slums in bangladesh
TRANSCRIPT
PREPARED BY-JAFAR SALEH
DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGYUNIVERSITY OF DHAKA
Presentationon
Slums in Bangladesh
04/11/23
1
Bangladesh has the highest population density in theworld (at 2,600 persons per square mile), the population density in the slums was roughly 200 times greater, at 531,000 persons per square mile. All major urban centers in Bangladesh have slums and squatter settlements, the largest concentrations being in Dhaka, followed by Chittagong, Khulna and Rajshahi. In a 1996 survey for the Asian Development Bank and the Government of Bangladesh, the Centre for Urban Studies (CUS) found 3,007 slums and squatter clusters with a minimum of 10 households and roughly 1.6 million slum dwellers (out of a population of 5 million) in the Dhaka Metropolitan area alone.
04/11/232
Concept of Slums: An World view context
• A slum, as defined by the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security. According to the United Nations, the proportion of urban dwellers living in slums decreased from 47 percent to 37 percent in the developing world between 1990 and 2005.However, due to rising population, the number of slum dwellers is rising. One billion people worldwide live in slums and the figure will likely grow to 2 billion by 2030.
• "Slum" was originally used mainly in the phrase "back slum," meaning a back room and later "back alley". The origin of this word is thought to come from the Irish phrase 'S lom é (pron. s'lum ae) meaning "it is a bleak or destitute place" The Oxford English Dictionary says it may be a "cant" word of Roma (Gypsy) origin. The etymologist Eric Partridge says flatly that it is "of unknown origin."
04/11/23
3
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia:Densely populated area of substandard housing, usually in a city, characterized by unsanitary conditions and social disorganization. Rapid industrialization in 19th-century Europe was accompanied by rapid population growth and the concentration of working-class people in overcrowded, poorly built housing.Geography Dictionary:An area of poor housing, often characterized by multi-occupance and overcrowding. Schools are poor, items sold in local shops are relatively expensive, and sanitation inadequate. Slum populations often exhibit high concentrations of drug abusers, alcoholics, criminals, and vandals.
04/11/234
An Bangladesh Context:
Definition and criteria of Slums:
04/11/23
5
Definition: A slum is a cluster of compact settlement of 5 or more households which generally grow very unsystematically and haphazardly in an unhealthy condition and atmosphere on government and private vacant land. Slums also exist in the owner based households premises
BBS(Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) Census of slums Area 1997
04/11/23
6
Criteria of slums
Predominantly very poor housingVery housing density
Housing material are very cheap and low quality
Poor sewerage and drainage or even absence of such facilities
Inadequate, Unhealthy drinking water supplyInsufficient or absence of street lightingLittle or no paved streets Inhabited by poor, uneducated and below poverty level people04/11/23
7
•PREDOMINANTLY VERY POOR HOUSING•VERY HIGH POPULATION DENSITY AND ROOM CROWDING•VERY POOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, SPECIALLY WATER AND
SANITATION•VERY LOW SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS•LACK OF SECURITY OF TENURE
CUS (Center for urban studies) StudyDefinition :
Slums are defined as settlements with a Minimum of 10 households
and
An urban community has to meet at least 4 of the above criteria to qualify as a “slum” 04/11/23
8
CRITERIA FOR DEFINITION OF “SLUM”
•PREDOMINANTLY VERY POOR HOUSING(JHUPRIS-SHACKS, KUTCHA, SEMI-PUCCA-OVER 75%OF THE STRUCTURES IN
