a Aaa pa va maj am uv a ia a Ba (95 p c) a

Ua Pa (88 p c) a upu va a, a awa av.


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l Acc u ua ca Ca Kw Pamm, a Bj aa 2004, am 2 p c cuua pca upp a 2 p c pcm. ta , ju 4 p c cuua pucw pcu b m a cu b cb a pa m upp ca (hua et al. 2012).

ima ca a v c-b mak, vw w a pc av b ab

ma mp a xp. i ea Aca, xamp, la nwk cu w a a ama k cua mvm puc bwbu cu ma mak a ucma a fw. ia, aa m Uaa wa cu ma xp w m 2006-2010,a muc a wa acuua puc. tqua ma Ka 2008, ac,wa v c b a cum a (Bx 3.1). dp a am p b a mua mac-b a, cv a ca ma

am a v ma a.

3.1.2 Modern markets with their eetin inormality

ima cx w ma cm; w ca b mbc. sm au a mba cm ca p mampm ubcac, m-ba wka p fxb mpa mpm, ac. o a, ma cm x paa m ma cm; a, puc, a w, bu a pv vc ma cm (C et al. 2010). i pacua, p ap w upmak, muc m m m cm a ma.ev m cuv bu pjc, bma puc ma ap w mmak, a b ap au vba ma a.

supmak vp cu av cm ca a b acc ma c, a m mak

va up upp ca w aaa pcca. nv, u ca puc b w a cmpv pc, mu u ma m uc a aa

Box 3.1 Inormal cross-bordertrade in Uganda

ea Aca a a am aw ba pv ma xp amp acuua puc. Fm 2005, eaAca Cmmu Cum U pp maa , a a aa maa pm am a pcu acmm. A Maa Mua la nwku m Uaa cb, wa u aw mpca c-b a, fw u wu ccumv

cum c a mak u pu b;ma c-b a wa xpc k.

ia, aa m Uaa (UBos 2009 a 2011)w a ma xp acuua cmmw ap a a am. txp av c ump, wc UaaBuau sac abu a ma su sua, bu ma a 2006.ima acuua mp Uaa a va m 2006-2010.

Inormal agricultural exports and imports,

Uganda

YearInformal

exports (US$millions)

Informalimports (US$

millions)2006 112.84 20.88

2007 173.36 18.04

2008 242.17 27.41

2009 191.21 28.64

2010 166.87 24.85

t w ma a pc, pacua, m a a fw ma ma xp Ka.ima xp a Ka m Uaaac Us$107.9 m 2008, abu 45 p c a ma xp a a. o amu,abu 71 p c w acuua cmm, wc ma a ba accu 15 p c.i 2008, Uaa ma xp ma w

Us$22 m Ka, abu m w Us$ 7.26 m ma xp Ka ma, acc ea Aca Cmmuac.


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wa mak. t ub a uua pmau ma-ca am a w ma uc ma bu a a w muba p pp p. A ma cu w appa u wav ca.

su m w a u Kw Pamm x wc upmak cx aac w aa wa a ma u(Bx 3.2). t cmpv aa c

a a c ab ca vau ca xp ua upmak cmpa Ca a ia w ca up.A cu bw, m ac bwma a ma mak a ca bcau -a cc, pca a a ma. Wa

mak ca a w b bpa b m a w p pubc vm mak aucu au. Bu m a upp ca a a mb cmp ma, a m vm aa k a cu ma mak -apc, a a xpc maa m.

Pa pva c vv cuv bua vau-ca av a a av k

appac ba a am a makam puc v b a va ma m. iia, ac, vab a cmpaBma a xpc a ck wu cm cm ma-ca am up a, a aqupp b cmpa. t cmp vau ca,

Box 3.2 The inormal side o retail

l i Bogot, Colombia, a upmak bm ba w

duc a ca Mak 1994. Bu mak ma a p paa aa a u, a a pac m.M a a a B uaa, ma bu, wc cu au120,000 c , 2,500 bu buca 1,500 a p p-a a. t ma a a u bu puc m aawa mak, wc m pa ba ua ma-ca a w bu, aca am puc a a a a ack

pa a a m. ev u upmak avab w pcum ca, ap aa wa mak, ucabu a puc a a qua pa m aa wa (gua,cm).

l China a upmak 1990; w a v53,000. sm 240 m am u, m a a a ca a, cbu vpm bu av a w upa pacc. ia, a bu a fxb wk wa mak, cu u umb ma-ca a, ma bw ma am am a (hua et al. 2008).

l o Indias Us$400 b a mak, 4 p

c m a c, acc 2011 u m Ca iaiu (Cii). n-v p c m a12 m a u ia a a 500qua (sama a s 2008).

l i Indonesia, mva c cvm a kck a upmak bm 1998. Acc naawjaja la nwku, m upmak pcu 40-50 p c u a vab m ca pca

upp w ma cac abu v upp ac upmak ca. Bu ku upam, upp ca u ma,a pca upp uc u avab m am u ma cac-am a mak pap.

l Kenyas upmak Ucum a nakuma bma mak pacpa pucupp b ca am ma c (Baet al. 2009); a Ka xp a apuc b mac paa a pcu vaaa ma mak (h a Macg2006).


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cmpa wk c w -vau a bu. Bu m a u a a xpc ba a abupp m a ma-ca puc, a w bu 30 p c puc m am up, a am a a wa mak (Bx 3.3).

3.1.3 Limits o inormality

t upu ma p ca -m uaab vpm. tu ma mak

cuca avaa acc a fxb, a a cav a u am ma am a mak ac, a av a ak , cu pacab a a, p c vmampac a wk wa, a mm cup,cma, mp a ca. sm ac p k app p u pv, v -m ma ca pv u. rcu u a c a/ ba cmcww, ma c ma b a a ma c, ca ppua ua a ma c pv a m u m cmc c. i ua, aa cawk a a ca pv u upp(hb et al. 2012).

F m la nwk mmb, a k cc a puc w cu a maa pacu ma m w a a pac a pc ab.i cu w wak u a ca vma vp ma cm, ma cca bcm a mpa pw ucu w

ac ma. Bu m cx, caaw a pc av ca cquc ma-ca am, ap cmpv pa .Wu a pam fuc u, pucca mv ca ma av a av c a ac b ma a ma mak,uc a a am a ca p up a f w-pc mp. W ma m ma ama ca, a ma ca a m ab maam ca up pa a bu cca ma mak. i m ca cca ma a aw a upp a pva vm.

A k wak ma mak a, au xc a w-cm pp cap, ackm qua c a a p

Box 3.3 Changing business modelor an ethical middleman

du a la nwk m W Java,ia, w pk w maa w v wau vab a cmpa Bma.Bma a u m puc up,w a, p m ba bu m a ma-ca am. Ac a 2008, Bma bv a a ckwu cm m am up. ta, abu 30p c cm m up, 20 p c m

vua am, 40 p c m a, a 10 pc m wa mak (sa 2012).

