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Before we begin…P-E-G-ASBefore we begin…P-E-G-AS

Political: Who controls what? What type of government is there? Anything to do with laws or war.Economic: What type of economy? How do people make a living? Geography: Where is it? Is the land mountainous? Desert? Oceanic? Advances/Social: Religious, intellectual, artistic

Slide 2 Ancient River Valley Slide 2 Ancient River Valley CivilizationsCivilizations

Sumer •Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable•No natural barriers•Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings

Egypt •Flooding of the Nile predictable•Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages•Deserts were natural barriers

Indus Valley • Indus flooding unpredictable•Monsoon winds•Mountains, deserts were natural barriers

China •Huang He flooding unpredictable•Mountains, deserts natural barriers•Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations

Slide 3 Early River Valley Slide 3 Early River Valley CivilizationsCivilizations

Slide 4 Slide 4 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA

Oldest known civilization

Cradle of Human Civilization

Old Testament

Nebuchadnezzar

Ziggurat (right)

Hanging gardens

Slide 5 GeographySlide 5 Geography

This civilization rose in the valleys between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.Some say this Fertile Crescent was the real Garden of Eden.It has few natural barriers.

Slide 6 In what modern day country Slide 6 In what modern day country was the Fertile Crescent?was the Fertile Crescent?

Slide 7Slide 7

IraqIraq

Slide 8 Ur, the capital city of Slide 8 Ur, the capital city of MesopotamiaMesopotamia

Slide 9 Slide 9 SumeriansSumeriansThe Sumerians invented writing called cuneiform.

Babylonians wrote using this “wedge-shaped” writing on clay tablets.

Number system based on 60.

12 month calendar

wheel, plow , sailboat

Slide 10 More cuneiform Slide 10 More cuneiform writingwriting

Slide 11 Ancient Mesopotamia Slide 11 Ancient Mesopotamia Social ClassesSocial Classes

Enslaved people

Artisans, merchants,

farmers, and fishers

Kings, Kings, Priests, Priests, Gov’t Gov’t

officialsofficials

Slide 12 More zigguratsSlide 12 More ziggurats

Slide 13 Hanging Gardens of Slide 13 Hanging Gardens of BabyloniaBabylonia

Slide 14 Babylon under King Slide 14 Babylon under King Nebuchadnezzar II.Nebuchadnezzar II.

Herodotus (historian in 450 B.C.) was quoted as saying the following: "In addition to its size, Babylon surpasses in splendor any city in the known world." Outer walls were 56 miles in length, 80 feet thick and 320 feet high. Wide enough to allow a four-horse chariot to turn. Inside the walls were fortresses and temples containing immense statues of solid gold. Rising above the city was the famous Tower of Babel, a temple to the god Marduk, that seemed to reach to the heavens

Slide 15 Another painting of the hanging Slide 15 Another painting of the hanging gardens with Tower of Babel in backgardens with Tower of Babel in back

                                                                

Slide 16 Economic: Trade and Slide 16 Economic: Trade and FarmingFarming

Traditional Economy

Sumerians (Mesopotamians) were known to trade with the Egyptians and the Indus Valley civilizations.

In later years, these trade routes became Silk Road.

Slide 17 Sumerians Invented Slide 17 Sumerians Invented The WheelThe Wheel

The wheel was invented by 6000 BC

It helped military, farming and trade.

At right, this is made of wood.

Slide 18 Political: Slide 18 Political: Mesopotamian LawMesopotamian Law

Code of Hammurabi

“eye for an eye tooth for a tooth”

Slide 20 ANCIENT Slide 20 ANCIENT EGYPTEGYPT

Nile River

Mummies

Pharaohs

Rameses

King Tutankhamen

Hieroglyphics

Slide 21 Egyptian CivilizationSlide 21 Egyptian Civilization

Egyptian civilization arose after Mesopotamia.

Geography: It was centered around the Nile River.

The Nile RiverThe Nile River

Slide 21 Nile RiverSlide 21 Nile River

Provided fish

Supported plants and animals

Two rivers, Blue Nile and White Nile, join to make the Nile River.

World’s longest river

Flows south to north

Floods watered the land and provided fertile soils for crops to grow.

Slide 22 The Sahara Desert.Slide 22 The Sahara Desert.

Largest desert in the world.

Egypt is naturally protected from enemies because it was surrounded by deserts, rivers, deltas, and cataracts (rapids).

Slide 23 PyramidsSlide 23 Pyramids

Pyramids were tombs for the kings.

The most famous are the Giza pyramids (shown to left).

These were built in 3500 B.C.E.

How old are they?

Slide 24 Political: Egyptian Slide 24 Political: Egyptian PharaohsPharaohs

Egyptians were led by Pharaohs, who were priest-kings.The most famous pharaoh is King Tut.Using computers, this image was reconstructed using his remains.Eventually, Egypt was divided into 2 kingdoms (Upper and Lower).

TutankhamunTutankhamun

http://www.kingtutone.com/tutankhamun/enter/

Tutankhamen on the throneTutankhamen on the throne

Abu Simbel was built by Ramseses II Abu Simbel was built by Ramseses II

Slide 25 Egypt’s ReligionSlide 25 Egypt’s Religion

They believed in many gods and goddesses and in life after death for the pharaohs.

Hapi – main god

Isis – main goddess

Book of the Dead

Slide 26 MummiesSlide 26 Mummies

Egyptians who could afford to do so would have themselves mummified.

They believed in a better afterlife if their body was preserved.

Slide 27 Slide 27 Mummification Mummification

ProcessProcess

Took out all of the internal organs, except the heart because it was believed to be the intelligence and emotion of the person.

Organs were put in canopic jars, that were put in the tomb with the mummy.

Brain was taken out through the nose because it had no significant value.

