sla battery manual

7/29/2019 SLA Battery Manual

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2/28Weve Got The Power.

Features of Power-Sonic Sealed Lead Acid Batteries .................................................1

Battery Construction ........................................................................................................2

Theory of Operation ..................................................................................................3 & 4

Battery Capacity ........................................................................................................5 & 6

Battery Capacity Selector ................................................................................................7

Performance Data ............................................................................................................8

Discharge..................................................................................................................................8

OpenCircuitVoltage.................................................................................................................8

Temperature.............................................................................................................................9

ShelfLifeandStorage...........................................................................................................10

BatteryLife....................................................................................................................... 10-11

OverDischarge.......................................................................................................................12

Charging ...........................................................................................................................12

ChargingTechniquesSummary............................................................................................13

ChargingCharacteristics........................................................................................................13

ChargingMethods..................................................................................................................13

ConstantVoltageCharging....................................................................................................14

ConstantCurrentCharging....................................................................................................15

Taper-CurrentCharging..........................................................................................................15

Overcharging..........................................................................................................................16 Undercharging........................................................................................................................16

ChargingforCycleOperation.................................................................................................16

ChargingforStandbyOperation............................................................................................16

Two-StepConstantVoltageCharging....................................................................................17

CharginginSeries..................................................................................................................17

CharginginParallel................................................................................................................18

TemperatureCompensation..................................................................................................18

TopCharging...........................................................................................................................18

ChargingEfciency.................................................................................................................19

Important Dos and Donts ............................................................................................20 Handling..................................................................................................................................20

Installation..............................................................................................................................20

Charging..................................................................................................................................21

Notes ................................................................................................................................22

Glossary ...........................................................................................................................24

Table of Contents


3/28

Sealed/MaintenanceFreeThevalveregulatedspillproofconstructionallows

trouble-freesafeoperationinanyposition.Thereisno

needtoaddelectrolyte,asgasesgeneratedduringthe

chargephasearerecombinedinauniqueoxygencycle.

Power-Sonicsealedleadacidbatteriescanbeoperated

invirtuallyanyorientationwithoutthelossofcapacityor

electrolyteleakage.However,upsidedownoperationis

notrecommended.

Long Shelf LifeAlowself-dischargerate,uptoapproximately3%per

month,mayallowstorageoffullychargedbatteries

foruptoayear,dependingonstoragetemperatures,

beforechargingbecomescritical. However, we strongly

recommend that all batteries should be recharged within

six months of receipt as it will enhance their long term life.

PleaserefertothisTechnicalManualandindividual

batteryspecicationsheetsformoredetails.

Design FlexibilitySamemodelbatteriesmaybeusedinseriesand/or

paralleltoobtainchoiceofvoltageandcapacity.The

samebatterymaybeusedineithercyclicorstandby

applications.Over80modelsavailabletochoosefrom.

Deep Discharge RecoverySpecialseparators,advancedplatecompositionanda

carefullybalancedelectrolytesystemensurethatthebatteryhastheabilitytorecoverfromexcessivelydeep

discharge.

EconomicalThehighwatt-hourperdollarvalueismadepossibleby

thematerialsusedinasealedlead-acidbattery;theyare

readilyavailableandlowincost.

Easy HandlingNospecialhandlingprecautionsorshippingcontainers,

surfaceorair,arerequiredduetotheleak-proof

construction.Pleaserefertothedeclarationofnon

restrictedstatusforD.O.T.andI.A.T.A.aslistedinthe

Literaturesectionofourwebsite:www.power-sonic.com.

CompactPower-Sonicbatteriesutilizestateoftheartdesign,high

gradematerials,andacarefullycontrolledplate-making

processtoprovideexcellentoutputpercell.Thehigh

energydensityresultsinsuperiorpower/volumeand

power/weightratios.

Low Pressure Valve RegulatorsAllbatteriesfeatureaseriesoflowpressureone-way

reliefvalves.Thesevalvessafelyreleaseanyexcessive

accumulationofgasinsidethebatteryandthenreseal.