Bma ma pbm ma bu upp.Vab am a, qu mv a ca cp a a a fxb a ap w ma aaa bu. Maa a cuu upp a ca Bma, maam a, a amb m ma qua. i ak m bua w am, wc cmpa pa bma m a aa a av a mak.Bu a mak qu a qua, qua acc upp. A ca muc-u wa w p upp ma, Bma mak w m cmpv.t cmpa wa m u a mupp Cau upmak ca, buCau c ca pc a w a.

Wa m bk ac ppuca,Bma maam a cmpa k

maa -m a ap w am.nv, cmpa a aju a puc ba a ma am xc ac baap a mak cc abu , wa a.

Bmaa a a ma ma upmakma w vm ( m aaa packa) a a ca ca -ammpm ua aa p ma.t k ma a a ab

ia, xamp, a ca pv a k bu w ca p v a pa w-w ua bu, mapuc a ua u.


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cum a vm cu w wm ca. sa pbm ma mca a caa a av-a a p, awa c C a c (Bx 3.4). ia ca, uc v a mk amac c cump mca puc mk, av ma av v av ma a amv bu b ma m.

t a ma mak w ma a

pab puc m, a ca aaa cu w. lk ju a a c,Mua u la nwk a 42p c mk Ka c m am cum a uua v p; a17 p c mb a bcc, a 15p c ma p, kk mk ba a a muc. i cmpa, a cpavpuca 24 p c a a am mk. o 2 pc mk puc epa ac maku ma a ca (va Vak a tma

2010), w a Aam a ia,96 p c mk bu b ma mk v,av 4 p c a c (gac et al.2011).

3.1.4 Accommodating inormalityin policy

A a a ma w appa a mca pu a puc, w a w puc a pca fuc. A pa maam v cmc a, ma mak aca puc cmc ac a a a.A uc, m vm a vpm u abcm acv upp ma ca ma m w (Bx 3.5). i a k b ua a wpa ma mak, ca a cuv pc a upp a a p a ma-ca puc. suc ac cu pa p bma-ca puc a w-cm cum m

u ma mak. impv apc ma uppca a am p w m ak av p-p ucm, bcau c ba ba (ram 2010).

Box 3.4 Chinese milk scandals: theallout or small producers

i 2008, 294,000 C bab bcam , a x, a k mam-a mk amua. i wa w a acaa Ca. Mk cump pumm, a cu a am m m ma ac mu mak cu.

t vm ac ap. nw makmaam pc w uc a avua bu mk upp ca a av mcv pcu m a, m ab am.Pc cv w u mv ma backaam cca puc cmpx,w mak wa ca aca pca qua upv. s w mmb mk bk. t cmpx av cu mkpuc m jc b u cum, bucmm m aa c a aw

cc a pma mak ca, avua b vm (za a Cam2009; lua et al. 2011).

Box 3.5 Supporting inormal dairymarkets in Kenya and India

B abu 2000, Ka vm appac aa ma-ca mk v wa cackw m. Bu c a a bcm a

m uppv , w pcu mk mm 800,000 a am a upp m mc mak. nw a ackw ca a am mpv pc aa ma c, vp w-c apppac ma v, a aa ab a accb cca m. lcaca av bu av ma-ca v aa pu m. t u a mpvap bw a a ua, bu waac c a a vum mk (h a Am 2007). i a ia av b ma ppa, cu a auc a k ma a c aa amp u ma (gac et al. 2011).


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3.2 Small producers andformal markets: barriersand catalysts

W ma cu b ca ua cm,baa m ma-ca puc pawa ma vau ca pca u m ccac w m ca a aa mak axp bu. t p w ppu, u

a a xpu k a m aa.i ma ca, a bu a m pab ma-ca am a w ma a aamak. Mv, aa a a wa ma b bu m ca u ma am uc a a ca. exc ac ma wa mak w cv a .

y ca up ma puc av uccu v m m ma ma mak.i ca, a -pa aca pa a ca

mak ma accb a aacv ma-ca am. Aav, vav pc ma pmmak cu ma puc ac a cmm c, a a bu vau caa a m.

3.2.1 Costs o ormality

Fma bu cu puc p b u upp, w xp ca a.t puc v a eupa upmak

v a ca am mu ubm xv quacck a ma ub-aa . ev m maam puc mak a, a p uk, a jc av b ma ca mak.

tu ma qua, upmak awa v am a b pc: a c u ncaaua u a a mc a pa pc ma aa mak, w Wa-Ma pa ca .F aa a rma ma, pc c bwWa-Ma a aa ca wa 34-54 p c

(Mc et al. 2010).Cac am aam, a cmm m a w ma am, uua pua a ama aw cmpa. i la

Box 3.6 Why banks avoid smallarmers

M rwakakamba la nwk p ac a ma ca ma am Uaa. Au bak a pa uUaa ua aa, rwakakamba va aw ma-ca puc av ub ba baka:

l Lack o acceptable collateral. Bak c aav m ab appa a am pa ca fw. t, a a uua ba caa uc a w a. Bu ma maam, a pca wm, av a

a. Mv, ma bak Uaa,pacua aaa , accpcaa u a 5-km au cc. t a u aa v uba-ba am m.

l Poor nancial records. sma am a k maa p acac qu b bak.

l Cost o lending. Bak abb amav

a vc c ma a, a ma av m pc m .

l Interest rates too high or armers. Uaacmmca bak ava a, pb Bak Uaa, w v 23 p cm 2009 2011 a bucu, a a a u mam ca m v puc.

Ma am cc bw puc a

bak a la nwk cu, am u a w c ap. iia, ma acuua a av aac cb am a bak, a bak c ma puc k. skaa s u la nwk cb aam up ia a m ak avaa a w ccv ac cm m naarv Bak Acuu a rua dvpm(nABArd), a vpma bak ( Bx 4.1 m ca u). i ma b w

pa a xpa ma pamm m aca fw c ma ma am, a ca aacv aa mak maac c.


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Box 3.7 Value chains as a oreignpractice

i w c a cuv bu a vauca ccp a w a maa u cm m w u ma-ca am. tu, ma puc ma b k

a a cu ac vau ca, a uavau ca pp.

t k mak mak wk p ca -vau mak a a pawa aav pa u upp ca mpmaa b vaua b vau ca aa ucc.sma puc, ca, av m ac appac. ta , xpm wv ppu avaab ua a -ua,acuua a acuua a ju vcac uc am p. t pacpa upp ca w am c, a mm a a mm a u. M mak a c, -m cmmm vauca am pca w , m aaa pa ca mma up cv puc. i la nwk, Ab M, a vabxp, uc mma pam a ma cv cu ma ama. W ma am ca a a u, bu a a cmm

cu u vau ca vw ma ama amb, uab upa.

nwk, M cb a-xp guamaamp a c uc u, a au a acc ba mak cm a c fxb acc am.

