slide phonology

7/22/2019 Slide Phonology

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Preena Kangkun


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2202224 Course Syllabus

Assignments and pronunciation practices Test dates

Blackboard

assignments and self-practice


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English spelling and pronunciationI take it you already knowOf toughand boughand coughand dough?

Others may stumble, but not youOn hiccough, thorough, rough, and through.

Well done! And now you wish, perhaps,To learn of less familiar traps?Beware of heard, a dreadfulword,That looks like beardand sounds like bird.


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And dead: it's said like bed, not bead

For goodness' sake don't call it "deed"!Watch out for meat and greatand threat

(They rhyme with suiteand straightand

debt).A mothis not a mothin mother,

Nor bothin bother, brothin brother,

And hereis not a match for there,Nor dearand fearfor bearand pear,


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And then there's doseand roseand lose

Just look them up--and gooseand choose,

And corkandworkand cordandward

And fontand frontandwordand sword,

And doand goand thwartand cart--Come, come, I've hardly made a start!

A dreadful language? Man alive,

I'd mastered it when I was five!

T.S. Watt/Richard Krough


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English spelling and pronunciationThe same spelling can be pronounced several differentways tough, bough, cough, dough

Soft, toll, above, hot

The same sound can be spelled differently heard, bird

agent, beige, saint, weigh,dismay

= There is no one-to-one correlation between spellingand pronunciation


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Phonetic symbols

Useful tool for distinguishing sounds of a languageEach phonetic symbol represents only one distinctive

sound (a phoneme) Why distinctive?

Phonemes

The smallest unit of sound in a language that candistinguish two words

cat hat /k/ vs. /h/ - initial position

far fear /a/ vs. /I/ - medial position

A minimal pair differs in only one sound in the sameposition

Phonemes are written in slanting lines /f/ /p/ /t/


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The IPA

International Phonetic Symbols Transcriptions and pronunciation will be based on

General American English

Modified version See p. 3 & 4 for table of symbols

Consonants 24 consonant sounds Voiced and voiceless sounds

Voiced sounds are produced with the vibration of the vocalcords/folds

Compare /b/and /p/ or /z/and /s/


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Phonemes

Vowel sounds: 15 single vowels and 3 diphthongs

See symbols for vowels and diphthongs on p.4

Consonant sounds and vowel sounds can be arrangedin the consonant chart and vowel chart on p. 7.

We will look at the charts in detail later.


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Phonemes vs Allophones

Phonetic symbols can be used for phonemes orallophones

Phonemes are abstract units that can change themeaning of a word

Allophones are subsets of phonemes

Changing the allophone does not change themeaning of a word

Allophones are written in square brackets [ ]


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Phonemes vs Allophones

Water Phonemes & Allophones

H2O

ice water vapor

/p/

[p] [p ] [p ]


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Some basic allophonic rules

/p,t,k/

Aspirated in initialposition

/p n/ [p n]

/t n/ [t n]

/k n/ [k n]

Unaspirated after /s/

/spar/ [spar]

/star/ [star]

/skar/ [skar]

May be unreleased in finalposition

/r p/ [r p ]

/r t/ [r t ]

/r k/ [r k ]


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/t/ flapping

/t/ becomes a flap [ ] between two vowels, the secondof which is unstressed

water city elevator pretty Or between a vowel and an /r/ before an unstressed

syllable

party artists hearty smarter


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Production of speech sounds

Vocal organs

Primary function are for the survival of human beings

But are also used for speech production Egressive Pulmonic Airstream mechanism

Outgoing breath from the lungs

Outgoing air gets modified in the production of

consonants or vowels


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Production of speech sounds


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Vocal cords


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Consonants vs. Vowels

Vowels are significant in syllables; consonants cannotform a syllable.

There is some kind of obstruction on the airstream inproducing consonant sounds; the airstream is let outfreely in producing vowel sounds.

Consonants can be voiced or voiceless; all vowels are

voiced Consonants can be oral or nasal; vowels sounds are

oral


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Classification of consonants

There are 24 consonant sounds. They need to beclassified based on 3 criteria.