High Discharge RateLowinternalresistanceallowsdischargecurrentsofup

totentimestheratedcapacityofthebattery.Relatively

smallbatteriesmaythusbespeciedinapplications

requiringhighpeakcurrents.

Wide Operating Temperature RangePower-Sonicbatteriesmaybedischargedovera

temperaturerangeof-40Cto+60C(-40Fto+

140F)andchargedattemperaturesrangingfrom

-20Cto+50C(-4Fto+122F).

Rugged ConstructionThehighimpactresistantbatterycaseismadeofnon-

conductiveABSplastic.Thecasematerialsimpartgreat

resistancetoshock,vibration,chemicalsandheat.

FlameRetardant(FR)batterycasesandlidsareavailable

wheretheendapplicationdictates.

Long Service LifePS/PSHandPSGSeries:Haveadesignlifeofuptove

yearsinstandbyapplications.Incyclicalapplications

upto1,000charge/dischargecyclescanbeexpected

dependingonaveragedepthofdischarge.

PGSeries:Haveadesignlifeofupto10yearsinoat

applications.

PleaseconsultthisTechnicalManualandproduct

specicationstobecomeawareofthemanyfactorsthat

effectproductlife.

Theinformationcontainedwithinisprovidedasaservicetoourcustomersandisfortheirinformationonly.The

informationandrecommendationssetforthhereinaremadeingoodfaithandarebelievedtobeaccurateatthedate

compiled.Power-SonicCorporationmakesnowarrantyexpressedorimplied.

Features of Power-Sonic Sealed Lead Acid Batteries

POWER-SONIC Rechargeable Batteries


4/28 Weve Got The Power.

Battery Construction

Relief valveIn case of excessive gas pressure build-up

inside the battery, the relief valve will open

and relieve the pressure. The one-way valve

not only ensures that no air gets into the

battery where the oxygen would react withthe plates causing internal discharge, but

also represents an important safety device in

the event of excessive overcharge.

Vent release pressure is between 2-6 psi; the

seal ring material is neoprene rubber.

TerminalsDepending on the model, batteries come either with AMP Faston type

terminals made of tin plated brass, post type terminals of the same

composition with threaded nut and bolt hardware, or heavy duty flag

terminals made of lead alloy.

A special epoxy is used as sealing material surrounding the terminals.

ElectrolyteImmobilized dilute sulfuric

acid: H2S04.

Separators

Power-Sonic separators are madeof non-woven glass fiber cloth

with high heat and oxidation

resistance. The material further

offers superior electrolyte

absorption and retaining ability,

as well as excellent ion

conductivity.

Plates (electrodes)Power-Sonic utilizes the latest

technology and equipment to

cast grids from a lead-calcium

alloy free of antimony. The

small amount of calcium and

tin in the grid alloy imparts

strength to the plate and

guarantees durability even in

extensive cycle service. Lead

dioxide paste is added to the

grid to form the electrically

active material.

In the charged state, the

negative plate paste is pure

lead and that of the positive

lead dioxide. Both of these are

in a porous or spongy form to

optimize surface area and

thereby maximize capacity. The

heavy duty lead calcium alloy

grids provide an extra margin of

performance and life in both

cyclic and float applications and

give unparalleled recovery from

deep discharge.

Leakproof Design & Operational SafetyThe leak proof construction of Power-Sonic batteries has

ensured that our batteries have been approved for

shipment by air, both by D.O.T. and I.A.T.A. Copies of

these approvals are available on our website:

www.power-sonic.com.

U.Ls component recognition

program for emergency lighting and

power batteries lists Power-Sonic

under file number MH20845

Case SealingDepending on the model the case

sealing is ultrasonic, epoxy or

heat seal.

ContainerCase and lid material is ABS,

high impact, resin with high

resistance to chemicals and

flammability. Case and cover are

made of non-conductive ABS

plastic to UL94-HB or UL94 V-O.

This case has molded-in dividers

for each 2 volt cell.


5/28POWER-SONIC Rechargeable Batteries

DischargeDuringthedischargeportionofthereaction,leaddioxide(PbO 2)isconvertedintoleadsulfate(PbSO4)atthepositive

plate.Atthenegativeplatespongelead(Pb)isconvertedtoleadsulfate(PbSO4).Thiscausesthesulfuricacid(2H2SO4)

intheelectrolytetobeconsumed.