A a ma p aa uppca --p pam a ma ca, avaab a m a a ca b pa puc m uu av. sma-ca am avmuc m cu a a cupa

ba c m ma aca u (Bx 3.6),a mu ca fw a cau a .

tax a ua ca ac a c pa maa. i Pu, xamp, l Ca,maa Jua naca Ca, xpa la nwk w aa a ma-ca puc c cpav a u a ub-axa pc: ax vua am puc cpav, a a 30 p c ax cpav w a. t Cpav Ac Pu

c a aac bw am-mmba cpav a a ac a ubjc axa, w cpav, a a p, paax ba a. ha w aw b appv,Ca p u a cpav wu av bb bu m ma ma cmpv c mak; ma cmp mum- aa-ca am cuc a a pa cmmcaaac ma a pa ax. M mamp ax vu a, wak pv ua vc, a v cv p am

ma a a acc c a vc mpv puc a cmpv

B pacca ca p, ba apa a ma pcp a cuu. sma-capuc a pca v cmab w maa, bu ma ma a m mak a m, v qum c, uca aaa. F m, m mak a aca wuama aua, ccp, a, a c cuc.A b am ca k. t wa a

ma am app w c a a maa k ca m ab a uab upp (Bx3.7).

3.2.2 Catalysts or ormality:intermediaries and ethicalagents

dp c a ba cb abv, m ma-ca am ca a ac ma maba mak u vau ca ac a

aa c puc. t mak cu v b w a a ma, pcango. i a ca, a ca, w-cc vuaw a p-p vpm w cu bm a ca a (Bux a V 2012) wk u a vau ca upp puc a w a m bu. i ia 2008,cua Caca Wau p ma caww bcm am up cu w ac cca. Wau ca u la nwk a m c cca

ma-ca pam ua puc acmak cb ma pc caa a aaca, m cmmuca a bu ma a wpuc uc w pam ua cpav


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Box 3.8 Using an ethical agent to reach high-value markets:the case o organic palm sugar

i 2007, ia rc Muum a a wuma acvm: ia a mu m pam ua, a v- p m a w. W tV w w su, amw bu a ua ump Ku P aa Ca Java, a xp Ba k c.

t B t Fam cmpa bu amp suua, m eupa, Us a Japamak, a a 30 m vumsu cu pv. t p cu m upp, B

t Fam u Caca Wau. Waula nwk ca u cum w aca mamp a ma-ca pucaa, nwk Fam gup KuP, Ja. Pma a pca avcac upb 2008, Ja vp a pam ua makcpav a cmc ucu ab m m qua aa xp.

B t Fam kw Wau a cua aup caw w a wa ia

a ac cca. Ja pam ua ma b b w ap cc m ccu pam wu a b c ac xp, a wa mp wa ma wa mav pb U sa.

A a aca, Wau bu ac wcu p Ja ac -pc ac xpmak, cu hiVos a a aa upp vu, duc a sw upm mp m vp w, cango, a mup bu cu B t am. A pa va caac :

l Cv ma m bu pucabu ma ac pam ua, aa cu w a m ma. la, Ja a ca ngo lma k ac a vpm , w bucmmuca c w cpav abu w puc.

l

hp ia C sm aaaa ucu qu cca.

l taa cmpx ac a -aaa, ia aua bu

mp, pacca m ba ca m ua pc. t aa m ba a maua qua maam, u b up pc a a w puc bubm cca.

l la a ab quamaam m.

l Pm mpvm a pam apa u m c v b

ap. t ma cama, a m cc ap wa u -qua ua a wa a cm wu a pc.

l o avc a cca aac a Jaw u a b pc pa xa pc.

l Faca a bw Ja abu, p ac ua .

l Aa ia M Acuupav v cpav. t m cu upp cca a ab ma u qua mpvm axp pm pamm.

suc acv a caacc a ca a, wp k up ak a upp ca a bxp ap w a mpv pucv. Ja a m a pca a

bu aa bu vau a, acu w maa ca fw a pa am cu. dp u, Ja a ucc ma a: cca, ac xp maka b am cm. t pc pa am-mmb mu pam ua appxma ubm 2007 2011. A av ab cap w bu, Ja w xpmw w puc, uc a up, m cacum qu.

eca a av b cau u a xa a um am ac a u w capab maa bu cmpc ma .


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pcmak w cu wak vpm cm cu m (Bx 3.8). Wa a aa maa vau b a puc (aa, a,ap, pc a/ mak, xamp)a ak a a cu m vau ca, a ca aca a vau b bu xp, uccac a a bu m a ca b a vau am pacpa.

A ncaaua ca m Fau guaa la

nwk a xamp ma-ca am a ma ac vau ca a v pc. Bu ca, ca c quma b m a a xp puc ac.sa 2007, cca w Bawa aaw a puc ac cca gmacca cmpa r sp, wc a pjc w gma vpm ac giz a ncaaua ngo AddAC. t am ucc w m cca qua, a aw pc pk.Bu r sp cmpa bu qua

cca a pc ma a pucav a a pw vau ca. A cmpa a ca ca upp ca mb ; cc, pc a p-avmaam m av a b ap rsp pcca. guaa cb vau ca amb a bv ua ap.

W a vau-ca av m cp ma puc xc ac, w mak up pa am c p acv. i

b pcu, mpa vk wa am a muau mv mak. i ca pam ua w ia, xamp, am puc w m a cpav a accca a cc w a aa bu wa mak a aa cp, vua waa mm u am up aa mm. t a u ma aa cpav, uc aa c waa Pu.

3.2.3 Sector-wide approaches toinclusive business

M cuv bu cm am bu vua vauca a a aw ub ma puc. Fpac, bupp a pc xp w back appac, xpca a a mak uccw w a pa. Bu a vau ca xcu m am, bu am ccv ac. tmpv c maj ma am, a upa ma-ca puc ca b ca ma v wa m cv ac ac a acuua puc c.

i Cmba, -p aa a cw (FnC) a wk a w ccmc a ca pmac. FnC p maj 560,000 c-w am cu, aw- wm am a 1.5 ca. Quac maa b FnC a ma a Cmbac a c cv a pc pmum w

mak. A k m FnC appac t naaC Fu, a ax c puc maa b FnC ba vm. t u u abpuc cm a v ca a aucupamm c-w cmmu.

t pv mpac c-w cmmu cmpa cu, m cm, pubcvc, ac a pca ab, c a umb u (B a Bak 2000; dpa 2004). raa ca a cu, c-w appac

a a ba u a puc au-bu.

3.3 Importance ofregional, national andlocal markets underglobalisation

i a ba w, ca ba mak

a a m amc m ucav. Ju a maa ca b m wpa, vba a wa ma-ca am a ma a, puc avaa ca a aa mak, a


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mak ab cu, a ca wu-fu xp. lca mak av awa bca ma puc v, bu vm avpm u a a a c mpac. i ac, pa ma ab mak,b w a ac b, w cmcw a ubaa.

3.3.1 Opportunities in regional,

national and local tradegv a au 16 p c w puc bvum aa a (rabbak, 2010), aaa ca mak a abb am a amw. A vp a m cm ca mak a xpa, a ma acuuapuc a a ua w.ec campa ca xp ma m bu ppu a m pca p ma am.

t w ma ca a mak mak abcu ucav ma-ca puc. i hKua la nwk ca u pa upuc Ka, 3 p c u w ba mak b ea Aca, wa 27 p c waxp w , w a a axp Uaa. Muc xp u a b ma am, wc mak up 75 p c Ka pa u puc. t la nwka a Uaa, u, cu j wmak ppu a av pac a ab su sua a dmcac rpubc C ap a a b.