Voicing qualityvoiced vs. voiceless

Place of articulation: bilabial, interdental,labiodental, alveolar, palato-alveolar, palatal, velar,glottal

Manner of articulation: plosive, nasal, affricate,fricative, approximant, lateral

VPM: Voice, Place, Manner


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Place of articulation

bilabial

interdental

labiodental alveolar

palato-alveolar

palatal

velar

glottal


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Manner of articulation

plosive

nasal

affricate fricative

approximant

lateral


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Consonants

/p/ is the voiceless bilabial plosive sound.Bilabial Labio-

dental

Inter-

dental

Alveolar Palato-

alveolar

Palatal Velar Glottal

Plosive p b t d k g

Nasal m n

Affricate t d

Fricative f v s z h

Approximant w r j

Lateral l


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Pronunciation practice

The th sounds = interdental fricativesvoicelessinterdental fricativesthat the end of ordinal numbers: fifth, tenth

ththat ends a noun: warmth, strengththin numbers: three, thousandthin the beginning of nouns, verbs, and adjectives:thumb, think, thick

thunder, throw, thin


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Voiced interdental fricatives

thin demonstrative: that, these, thosethat the beginning of a pronoun: them, their, they-thethat ends a verb: bathe, clothe, breathethin some connectives: thus, therefore, furthermorethbefore er and the vowel preceding it is stressed:

weather, brother, gather, other, either ( ether)

Voiceless >> voiced

south >> southern north >> northenworth >> worthy mouth >> mouthsSee English Pronunciation in Use # 17 Arthurs mother


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Labiodental fricativesSpellings for the voiceless labiodental fricative

f fell, friendff puff, affairph physics, hyphen-gh rough, draught (drought)

-fe safe, strifeSpellings for the voiced labiodental fricatives

v never, vanilla-ve stove, sleeve

!! of Stephen = /v/


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Dont pronounce /v/ as /w/ (the bilabial approximant)

vein wane

verse worse

vest west

vet wetSee English Pronunciation in Use #8 Few and View


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Palato-alveolar

Fricatives vs. affricates dish vs. ditch shop vs. chop

Spellings for the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative

sh shoe, shy, fishing

s sure, mansion, insurance-ss- issue, tissue, mission

-sc- conscious, crescendo /krI-/

c ancient, glacier, racial, delicious

-t- initial, nation, negotiable

ch and che in French loan wordschef champagne moustache


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Spellings for the voiced palato-alveolar fricative

-s- pleasure, visual, casual

-z- azure, seizure, glazier

g and ge in French loan words

beige, camouflage, mirage

Spellings for the voiceless palato-alveolar affricatech chin, check

c cello, concerto

t nature, feature, actual-tch catch, watch


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Spellings for the voiced palato-alveolar affricatej joke, job

g ginger, giant, agenda-ge George, village, imaged soldier, procedure-dj- adjust, adjourn

-dge- grudge, bridgeSee English Pronunciation in Use #12 sheep, jeep, cheap

/l/ and /r/

See English Pronunciation in Use #13 flies, fries/l/ alveolar lateral/r/ alveolar approximant


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/s/ and /z/Alveolar fricative sounds

Tongue tip points toward alveolar ridge withouttouching it

/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative

Spellings:

s sing, stone

ss lesson, fussy, across

se sense, goose, promise

c (before e, i, y) cent, citrus, cycle


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-ce police, office

sc scissors, muscle

ps psalm, psychic, pseudonym -st- listen, fasten, Christmas

-z quartz, waltz, pretzel, pizza

sw- sword, answer

/z/ voiced alveolar fricative

z zebra, hazard

zz fuzzy, dizzy

-ze size, prize s busy, easy, wisdom

ss dessert, possess


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-se please, noise, close(v), impose

x xerox, anxiety

Some observations:

Nouns and verbs with the same spelling, ending with se, the se of the noun (or adjective) is normallypronounced /s/, whereas the verb is pronounced /z/

use to use

excuse to excusehouse to house


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The letter x maybe pronounced /ks/ or /gz/

/ks/ six, sixty, next, mix(when ex- is stressed)

extra, expert, excellent

(when ex- is followed by a voiceless cons)

expect, exclaim, extract

/gz/ (when ex- is followed by a stressed vowel)

exact, exist, exotic, example


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Silent letters

Letters that are written but not pronounced

exhibit exhaust

aisle isle island debriscorps rendez vous

comb climb moisten fasten


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-s, -ed endings See 2202224 pronunciation of s and ed endings

rabbits dogs horses

-s ending rule

s is pronounced /s/ after all voiceless sounds except/s, , t/

s is pronounced /z/ after all voiced sounds except /z,, d/

s is pronouncd /Iz/ after all the exceptions.


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-s, -ed endings typed mailed wasted -ed ending rule

-ed is pronounced /t/ after all voiceless sounds except/t/

-ed is pronounced /d/ after all voiced sounds except/d/

-ed is pronounced /Id/ after /t, d/

These rules apply only to verbs not adjectives. naked, wicked, beloved

I have learnedFrench for 2 years.

He is a learnedman.