A COMMUNITY WOULD HAVE SUCH POOR CONSTRUCTION•VERY HIGH POPULATION DENSITY AND ROOM
CROWDING(OVERALL DENSITY 300 PERSONS/ACRE, PREDOMINANTLY (>75%) OF SINGLE
ROOM FAMILY OCCUPANCY)•VERY POOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, ESPECIALLY
WATER AND SANITATION (KEY INDICATORS-VERY POOR SANITATION AND WATER ACCESS – <50% OF HH
ARE SERVED WITH A SANITARY LATRINE-SEWERAGE, SEPTIC TANK. OR WATER SEALED LATRINE –WATER ACCESS)
•VERY LOW SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS(KEY INDICATORS-HIGH PREVALENCE OF LOW INCOME PEOPLE –OVER 75% WITH
INCOME BELOW POVERTY LEVEL- TK 5000 HH INCOME PER MONTH – BASED ON URBAN POVERTY LINE PER CAPITAL INCOME ESTIMATE)
• LAKE OF SECURITY OF TENURE (INDICATORS –VULNERABILITY TO EVICTION)
CUS Study
04/11/23
9
• Total population of the cities 15.5 million• Total Slum population 5.4 million (35% of Total)• 9000 slum cluster• Total number of slum households 1 million• Population density in slums about 200000/sq km• Between 1996 and 2005, the total population living in the slums of Dhaka more than doubled
Basic Data on Slums Six Major cities
(Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Barisal)
04/11/23
10
04/11/2311
04/11/2312
04/11/2313
An Anthropological context:
• Slums mean authorized or unauthorized areas of settlement which have high density with mostly one room houses and every room is overcrowded low-cost temporary houses are build which are mostly kutcha and this lack urban facilities like water, drainage, electricity, sanitation.
• Slums means the concentration of the poor people of urban areas who are of lower occupation, low income and bad lower life. Their daily livelihood is inhuman and goes with hardship. The assembly of the neglected section of the poor people of urban areas called the slums community.
04/11/23
14
Demographic situation of the slums in Dhaka city:
04/11/2315
Numbers of samples taken from different study areas:
Study areas Number of the Samples
Muhammadpur 8
Mirpur 9
Azimpur 3
Total 20
04/11/23
16
Size of the Family among the Samples
Size of the Family Number of the Samples
Percentage
1-3 0 0%
4-6 8 40%
7-9 10 50%
10-12 2 10%
Total 20 100%
04/11/23
17
Income of the Slums dwellers
Monthly income(BDT)
Number of the Samples
Percentage
Up to 3000 2 10%
3000 to 5000 6 30%
5000 to 7000 5 25%
7000 to 8000 4 20%
8000 + 3 15%
Total 20 100%
04/11/23
18
Age structure of the respondents
Age Respondents Percentage
0-20 yrs 1 5%
21-30 yrs 5 25%
31-40 yrs 9 45%
41-50 yrs 3 15%
51+ 2 10%
Total 20 100%
04/11/23
19
Poverty and adaption of slums dweller:
04/11/2320
Education : level of schooling(N=20)
Level of schooling Number of samples Percentage
No schooling 12 60%
Primary schooling 4 20%
High schooling 3 15%
SSC and above 1 5%
Total 20 100%
04/11/23
21
Migration pattern: Districts of origin of respondents:
Districts Frequency Percentage
Barisal 7 35%
Noakhali 4 20%
Kishorgong 3 15%
Chandpur 2 10%
Ranpur 3 15%
Faridpur 1 5%
Total 20 100%
04/11/23
22
Reason of Migration:
Reasons of migration
Frequency Percentage
River erosion 3 15%
Low income 4 20%
Job facilities 7 35%
With family 2 10%
Monga 3 15%
Others 1 5%
Total 20 100%
04/11/23
23
Occupation :
Occupation Numbers of samples
Percentage
Rickshaw puller 6 30%
Garments workers 2 10%
Construction 3 15%
Street seller 4 20%
Maid servant 3 15%
Driving 1 5%
Others 1 5%
Total 20 100%
04/11/23
24
Causes of formation of slums:
Rural urban migration. Effect of industrialization and lack of
Urbanization.Rural unemployment and lack of opportunity.Unplanned city and lack civic amenities. Insufficient government policies and
program.Natural disaster.Political influences.Lack of proper planning and programs to
build the slums.
04/11/23
25