B p w ma, a, aa aca mak ca b pacua ma-am-; mp w qum a aa aba mp; a ca accp a va a puc, wc wa ma am uua av . i ac, ma av w ca aa m ap wk a cuua m a ba cmp ( sc 3.5). sm

ma-ca puc ac ca cmp ca mak: la nwk M cbpuc up Ca Amca cmp ca wa bu a av w puc c a m

uc pm. hwv, w ca a amak su w m vauab a mamc, n mp a cmpa maca av ub ub ca a su-sua, u av a ca upp wk ba muua u a vau-a pacc. Mv,a cu sc 3.4, ab mak ma vau aa qua m puc, wc ca vma ca am a uqu avaa.

lca ca wk w ca bu c b ca acuua mak a makvm xpa mpv m. Mup cuav am mak back b ca vm, xamp, wc ca mpv pc am a w acum. o uc mak a b c ca B, Cmba, ca pc ba b amb 64 p c wa mak a 52 p c a.Uba cum a b, pa pc 15 p cw, ava (g 2011).

3.3.2 Local marketing or oodsecurity

dvpm u u b a,aa a ca mak bcau avaa ma am, bu mpac cu. lca--a mak a w p am ap cp a p cum bu am. W baa a baa, wv,ma vm a vpm ac a a vm m ap cp cacp puc xp va vau-ca k. nw, mmuaa aa a baac bk m u a wa ap mak ma ma-ca am a upp.

tu ca mak ap a m mpa cu a xp mak, m avb cu a vpm aac. i Kw Pamm Pvca sma,6eaa oCa oeCd dvpm AacCmm, xpa, t a k xp

mak xcp a, av b cmmcappu, a wk v c a mucm cu a acab pbm.

6 www.iied.org/provocation-seminar-series-making-

markets-work-or-poor-contents-discontents


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r B Buau iaa Fac, a pacpa ba, au a cm m ca cp mpv cu p p. i Wa Ca Aca, p u, babak aa aa b xp c, mk a ma w av aav a baac w cm . B ua m: B w k cqu wmak w u k a ca a a mak.

ra a ca a a cu, wv.

Uaa xp u sua a a puc, pca ap cp w b ma a a ma, ba, baaa, , ma w pa. t am ucc a a a ub- mpac Uaa cm, w lanwk rwakakamba, b muc- xca, bu a cau ca pc xp . t ca a app suama a v upp mpa ap mmc mak.

guaa la nwk ac m ncaaua c cmmm a aa v pm cu b upp ma-capuc w ca vuab ca cmmu a aa ac b a, xamp.t cu cu v-a pa ua vpmcu p ma-ca am, a ap puc, a a a pa aa vpma. gvm pamm am a b mpvpuc a p am puc camak.

3.4 Intangible assets:adding value throughculture, territory andtraditional knowledge

gba mak ma a ma-ca pucupa aa w ma am av a cmpaavavaa puc aa puc a vum, xamp. Bu a m pmmak, pca ca a aa, a a vau ab a a ma am av p.t vau qua a aa pucm, cuua a a uqu au

a uc a a pcc apc pac, . sma, aa am ca cmp b appa ma av cp aama va, ca cu, , aaa qua, av. t la nwk cu va caw am a mak puc wcuua a a (Bx 3.9).

su xamp m la Amca, lanwk raab ccu a m mpa

mak cuua puc a ca a aa.Fam a ab w ma av b ppu p puc b va. t aac a xpa cum ba uba m- aupp-ca cum, a mm u, w aca ca a w pa a pcpmum.

exp w cuua p a a ca, m bu ba c maa qua a acab. hwv, w

a mak ba aa pacc, cuuaauc a ca p, cua quaa a a m cmp puc; wa vau c, raab a. i k a ba bu ca b ma, pupuc a a p. i Bva, la nwk lu gau xam ca eCb, a 1,200-mmb cca cpav a a ba w a cca puc. t -quaba uu Bva aa mak a axp eup ba a ou a, u

, u cca.

taa a a uc a mv ma puc cm vca a m vau ca -vau cumup. Am la Amca ca raabu, puc Caa aam a pap mm a, k a ma apca caab aa c puc; bu w- puc aa acvuc a ca a va cm. i cx,

xpm w w a ppu ma a ac vau puc, a vau-cavu . ia b cma acmpma, a p maa k.


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Box 3.9 Markets or goods with cultural and territorial identity

i la nwk, raab ca cau m Aa (b Aa B), Bva(naaa s) a Pu (Aa Fa a Kaa s) am p m ab a cuua . ew la nwk, mak w w aa ama cc ma. naawjaja bu xpcm ia, a a la nwk p va uqu cuua va am ua ia.

Argentina: Fam am au w Caaa ca a p puc a aa aam,u cp a w m iaa v a w cu. t aua pa aa ccuua a, wc a cu wmak ampa cuc a accu. t cuua a aw u m w a c

Aa, a a a aca w aam v pca vau a u u a pvca capa, a wa puc w ca mak. t pc vau m b um b ma puc, aup aam puc w a w aa vm ab a ca apcaca ab Caa aam.

Peru: i a muc-cu amc bm (P-V 2011; Baca 2012), uba cum

uam aa Puva a pa mlma u cu, ac Aa ,a c a a a nw yk. t bm a maca a u aa cmc pc. Aavcac up, Puva gam Aca, cv Us$2 m m i-Amcadvpm Bak vp ca puc, qua a mak a va v. t am a xamp p-ma pamm a pcm a w ca aua c.A w aac ck a am c a

Puva am a va Puva puc ma b ma-ca am.

t la nwk ac k a w pa u am a muau a ca Pu ca a b pv bw a paa a a ua ca. ta aa cc w am lma, a cuua bcm a a a acaca au p. sma puc u a va a

b m : aua , w wk ma ppua aua, ak pa-m jb um u, u akavaa a a a uc.

Bolivia: t va a u c taja m a paa cuu ba au cmpx,muac v. t aa kw apa w, bu a mpa a cuu, u,fw, cck, p a ma ca , a a ma am ak -acuua jb taja.t pxm c aca a a a awuba u aua cu. sma Pu, amp ca a wcuu w ak pacu ua acapa paa wa . ngo a vpmpjc av c ppu a p am vp um ba uba. Bupa pca ap a w puc muc ca upak. ia, ca puc aca wa a vpm

ju xac vau m aa acv,bu aw m u cp wa acapa cuu puc. Puc w a cu v pucv m, u cacuua a uc a am a a, a akavaa pxm taja ac mak.

Indonesia: t ia acpa a v 300c up, a a up Java, sua, Maa a Mau a pauu cu a. tu ac ca w cuu, pau a c a cmmk . t ca app cp, vb aa cu, uc a 70 p c paua 95 p c c w ia a u aa mak a cum ca. Ama cp w cuua m, uau aa a u a a ca aa va.