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The syllable

Vowels are the center/ the nucleus of syllables

Structure of a syllable

Syllable

Rhyme

Onset Nucleus Coda

str i ngs


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English syllables

Syllable structure C, V

Open syllable means V, CV

Closed syllable means VC, CnVCn onset + rhyme = (nucleus+ coda) a - nucleus

at rhyme (nucleus // + coda /t/ )

mat onset (/m/) + rhyme (nucleus // + coda /t/ )

flat, hat, that etc. rhyme with mat, sharing the samenucleus and coda.


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The syllable Phonotactics = possible combinations of sounds in a

language

Phonotactics of English allows up to 3 consonantsounds in the onset and 4 in the coda.

spring, sixths

Are these possible English words?

sfrimjs, tsotsoh, scrants, frumps


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Consonant clusters

The onset may contain many consonant sounds. Theyare pronounced one after another without any vowelsound in between. dishes, knight (no cluster) tax

/tks/ cvcc Initial consonant cluster cc- spot, flash, star, plug, muse ccc splash, spring, Final consonant cluster -cc milk, fist, mind

- ccc sphinx, fists, minds, filmed - cccc twelfths


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Exercise 1 Chocolate

Onion

Procedure

Pizza Voucher

Lettuce

Weather, whether

Drown Knighthood

Rice

Secretary

Massage

Gems

Asleep Snooze

Machine

Bold

Thigh Prison

Mayonnaise


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The vowel sounds of EnglishVowels are classified according to

The height of the tongue (high, mid, low)

The part of the tongue (front, central, back)

The degree of muscular tension of the tongue (tense,lax)

The degree of lip rounding (rounded, unrounded)

See vowel chart p.7 (in introduction)


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green and grin

both are high-front vowels

same height and part of tongue, same degree of lip-rounding

different degree of muscular tension

seen and soon

both are high tense vowels

same height of tongue, same degree of muscular

tension different part of tongue, different degree of lip-

rounding,


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Tense unrounded high-front vowel

Examples:

/i:/

recent meter legal

easy season creature

seek speech succeed

believe achieve hygiene

caffein receive either

ski suite Phoenixamoeba

/i/ valley pretty hockey


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Lax unrounded high front vowel

Examples

(small cap I)

begin instant opinion

example biggest enough

gym rhythm palace cottage village busy

minute build guitar

marriage women been


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Tense unrounded mid-front vowel Examples:

famous chamber danger

saint raisin date (not dead)

betray obey display

vein neighbor veil (not veal)

great break braid (not bread)

Gourmet (t silent) bouquet /bUkeI/


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Lax unrounded mid-front vowel

Examples:

many necessary legendary

head special personnel (not personal)

measure leopard Leonard

said (say -/seI/) again bury burial

chair care bear

Lax unrounded low-front vowel

travel balance cabin

magic laugh aunt

chair care bear


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Central vowels

Stressed: cup bird Unstressed: ago later (see page 4 of intro)cup:

oven mother lovelyjumping hungry luncheonblood flood does cousin

bird:heard verse worldurge purpose earn

journal courtesy


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ago:

alive soda zebra

April policy gentlemenoccur opposite develop

lettuce ocean sergeant

dungeon pigeon surgeon

official commercial nation mentionfamous dangerous tortoise

gorgeous courageous anxious religious

later:

sugar grammar popular

another chamber neighbor

nature liquor grandeur


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Lax rounded high-back vowel

Examples:

put sure sugarcould would should

hood book poor

Tense vs Laxpool pull

stewed stood

food foot

soupfruitSee English Pronunciation in Use: Sun, full, June # 18


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Back vowels

Tense rounded high-back vowel

/u:/

tomb who move

tooth spoon baloon

choose loose rule

rude true glue

fruit juice bruisechew tube few/fju:/

/u/ (unstressed + word medial)issuable situation annual emulate


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Tense rounded mid-back

Examples:

both home October

oak load toe oboe

soul poultry elbow sorrow

dough although chauffeur plateau

Transcription exercise # 2


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Tense unrounded low-back Vowel vs tense

rounded mid-back

Some varieties of English do not distinguish between thevowel sounds in words such as baht and bought.

Both vowels are tense but one is rounded, the other one

is not, and the unrounded one is lower (and morefront) than the rounded one.

Tense unrounded low-back

Examples:

hot, body, bomb,Drama , carpet, star, garden, smart, farmer


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Tense unrounded low-back Vowel vs tense

rounded mid-back

Examples of words that can be pronounced either way:

mock, log, frog, wrong, forest, borrow, sorry, orange

(spelled with o + velar sounds, or + r sounds)Tense rounded mid-back

Examples:

salt, walk, warm, prawn, awful,

author, august, cost, lost, morning,bought, taught, slaughter, cough, broad


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Diphthongs

Vowel sounds pronounced together smoothly andcontinuously within the same syllable

A combination of two different positions of the tongue

with an audible glide from one anotherExamples of words with diphthongs

fine found foil

Examples of words with vowels with slight diphthongsfame foam

feel fool


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Word Stress

Stress means degree of loudness given to a word or asyllable.