The body was packed and covered with natron (a salty drying agent). Then the body was left for 40-50 days. 

MummiesMummies

Slide 28 Egyptians wrote in Slide 28 Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphicshieroglyphics

Made up of sound and picture symbols

Only scribes (men) were taught to write

HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics

Slide 29 What did Egyptians Slide 29 What did Egyptians write on?write on?

PapyrusAlso used to make baskets, sandals and river rafts

The Great Sphinx is located on the Giza plateau, about six miles west of Cairo.

The Great Sphinx is located on the Giza plateau, about six miles west of Cairo.

Slide 30 Egyptian Social Slide 30 Egyptian Social ClassesClasses

Slide 31 Egyptian EconomySlide 31 Egyptian EconomyAlthough Egypt looks really sophisticated, the economy is a traditional economy based on farming and trade.

Egyptians traded up and down the Nile, with Mesopotamians and sometimes with the Indus Valley (in Pakistan)

Indus Valley CivilizationIndus Valley Civilization

Slide 33 The Land of IndiaSlide 33 The Land of India

Subcontinent

Himalaya Mountains

Five nations of today:

India,

Pakistan in the NW,

Nepal,

Bhutan, and

Bangladesh in NE

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Slide 34 Fertile River ValleysSlide 34 Fertile River Valleys

2 river valleys: Ganges and Indus

South is dry and hilly (Deccan Plateau)

Eastern and Western coasts are lush, fertile plains.

MonsoonsWinter – cold, dry air from mts

Summer – warm, wet air from

the Arabian Sea

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Slide 35 Indus River ValleySlide 35 Indus River Valley

This civilization is still mysterious.

The writing has not been translated.

Slide 36 Indus River Slide 36 Indus River CivilizationCivilization

We do know the cities were sophisticated enough to have brick walls surrounding them for protection against flooding from the Indus River.

Slide 37 India’s greatest advancements Slide 37 India’s greatest advancements were in mathematics.were in mathematics.

Invented the zero and the symbol for it (another for infinity)

They invented the number system we use today (1-9)

Algebra

Set algorithms

Slide 38 Ancient India’s Slide 38 Ancient India’s contributionscontributions

Farmers raised cattle, made the cow sacred and could not be killed.

Grew wheat, millet, barley, and rice

Developed iron plow

Developed a written language – Sanskitt

Slide 39Ancient India’s Slide 39Ancient India’s religionsreligions

Hinduism-Many gods, reincarnation- (Birth-Death-Rebirth), and Dharma is their law

Buddhism-Nirvana, 4 Noble Truths, No material possessions

Slide 40 Indus EconomySlide 40 Indus Economy

Just like the other river valley civilizations, the Indus river valley people were mostly farmers.

Traditional economy

They traded with the Chinese, with the Sumerians (Mesopotamians) and sometimes with the Egyptians.

Slide 41 Ancient India rulersSlide 41 Ancient India rulers

Dynasty – a series of rulers from the same family.

1st dynasty – Mauryan family

Gupta dynasty

Mahabbarata

Slide 42 ANCIENT Slide 42 ANCIENT CHINACHINAGreat Wall

Began 2000 B.C.

Mandate of Heaven

Dynasties

Silk

Astronomy

Slide 43 YellowSlide 43 Yellow

River CivilizationRiver CivilizationAncient China was formed around the Yellow River.

The color yellow symbolized “centrality”, as in China is the center of the world.

Huang He (Yellow River)

Slide 44 Chinese Slide 44 Chinese AccomplishmentsAccomplishments

During the Zhou and Shang periods achievements in astronomy and bronze work learned to make silkcreate booksdeveloped a complex system of writing.

Slide 45 The Chinese LanguageSlide 45 The Chinese Language

3 examples:

1. Pictographs-Pictures that represent things.

2. Ideographs – join together two or more pictographs to form an idea.

3. Chinese Calligraphy

Most characters in their language represent whole words and not sounds.

Slide 46 Example of Chinese Calligraphy

Slide 47 Ancient Chinese Social Slide 47 Ancient Chinese Social ClassesClasses

Landowning aristocrats

Peasant farmers

Merchants

Slide 48 E:Chinese Invented Slide 48 E:Chinese Invented SilkSilk

Silk was exotic and expensive, so it was good for trading with the rest of the world.

It is made from silk worms.

Silk also makes “paper”

Slide 49 Silk wormSlide 49 Silk worm

Slide 50 Ancient China Slide 50 Ancient China EconomyEconomy

•Farming and trade

•Traditional economy

•First to develop terrace farming-Solution for farming on hillsides. People use Terraces or different levels for farming.

•This method is still used today for rice and other crops. Chinese Rice Terrace

dyn

Slide 51 DynastySlide 51 Dynasty

Dynasty-A family or group that maintains power for generations

Xia dynasty -1st dynasty

Shang dynasty – built first Chinese cities1750 B.C. – 1045 B.C.

Slide 52 Confucius’ ideasSlide 52 Confucius’ ideasRestore family order and social harmony:

Fathers should display high moral values to inspire their families.

Children should respect and obey their parents.

All family members should be loyal to each other.

Government:

Moral leadership, not laws, brought order to China.

A king should lead by example, inspiring good behavior in all of his subjects.

The lower classes would learn by following the example of their superiors.

Slide 53 Ancient Chinese Slide 53 Ancient Chinese ReligionReligion

Believed in gods and spirits

Had to keep them happy by offerings of food and other goods

Angry gods and spirits may cause a poor harvest or armies to lose a battle

Kings received power and wisdom from them

Ancient ChinaAncient China

The Great Wall of China was The Great Wall of China was built to keep the Mongols out.built to keep the Mongols out.

Many died building it, and their Many died building it, and their bodies were used as filler for it.bodies were used as filler for it.