India: eac a a cuu mb va caavau va a Aa Pa

cba u m va. d vab aa m a xca ama abu w w m. Bu a ab am cmc m, a cuua au va: pacpa xp vc uc . t dcca dvpm sc(dds) a a va a ca pcv aa va. A cp ca mak, dds a p w pubcbu m a aav vmm bu wa a c mpvaa. i pamm, va cmmu a puc a bu a, ua u va ac ca cum.


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3.5 Modernisation on smallproducers terms

i cmp aav mak baa ama, a ma cmma mapuc mbac ca. Buw w cu m w am u b w a w, wa cm u mapuc w a a w mak a

ucu pw, m.o k ca m la nwk cc Amaa, a u up u b ta Bva.F Amaa am a a, ca ca a uwk av b uc a cv ca bu a upp a ca cmc ucu a a cmpa av b ab ca. t ma ucu cpa apc ab m mak a a cuu, cmp pv m ca aw m b a b ama a m paam. tu cuu-ba wk a cc apppa jc apc m, Amaa c 90p c ma mak la Pa. tu, cuua pcca c ca b u a vau puc,bu ab c ca mak.

i Uaa a Ka, la nwk mmb p appca mb p c, wc ama w u ac pc uba mak a cac a a a a pckup puc(Bx 3.10). B c ma ap bw puc

a a, c v ma m ac cc abu mak, bu a pc. oup Uaa am u cu w a caap, mak (ck baaa), a aamak bu av vp a aba mam, va mb p a wk ma, ma mak ma, a w bu,a ca, a up w makpac a avm ( Bx 4.4).

t xamp w a ma a baa

a ca a ca a wp a ca aa cuu. ta vu m a a

cm: puc a apppa ma a u m b. A ma-ca am a m w m, a a u w aa va cpa cmp, u vmv a mak w pa. tca ac wa ma am xp ac

(a u) aa a ccv ucu,a w w x.


Box 3.10 Mobile phone technologymeets inormal trading in EastArica

Am 25 m Ka a 14 m Uaaav acc a mb p (tcmpap 2011;ta 2011). i la nwk cu, Kuaa rwakakamba xpa a p a ca

bu am. sma-ca ua am Ka ca u a x ma vc cck cupc acuua puc maj uba mak ca a a w a, w w avm c pck up p-a vum puc.A pva cmpa, Ka Acuua Cmmexca, pv pc-ack vc.

t ca u aac , am ma uw mb pam pam Mb M Uaa a M-Pa Ka pa b bu, pa pu uc a . n bakaccu : vc cv ca mbm c, wc ca b xca caaa.

i ngo pamm Uaa, p a ba a a aav aa xvc. B 2014, Us-ba gam Fuaam bu a a wk cmmukw wk w w v acuuama b a m ma am(www.ckw.appab./c/abu-ckw). t pa

cu wa ca, cca p,mak pc, a upp c a a makpam k bu a .


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4What organisationsfor what farmers?Matches and mismatches betweenindividual and collective agency

34


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4 WhAtorgAnisAtionsFor WhAt FArMers?

Reshaping the debate:Small producer agency in organisations

Current arguments

l t mak mak wk p, mapuc mu cooperate to compete. Puc

a vua c, a maaa a c aav.

l i capac a mak-ba appac, mapuc aa vau ca a a b partners or inclusive business. Fca vm, a a a conduitor public social support p a vuabpaa am.

l tu, vpm v ca bu ma am ca capa b p m

organise as cooperatives and other ormaleconomic organisations. t a uppb xa a, pca -vmaaa w u am aa aupa puc a bcm mpw mak.


l Puc aa ca mpw ma puc mak, bu u cua fc

vac.How can organisations reinvent themselves

a cx ca, a pv b a mmmb m mma ?

l Many producer organisations are started byoutsiders, cu a a cmpa.Wa a mpca puc ac? M cmpm capac aa p ma puc pca a fuc ua mak ma-ca acuu?

l Cu ucu, ma cmcaa a w kw m w, mpv acc mak the majority puc w a ma a mak a wmam ju cmp v?

l hw a c uc a cmp, pxm mup mak a bu, a mac ca ma aa? Wa w a am u inormal groups ornetworks c ac a vua

p mma mak ?

W 2014 w b iaa ya Fam Fam, Un a a 2012 iaa ya Cpav. t a vauab cbu cpav p pv uc, mpma a ca a (Un 2012) a c . i acuu 1960 a 1970, vp-w vm w p cpav aa u, a Us u J F. K mu-

b-a Aac P pamm pma m a cpav la Amca avxpa Cuba vu c.la, ma am cpav v w makbaa a 1980, w a ww

c v a upp acuua c.B uvv a w aa a a ca m a ba w ca m c mak ma, pa maam, aaa m (Mau a P2010). oc aa, 2000, cpav a ma puc aa a a k ucpv a cp w ca

c ua b baa.

i, puc aa cpav pacua a a am uva ppua ua vpm pc. U ca pc


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wa -ba vpm, cpav a a ac bw a a puc aacmmu amc, a u a a vu pubcupp ma puc a w a ca upp vm (Mcu 2012). o a, aa mak mak wk p, aa uua u b a ma puc ucc:am mu cpa cmp, u ccvucu a baa pw, ca a cc a ca ma vau ca a -vaumak. Acc, ca upa a mapuc aa, u b a ngo, p ma vpm v. t maaa ca b a ma vau ca aa a b pa cuv bu.

y, a la nwk a , m maam a ma a. ima a aaucu a pma ma ma am cpa cmca, a m u aw a kp a c wk aa cmmu

aa a amc pa mak. s mpa a aa pca a ca ucu a mab a c b vm a cu, a la Amca, pacua Aa cu. A mc up, uc a Amaa, av bu cabcmc pw v vab paa cm pacua mak, ba a ca wk.

Fm a ac ppcv, am w a ucu ma, ma, b a m m p a aw avu a.

t a c bu a vua a mcx w mak m. i cap wcu Kw Pamm a abu ucvua a ccv ac.

4.1 What organisations, forwhat farmers?

W a m ma-ca puc vpw b ma ccv ucu

mak puc? W a m ama? A wc puc a, ac, p bx aa?

A cu Cap 2, ma am a a uup. sm av puc a a

u mak a pa a j aaa. t cu ju p ubcam, bu a am w pma v acuu w a m cm ambu w a ma ca cp k c a a a a uppma cm. F ac, epa, am w ma p a k app mmbp cpav, acc ac b iaa F Pc rac iu. Cpava w u xcu m ma am w w j, u vau ca a v kp aa m mu a a maa(Ba et al. 2010).

Bu v am mva m ucavmak ma c ccv ac j maaa (Makva a M-dck 2006). Bww xam a a m m ac Kw Pamm. W mak baa a pc, a w cmp w amcmc aa upp a m a

b a, a ma c mm mak a vua puc a ab m cv baa. A am m, maa av cu mpv mmbac, a la nwk ca wcpav a acua bcm m p a a accuab ma puc .nv, ca aa av aac ammbp a v a va b, a vala nwk ca u xam m uccu up.