Figure : Chemical reaction when a battery is being discharged

ChargeDuringtherechargephaseofthereaction,thecycleisreversed.Theleadsulfate(PbSO 4)andwaterare

electrochemicallyconvertedtolead(Pb),leaddioxide(PbO4)andsulfuricacid(2H2SO4)byanexternalelectricalcharging

source.

Figure : Chemical reaction when a battery is being charged

Theory of Operation

Thebasicelectrochemicalreactionequationinaleadacidbatterycanbewrittenas:



Oxygen RecombinationToproduceatrulymaintenance-freebattery,itisnecessarythatgasesgeneratedduringoverchargearerecombinedin

aso-calledoxygencycle.Shouldoxygenandhydrogenescape,agradualdryingoutwouldoccur,eventuallyaffecting

capacityandbatterylife.

Duringcharge,oxygenisgeneratedatthepositiveandreactswithandpartiallydischargesthespongeleadofthenegative.Aschargingcontinuestheoxygenrecombineswiththehydrogenbeinggeneratedbythenegative,forming

water.Thewatercontentoftheelectrolytethusremainsunchangedunlessthechargingrateistoohigh.

Incaseofrapidgenerationofoxygenexceedingtheabsorbingcapacityofthenegativeplate,thepressurereliefvalve

willopentoreleaseexcessivegas.

Deep DischargePower-Sonicbatteriesareprotectedagainstcellshortingbytheadditionofabufferingagentthatensuresthepresence

ofacidionseveninafullydischargedstate.

Power-Sonicdenesdeepdischargeasonethatallowsthebatteryvoltageunderloadtogobelowthecut-off(or

nal)voltageofafulldischarge.Therecommendedcutoffvoltagevarieswiththedischargerate.Table1showsthe

naldischargevoltagespercell.

Itisimportanttonotethatdeepdischargingabatteryathighratesforshortperiodsisnotnearlyassevereas

dischargingabatteryatlowratesforlongperiodsoftime.Toclarify,letsanalyzetwoexamples:

Battery A Dischargedatthe1Cratetozerovolts.Cfora4AHbattery,forexample,is4amps.Fulldischargeisreachedafterabout30minuteswhen

thebatteryvoltagedropsto1.5V/cell.Atthispoint,only50%ofratedcapacityhasbeendischarged(1

Campsx0.5hrs=0.5CAmp.Hrs).Continuingthedischargetozerovoltswillbringthetotalamountof

dischargedampere-hourstoapproximately75%becausetherapidlydecliningvoltagequicklyreduces

currentowtoatrickle.Thebatterywillrecovereasilyfromthistypeofdeepdischarge.

Battery B

Dischargedatthe0.01Cratetozerovolts.

0.0ICfora4AHbatteryis40mA.Fulldischargeisreachedafter100+hourswhentheterminalvoltage

dropsto1.75V/cell.Atthispoint,thebatteryhasalreadydelivered100%ofitsratedcapacity(0.01x

100hrs=1CAmp.Hrs.).Continuingthedischargetozerovoltswillkeepthebatteryunderloadfora

furtherperiodoftime,squeezingouteverybitofstoredenergy.

Thistypeofdeepdischargeissevereandislikelytodamagethebattery.Thesooneraseverely

dischargedbatteryisrecharged,thebetteritschancestofullyrecover.

Theory of Operation

Discharge Current Final Discharge Voltage Per Cell

0.1Corbelow,orintermittentdischarge 1.75

0.17Corcurrentclosetoit 1.75

0.6Corcurrentclosetoit 1.70

From1Cto2Corcurrentclosetoit 1.50

3Corcurrentclosetoitandabove 1.37

Table : Final discharge voltage per cell



Capacity

Thecapacityofabatteryisthetotalamountofelectricalenergyavailablefromafullychargedcellorcells.Itsvalue

dependsonthedischargecurrent,thetemperatureduringdischarge,thenal(cut-off)voltageandthegeneralhistory

ofthebattery.