There are 3 degrees of stress:

Primary the loudest table

Secondary not very loud introductionWeak no stress paper Every wordhas one syllable that is pronounced with the

highest degree of loudness (primary stress)


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Word Stress

Stress is important

invalid (n.) vs. invalid (adj.)

desert (n.) vs. dessert (n.) Stress is marked on the vowel.

One syllable words mat, so, fish, etc.

Two syllable words apple, delete, beware, paper

Three syllable words attitude, deliver, lemonadeFour syllable words introduction, consistency


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Word Stress

There are no definite stress rules but there are someuseful observations on where to mark a primary stress.

1. Most 2-syllable nouns ending with er,-or,-ure, -ace,

-ice, -ess, and age have primary stress on the 1st

syllable2. Two-syllable adjectives ending with ous haveprimary stress on the first syllable e.g. famous nervous

If there are more than 2 syllables, the primary stress

falls on the third syllable from ous marvelous,adventurous


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Word Stress6. Stress remains on the same syllable of the base word when

certain prefixes and suffixes are added to the base.

(There is no stress shift.)

7. A primary stress falls on the syllable right before ion, ic, ical, ity,-ian, -ify, -graphy, -logy education, organic, historical,originality, comedian, identify, bibliography, anthropology (Insome cases, we can see there is a stress shift to the syllable rightbefore these endings.)

magic magician, organ organic, history - historical


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Word Stress

Compound Nouns: primary stress falls on the firstelement and secondary stress falls on the secondelement

sewing machine fortune teller

Compound Verbs: primary stress falls on the secondelement and primary stress falls on the first element

overestimate understand withdraw Two-word verbs: primary stress falls on the particle

and secondary stress falls on the verb

pass away turn on put off


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Word Stress Compound adjectives

There are two stress patterns for compound adjectives:

1. secondary-primaryself-centered secondhand good-looking one-sided2. primary-secondary

breathtaking heart-broken color-blind


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Sentence Stress Normal Sentence Stress Pattern In a sentence, function words are not stressed (receive

weak stress) but content words are normally stressed.

Monosyllabic function words receive weak stress so thevowel sound in these words is reduced to // or /I/ e.g.and /nd/ is reduced to /nd/.

Sara bought some books for her sister.

Thisis ahappylittlefrog. Sentence stress creates rhythm.


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Sentence StressA long sentence is divided into thought groups. The

last content word in a thought group is marked withprimary stress. Other content words are marked with

secondary stress. I normally eatat the canteen/ but todayJim tookme

to a fine restaurantto have lunchwith him.

The sentence is divided into 2 thought groups. Weusually make a pause at the end of each thought group.When there are punctuation marks like , ; andconjunctions, we usually pause there.


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Sentence StressExceptions

Some function words which often add significant infofrequently receive stress e.g. wh question words and

demonstratives.

Function words normally receive stress when theyshow a contrast. I said I gave her a call, not him.

Emphatic stress. We can mark a primary stress on theword we want to emphasize. This means we dont usethe normal sentence stress pattern.

I seewhat you mean. There is no need to yell.


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Intonation It is the rising and falling of pitches in a thought

group.

There are 3 levels of pitch. High =3, Mid = 2, Low = 1 Intonation has many functions

1. grammatical function. Different types of sentencetake different intonation patterns.

Statement: 2-3-1 The high pitch coincides with theword that receives primary stress.

Yes/No question : 2-3

Non-final statement: 2-3-2 You can cook,/ and so can I.


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Intonation 2. Focusing function, showing emphasis.

Sara loved her new apartment.(normal/default

pattern)

Sara loved her newapartment

Sara loved hernew apartmentSara lovedher new apartmentSaraloved her new apartment3. Attitudinal function : I am good.


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Intonation 4. Discourse function (turn-taking, old-new

information)

2-3-1 : statement

command (asking someone to do something)

wh-question (seeking information)

2-3-2 : non-final statement/clause

2-3 : yes/no question


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IntonationIntonation patterns in long sentences.

2-3-2/2-3-1 sustained or non-final statement/final.

2-3/2-3/2-3-1 series

Dont forget to buy lettuce,/ tomatoes,/ and cucumbersfor the salad.

2-3-1/2-3 or 3-1

You are not ill,/ are you?2-3-1/ 2-3 (not certain of the statement)

2-3-1/ 3-1 (needs confirmation for thestatement)

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