4.2 How cooperativessucceed in liberalisedmarkets

t la nwk cb a umb aaw mmbp a a a w, v cmpv, ba mak a p ca am up (Bx 4.1). t aca a v

ma-ca am xpca: pc, mab mak, a p w u bu pbm,cu c a w a.

Wa aa a a wk ma-caam av cmm? Ca au la


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Box 4.1 Growing and evolving producer organisations

Muki Farmers Cooperative Society, Kenya

t Muk aa wa a 1989 b aam w pa p av a a a. Fm a av c aw a am- a cpav w 4,800

acv mmb, ba Kap aa Ka.

ea , av a a cm am c. s aa a ba mmb mk ca pc. Ka mk makw ba 1990, a 2003 up a w pam a bu am acc aua u m mmb a v m b a. i a c puca x ac-a cc mk a mp w pc pa,w am bu a pa. t bcam

ua w w c aa: amak am kw a Muk Fam Cpavsc, wc bu mk m am a pc pa; a pc cmpa ,w b am u Muk vm c.

t mak Muk m v a pbm ma-ca puc: fucua pc m aa am a. W m cc apc mk, cpav ca amaa cac a pc m a 20 p c

a pva mak. Bu qu aa c pbm: w qua m mk cpwa cc. nw, a a c aa mk u cc a am.

tu, Muk w b cp acva mmbp a b v b m ma a am avv pc a bu vm.(Source: Mugoya, Learning Network)

Bukonzo Joint Cooperative Society, Uganda

t Buk J c cpav, b ba Uaa acuua mak 1991, aw m 11 u mmb up 92 upa. t uccu cum c acavc. Fam up j c a makccv, bu a av a c acaa b Buk ac pam, wc paa m c-a bu.

Mmb av p a w cpav: ca vv mak up w

p c ba a cv pca cv buk; ca ma -p upw vua am c cpav bu. tu, puc m

a a ua, c a va bum, ca b m fxb aa.

(Source: Bihunirwa and Shari, Learning Network)

Sri Devi JLG Farmers Welare Society, India

t s dv c m 2009 ak avaa a w cuv ac pamm m vpm bak nABArd. dv Camp, a va uw cu, m abu 300ma-ca c w, m m a amw w a av a a a ca am. la pa a a pca ma,a cac. lack caa v a w a,am cu bak a bu , a upp.

Bak a cp ac ia av a ub a m a 7 p c. Bu a a b c k ma a m upp bu m a c. tma accp packa a a m cu mam wa, pc, a ca 30-33 p c.

t nABArd cm ca u. nw, accv am cu bak a u cuva abu w ca ac up ac a

uaa a. tw u dv Campam j ak avaa .

A uccu a cc, up a buu u mbak u ccv ac c a. t ap u u buk uc am pu a ma a w u a 70 p c ac a mu b u puca upp m aa. i k, pv amv cap c -pucv pup mak a m a a aw ccv

baa cap upp.W a a, pu pc a aacc a a, a s dv ma ava p-ac c mmb 25 p c 2010. nx, aa k ccv mak, w pa p aa pac xpc a c pc.(Source: Shenoy, Learning Network)

Vasundhara Cooperative, India

t Vauaa Cpav a pamm BAiF dvpm rac Fua, aia ngo. BAiF u upp am bava gujaa a, w a a a ack

Continued overlea

37


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Box 4.1 Growing and evolving producer organisations continued

a ac pv am m w apcp b a a m Ju ocb. A m a, am am w c ma w ac mpm. t pv a-a cp a w a m ca jb, BAiF p

am a ma a caw ca, a mcpav pc a mak u au.

Vauaa, BAiF-back cpav, ama ma; m 2,500-pu mmb, cpav bu 1,000 u a a a wma a, a a, u aca ma pck. Cmpa w wa mak w am aa aav Vauaa cu c apa a mm

cmm. i a a ucc cub ma b av -pa jb a cpav.

nab, ngo-v aa w am b m a xpa aa . A cu ma a caw ma acw puc m u av m Ap Ju.t ab a a-u ap, cpav a-ba vc uc a a a p, a a,pc kavaa u, a apa.(Source: Arya and Asthana, Learning Network)

Oromia Coee Farmers Cooperative Union,Ethiopia

i a 1990, ta Mk, a cv va m oma epa, w a u u Japa cpav a w m ma-caacuu. h u w a pa a a 24-muv. hav cvc oma Acuua Buau up a ac cpav, a u oma C Fam Cpav U. i ca cpav, Mk a a maam a b vm, bu a xv vw w ppcv mmb a a v.

ta, oma c u acpav u epa, b mmbp a aua a. i w m 22,691 mmb 34 pmacpav c 1999 v 170,000 197cpav 2010. sa w v a, ua mmb a cv m vau puc.

t w k a epa ba cmak 2001, mv u a c a b u a aa auc a c wc oma u wa ma vv. t up pua pc ab ca cmc pa a

aw m a pca mak uc a Faaa ac c bu. B 2009, 28 mmbcpav w Faa c, a m pcpmum a u ca vpma av.

(Source: Mugoya, Learning Network)

Network o Farmer Groups in Kulon Progo(Jatirogo), Indonesia

ta a uccu ua cpav, Jaaa b 2008 wa kw ma a aavcac up. eab 1999 w aca uppm ia ngo lma, Ja wk ca pc Ku P a ucc w bu aca pv mcc a am. A av m pa aa wa

cmc v, wc cu ccv maka pc w a u a Jacu uvv lma pp u.

t ca w Ja ba a ap w axp m Ba k upp ac pam ua.W back m lma a hiVos, a ccaaac a aca m la nwkWau, Ja am bu u apaa, u-f cpav pam-ua puc( Bx 3.8).

i a m avcac a bu a,Ja a a cu a maa ck, cafw a pam am. Bu a ucc w ac cca, ac xp maka b am cm. t pc pa am-mmb m pam ua appxma ubm 2007 2011. A Ja w xpmw w puc, uc a up, m caqu m bu.(Source: Widyastuti, Learning Network)

Kapchorwa Commercial Farmers Association(KACOFA), Uganda

KACoFA wa a 1999 b 27 am w acv acuua a m UsAid-back pjciv dvp exp Acuu (ideA). B2011 KACoFA a 6,000 mmb. A w a mpv pucv, up acc acavc a ccv mak ba, ma, uma wa. Pa w vau aa pv

capac-bu, aca a mmb ma ca m p ca , ava,abu p ca.

KACoFA a cu b ca amcm, a a v pc bu

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k u a va bu, cu W FPamm a a Ka bw a mp bac m aa.(Source: Mugoya, Learning Network)

Areca-nut and cocoa cooperatives, India

t taa Cpav sa sc (tss) a MaaAca Mak Cpav sc (MAMCos) a acaw cpav a back p-pcia. tss a w 28 puc 1922 a w aam 3,000 a mmb (cu mammb, a mmbp abu 18,000). iaucu cu ju wau a vc bu ac m a a pa, a cpav pv vca m ccv mak a ac AtM,c a a u u. MAMCos b

am a v, cu acc mca uac aucaa p. i a w m 649 u 1939 v 19,000 mmb a, a a mca pc: wa a a a wa, upp-ca aca w u ma cu 60 p c ma.i 2010-2011 MAMCos ca ac u ba ma am u ca m vw cpav pmac a k mpvm.