Table2showscapacitiesforvariousmultiplesofthe20-hourdischargecurrentforPS,PSHandPSGmodels.

RatedCapacity

20 Hour Rate 10 Hour Rate 5 Hour Rate 1 Hour Rate

Amps AH Amps AH Amps AH Amps AH

0.5 AH 0.025 0.50 0.045 0.45 0.08 0.40 0.30 0.30

0.8 AH 0.04 0.80 0.072 0.72 0.13 0.65 0.48 0.48

1.1 AH 0.055 1.10 0.10 1.00 0.19 0.95 0.68 0.68

1.4 AH 0.07 1.40 0.13 1.30 0.24 1.20 0.85 0.85

2.0 AH 0.10 2.00 0.19 1.90 0.34 1.70 1.24 1.24

2.3 AH 0.115 2.30 0.225 2.25 0.39 1.95 1.38 1.38

2.5 AH 0.125 2.50 0.22 2.20 0.40 2.00 1.50 1.50

2.8 AH 0.14 2.80 0.25 2.50 0.48 2.40 1.70 1.70

2.9 AH 0.145 2.90 0.26 2.60 0.49 2.45 1.80 1.80

3.2 AH 0.16 3.20 0.30 3.00 0.54 2.70 2.00 2.00

3.4 AH 0.17 3.40 0.33 3.30 0.58 2.90 2.20 2.20

3.5 AH 0.175 3.50 0.33 3.40 0.59 2.95 2.17 2.17

3.8 AH 0.19 3.80 0.35 3.50 0.64 3.20 2.40 2.40

4.5 AH 0.225 4.50 0.41 4.10 0.64 3.20 2.75 2.75

5.0 AH 0.25 5.00 0.43 4.30 0.80 4.00 3.00 3.00

5.4 AH 0.27 5.40 0.50 5.00 0.90 4.50 3.60 3.60

5.5 AH 0.275 5.50 0.54 5.40 0.95 4.75 3.70 3.70

6.0 AH 0.30 6.00 0.56 5.60 0.98 4.90 3.60 3.60

6.5 AH 0.325 6.50 0.61 6.10 1.10 5.50 4.03 4.03

7.0 AH 0.35 7.00 0.63 6.30 1.19 5.95 4.34 4.34

7.2 AH 0.36 7.20 0.70 7.00 1.30 6.50 4.60 4.60

8.0 AH 0.40 8.00 0.78 7.75 1.40 7.00 4.80 4.80

8.5 AH 0.425 8.50 0.81 8.10 1.50 7.50 6.50 6.50

9.0 AH 0.45 9.00 0.83 8.30 1.54 7.70 5.60 5.60

10.0 AH 0.50 10.00 0.93 9.30 1.70 8.50 6.20 6.20

10.5 AH 0.53 10.50 0.98 9.80 1.87 9.35 6.82 6.82

12.0 AH 0.60 12.00 1.15 11.50 2.10 10.50 7.30 7.30

13.0 AH 0.65 13.00 1.22 12.20 2.30 11.50 8.00 8.00

14.0 AH 0.70 14.00 1.30 13.00 2.50 12.50 8.45 8.45

18.0 AH 0.90 18.00 1.70 17.00 3.20 16.00 11.10 11.10

20.0 AH 1.00 20.00 1.85 18.50 3.40 17.00 12.40 12.40

21.0 AH 1.05 21.00 2.00 20.00 3.70 18.50 13.00 13.00

26.0 AH 1.30 26.00 2.40 24.00 4.40 22.00 16.10 16.10

28.0 AH 1.40 28.00 2.62 26.20 5.00 25.00 18.60 18.60

35.0 AH 1.75 35.00 3.30 33.00 6.20 31.00 25.00 25.00

36.0 AH 1.80 36.00 3.35 33.50 6.12 30.60 22.30 22.30

40.0 AH 2.00 40.00 3.80 38.00 6.70 33.50 24.00 24.00

55.0 AH 2.75 55.00 5.10 51.00 8.80 44.00 30.60 30.60

75.0 AH 3.75 75.00 7.20 72.00 13.60 68.00 47.00 47.00

100.0 AH 5.00 100.00 9.20 92.00 15.80 79.00 55.20 55.20

110.0 AH 5.50 110.00 10.30 103.00 17.70 88.50 61.80 61.80

140.0 AH 7.00 140.00 13.50 135.00 24.00 120.00 84.00 84.00

210.0 AH 10.50 210.00 20.00 200.00 36.00 180.00 168.00 168.00

Table : Capacities for various multiples of the 0-hour discharge current - PS, PSH and PSG models.