CAMPCo a u aa, m b aaca w cu c m a 1970 pc ca.

i va wa av mmb cp ccaw aca pam bu up m a aaw ma bu, Cabu, pu u. CAMPCo u a vau-a pc bu. i bu u upc cca ba m mmbu, up pc u ba, a a pap w n ia bu a a---a cca ac.

sc 1991, v a a p ac, CAMPCoa b u a p mauacu n-bacca a cca puc. Bu au ucc vau-ca m, cpav av ccabu a mmb v m. s wa CAMPCo ap awa mmbp w fucua aca pc ( Bx 4.2).(Source: Shenoy, Learning Network)

El Ceibo, Bolivia

e Cb w a xp accca. nw a aca 46 cca cpav,e Cb a b mak aa buc 1987. o ac acc a b avmm. A a puc a u ac cca, a m cb mauacu a ba w e Cb a

cca. A ca vum, aaa xpa m a.

e Cb w b a ma aca a cpav cca puc a av m w. W j aca, puc-mmb bcm

vv mak, mauacu a pacpa a puc ca, a ujb e Cb ac a c. Maam aama a a mmb, a a amb pav m ac up aa. A puc cv a m e Cb cca acca ac u, wc a uc mau u a qua aa a m.(Source: Galleguillos, Learning Network)

Junta Nacional de Ca, Peru

i a 1990, m Pu c cpavcap, a w acuua ccv.lbaa a pvaa pc cmb wvc cu c c a wa , vm-back am u. Cpavw w u, pcv a c a cup,a aaa m cpav ua, c aca a c a. hw cu c cpavvcm av vm?

twv uvv c cpav up 1993,m Jua naca Ca (naa C Ba,JnC) p a k a wa wa.A p p wa c a apa maam.t a c p cpav a qua auac bu, wc wu b pc puc. t ac pubc apva aac, a am pv puc wbu- vc: mak acc, pc ma, a bu maam upp. scv mv a pu, aca

a w 80 cpav a 50,000 mmb.

t JnC a a up am aa vp a vc-ba aa pca bb,a w wawa a w aw mp ubaxa cpav. t up pacpa a mu-ak pam acuua pc, la Cvcnaca A Pua (ConVeAgro), a aum p cu ConVeAgro k u ma, uc a ax a cpav, acc vm pcum, a pc a a

a -qua puc mak.(Sources: Castillo, Learning Network; www.esm.org/armers-

orum-2012-side-event-linking-research-to-advocacy-in-armers-

organizations)


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nwk va k ac a mak amaca pwu a uaab:

l Vua pacpa a ca aa, ba a wu cmm ;

l sk maam a a aap mmb a mak qum;

l lmac a cb pc cc, w avcacba vc a aac, a

capac, a ab m mpma am a aw;

l Capac v mv a aap a cavm.

sm m ca b ma uccuam cpav cb abv, w vuaa ccv ac ap aa ca. ia, m w a a v mv p ca mak ma a mmb , p c. i a cx uc ca, pc

va a cma uca, cuu aapa k.i cu uc vu, cm av bak vc. sm uccu aa ab m a pcc, mma am p ppa xpa a ba mak m. o xamp vab c Vua Fa scasvc Cpav CeCosesolA, p sc5.3. CeCosesolA ba 1967 a a ua vc, a a bu vc; 1983 b am mak wc w kw. sc av u a vc, ca w pa(Mcu 2012). i ca Buk cpav Uaa (Bx 4.1), ba vc awfxb a va am bu mak u b.

A Ca u, pc a cvmaam ba a pua appac,w cmp ap a c m a mmbp m pa cau m cc am mmb ba. tMuk mk cpav Ka (Bx 4.1) xamp

a aa a w m u up aw a up a am a am a wa. Uma aa ca wpc cmpa v cu pbm maa a ak avaa a w p mak.

nab, Muk ba a a mak ccv bu a aav a c c. t ua ac k w m ucc , Buk J a sdv up (Bx 4.1), u a aca vcma b a ca uc acuua cpav a uu a mpa a bu acuua pua puc. F m ma am, a a bu c, c b. A la nwkWau p u aaa ca u,xcu m ma aca u ca av mapuc w muc av a pam--k ma a-; ca v ca cpav a bu. rfc naka a Buk cpav Uaa (Bx 4.1a 4.3), Mu Buwa a Mamm sa aua av a c cm a ju cmpmaucu upp ccv mak m ca fw mmb, bu acua abc wc a b a pcv acua b ua aam.

i ca u a am cmc aa k ba mak, vc a m a . F xamp, eaAca Fam Fa (eAFF), p amaa ac v cu, w p aJu 2011 cua. Fac a mak a wpa a p aa. t a xpa,eAFF w pac m a mmb pm c uc pv cmc vc puc (eAFF 2011).

4.2.1 Producer organisations acingincreased competition andragmentation

o a puc aa b a aap a a a a baa a mpac a mak av ca cmca ca vm wc aa pa.Au cu ma-ca am vauca p w ppu cpa cmp,

a u a vua am a cu ma a bu a am a a ca mak.Uba cum xpa ma qua, quaa va a v pa bu ppu cu.


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t umb a a bu cmp aaa u upp ca ca ca ppu ma-ca puc xc ccv ac a mpv

baa pw. hwv, w w pc bvu uam, a mak pc ca k am aaw mmb - puc a a bakcac a am (Bx 4.2). lkw, cama abu m pac a wa va ca p ca a uc a 360 pc c amwk wa Pu v u a(sc 2.3.4). Fm la nwk, Mp abu a a wa guamaa,a Aaa a abu c ia a makmcaa m aacv.

Cpav av mak a vm ccv mak cm, a ma av wa awa cmpv pc am. Muala nwk ca u u a a ca waa Ka, Ma cpav, kpam-a pc w u cpav mak ap. t up cu c aa puc,bu ma m a a awa a Uaa, a mu a a aacv pc bu amc Ka

ma mak.

F aa vv a-a mvm, cmpv vm ma a a aa, cbw. t la nwk Ca a avau a Faa bcm m wakp pc w. sma-ca puc mmb avxp cc a pc pmum upp mpwm ma-am aa av ca Faa lab oaa (iied 2010;Cak a Wa 2011; Faa iaa 2011; ClAC

2011)

i p ca m ca cmpva ma mak, vm a vpmu av u cpa pucaa vau ca, w am v mm avaau ap w ca bu. U vau-ca appac, m ma-ca am aa b acc ma ac, cca uppa vc pv b pva ma ngo. Bu mum vua vau ca,

vc pv a aca u a ca bw vau ca. t p wa ab m pacpa Kw Pamm

7 www.iied.org/provocation-seminar-series-producer-agency-

agenda-make-markets-work-or-poor

Box 4.2 The problem o risingprices

l Ca, maa Pu naa CBa, bv la nwk cu a aa c pc wak cpavw a. h aa pc am bu cmp upp av a vum a am - vua a u cpav. du a c mak 2009-2011, a Puva c xp u cpav m abu 20 p c 15 p c. i ca, w pc pmp am u aa cam avaa ccv baa a/ Faa pc apmum. tu, w fucua pc, am back a bw xc ac vua ccv u aa. t puaa u a , a cpav ma

au w cac.du a v Pu, a amaca CePiCAFe la nwk ama pa. CePiCAFe uaa a mmum pc mmb, mak v aacv w mak awak; bu pc ca mmb a a aa , a.

o cpav la nwk v ia a Uaa kw ca aub a mmb ac ca

pc. i m ca, v m mak fucuama pp u a aa mmbp.i ia, s p la nwka mmb a a a cc CAMPCo cpav aca-u a cca w.CAMPCo a a pab pap w n ia,mauacu cca a cca puc ( Bx4.1). Bu s w a acc CAMPCoba, mmb a ck a v maa b.


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Pvca sma7 ; au a vau-caappac am ccv ac a a .

y ccv ac w a muc a v, ap u ca mak a u uaab. A a u, ba Pvcaxp a a. Uk vca a,wc k k up puc upwa u vau ca a bu, uc a wu c

a a maj puc a maa mak up. ium pua am u a wa cuv a c, xamp u cmpvam xp v.

4.2.2 Technology may redene theroles o producer organisations

A w a ma cu, mac aw vua am ak m c

ac mak. i ea Aca, xamp, am avbu u mb p ack mak pc c ma ap bw am a a a wa a a v cv pam ( Bx 3.10).taa, puc aa . ic, cpav w av , u aap b vp w ccv b.

o cu, c ca a v am up aa mak m b. A ma ca pa b ma aa. i lanwk, s p a mp xamp: a iaam -p up a ba u cc caa a ngo v cc m c wm. t ca pac accua mau amm a u u ca puc. tma cmpv, ca a u ccca a w, a am u aa aa b mpv maum wu a cu u mma.

4.2.3 Intermediaries may promote

organisation, but not agencyW xam w ma am ac w maaa, mpa c w ca ac up, a wa am

ac ap acv. Cpav vpcu w m ca b vm, a wqu bcm mmb a pucu cpav mak aa axpc a ma upcu cpav(vw Mau a P 2010).

lap paa b a ma b pacfc w ma-ca puc ac. A uc p-w pamm ma b c. t la nwk

u m naawjaja ia cb w avm pu ca ma ccv aa-ca au. i 1980 a 1990, ua Va Cpav cv ub pu ac upp. t pc u upa(u ua Us a) upa a awa aba 1998. A ma pc 2005 back aa am up kw a gapka. Aa,upp w upa a b abb up, a acc naawjaja aam ac a b vp.

sc 1980, mak baa a wawa a av aw w ac ccup pac (Mup2010). ta, m puc mv a acmc up, bu ma ca xa c am cv c aa pva a upp a vc pv a v a w pucaa - . smm a up puc aa aa a cupuc, u a a c vum ca b bu. sm up a m

p mak ma, pca cca k Ja aa ca Java, wc aa cpav wk w a ac ua xp w uc a amu c puc (Bx 3.8). taaa bu k upp m vp w ma pa w ngo wca u a ma am puc a aa acmp w cmpa qum; uc vu a ub, c, b aa cpau. naawjaja u u am up ia p va xpc w la

nwk: u up wa a bam a vp b a bu mmb ka uc a xpa mak p, wuxa pu.


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W m vm, cv c pva c,aa a xa ma av aa a m w ma am ca, aapa. ima ma aa p a aum acv bjcv, a a cw upp m am ac.

gvm a ngo w u upp ma-ca am a a a k ca pca a ac. sm ma puc xp u

vm-a cpav ju a: pamm a au pca a, a a u pm am. i la nwk, rwakakamba p upc am ma puc Bua, Uaa,w a cmpa a ca am aca wuua a b pac am bu b buauca u uc w ma . tca aca a mmb Uaa naaFam Fa, a pca aa a,rwakakamba au, u uc w ma am a

a a bu . A av upp bduc ac VeCo b a bucu Bua c am aca. Bu a a uca uu, w VeCo u a m a ma ma w v wu aca.

hwv, upp u a bcm m v bu puc capac a upp ac a a ca pc. Ma pammk a pacpa k a w mak,

a ma a x a m b a v a v w am ca ak upb w aa a w. A cu sc 4.1.2, a k x p wa-k vpm u ak caa pa upp aa a vcpv a vua vau-ca av am ccv ac w m .

4.2.4 Organisations may not representsmall producers interests

B fuc xa a, a a a cpav ca a pma puc . t m pwu amaa bcm, cmca a pca,

m k a b c-p a c b a c cmmu. t pw ucu cpav pca puc aa quaa ca, c a . t amw aa av a uc a vb a amaa a v baa w aa. Mu la nwk p camp cmc aa (oeCA) Bva,wc m v a a pp am w m a mv up m pwua c cpav ca p. t av p puc b p b wakaa (Mu eet al. 2004).

Am cpav Aca a su Aa aav uvv a m vm-caa a m p mak, ma ava cuc ma-ca puc. i ca naka gw Cpav U Uaa,la nwk ac p a c upp a a am cpav puca

puc a m pva a, wak puc cmmu a b m (Bx4.3). Mua la nwk u nkwwataaa cpav taaa u a ma ua,w cpav a mmbp c uca pa ma a a a a.

4.3 Informal structures forcollective agency

Au maj ma-ca puc a a ma, mak- ucu, m b aa a/ ca wk a ca a v a aca a w mak. t a ma ppuu ma aa xc cmc acccv a cpa cmp. t ca b amp a ma a bu a w am cp aac mm, ap puc mak .

o a, pca ma mpa

aa a a pb. o la nwk u ca ma am mak mak, ck baaa, Kaa aa Uaa (Bx4.4). t puc b ca acv a m mak av; p


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puc, u mb p a wk av mak ac, a app cmmu pav a a a a m.

Fama wk a mpa ma mak mak, a m la nwk ca

m la Amca. raab ac am uam Aa, Bva a Pu w a makpuc w cuua , u vau ca a a ( Bx 3.9). A cmm m ca a, au am a a a m

uba a um mak, x am a uakp wk (ba ap uc a paa c, cmm Aa ) cu b a up puc a makm. t aa wk a xca a

cpc avu a pb, a ca b m mpa a am ap. suc mma b a a a cmpx a pca a macupa.

i Bva, ta k a u Amaa puc

Box 4.3 Contrasting cooperatives: the Nyakatonzi and Bukonzoorganisations in Uganda

i ca, cmpv mak, ma puccpav u kp mmb u aa bu m j a a a ammbp. i la nwk, ca cau m Uaa b Buwa a sa xpwak a ap bw w cpava mmb.

Nyakatonzi: cooperative survivor

t naka gw Cpav U w cpav uvv cmc baa Uaa. t u 63 pma cpav cwa vm-u u m 1980a 1990, w ba ama

small producer agency in the globalised market. making choices in a changing world - iied/hivos new...

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