8/28

Capacity

Capacity,expressedinampere-hours(AH),isthe

productofthecurrentdischargedandthelengthof

dischargetime.Theratedcapacity(C)ofaPower-

Sonicbattery(PS,PSHandPSG-Series)ismeasured

byitsperformanceover20hoursofconstantcurrent

dischargeatatemperatureof20C(68F)toacut

offvoltageof1.75volts/cell.

Asanexample,modelPS-610,witharatedcapacityof1.1AHwilldeliver55mA(1/20of1.1AH,or0.05C)for

20hoursbeforethevoltagereachesanendvoltageof

5.25volts.

Bycyclingthebatteryafewtimesoroatcharging

itforamonthortwo,thehighestlevelofcapacity

developmentisachieved.Power-Sonicbatteries

arefullychargedbeforeleavingthefactory,butfull

capacityisrealizedonlyafterthebatteryhasbeen

cycledafewtimesorbeenonoatchargeforsome

time.

Whenabatterydischargesataconstantrate,itscapacitychangesaccordingtotheamperageload.

Capacityincreaseswhenthedischargecurrentisless

thanthe20hourrateanddecreaseswhenthecurrent

ishigher.

Rated

Capacity

20 Hour Rate 10 Hour Rate 5 Hour Rate 1 Hour Rate

Amps AH Amps AH Amps AH Amps AH

28.0 AH 1.50 30.00 2.80 28.00 5.10 25.50 18.60 18.60

35.0 AH 1.80 36.00 3.50 35.00 6.50 32.50 27.00 27.00

42.0 AH 2.25 45.00 4.20 42.00 7.20 36.00 25.20 25.20

56.0 AH 3.00 60.00 5.60 56.00 9.50 47.50 33.00 33.00

65.0 AH 3.53 70.60 6.50 65.00 11.20 56.00 39.00 39.00

75.0 AH 4.00 80.00 7.50 75.00 12.90 64.50 45.00 45.00

92.0 AH 4.90 98.00 9.20 92.00 15.80 79.00 55.20 55.20

103.0 AH 5.55 111.00 10.30 103.00 17.70 88.50 61.80 61.80

124.0 AH 6.45 129.00 12.40 124.00 21.30 106.50 74.40 74.40

144.0 AH 7.70 154.00 14.40 144.00 24.08 120.40 84.00 84.00

153.0 AH 8.30 166.00 15.30 153.00 26.30 131.50 91.80 91.80

210 0 AH 11.30 226.00 21.00 210.00 36.10 180.50 126.00 126.00

Table : PG-Series batteries, by industry convention, are rated at their 0 hour rate.

Table3showscapacitiesforvariousmultiplesofthe20-hourdischargecurrentforPGmodels.

Weve Got The Power.



Figure3showscapac

itylinesformajorPower-Sonicbatter

ymodels

withdifferentampere-hourratings.

Amperageisonthehorizontal

scaleandthetimeela

psedisontheverticalscale;thepro

ductof

thesevaluesistheca

pacity.

Properbatteryselectionforaspecicapplicationca

nbemadefrom

thisgraphifthe

requiredtimeandcurrentareknow

n.

Forexample,

todetermineth

epropercapacityofabatteryproviding3ampsfor20

minutes,

locate

theintersectionofthesevaluesonthegraph.

Theline

immediatelyab

ovethatpointrepresentsthebattery

whichwillmeet

therequiremen

t.

Figure:CapacitylinesforPower-Sonicbatteries

DischargeTime(Amps)

DischargeTime(hrs)



Performance Data

DischargeDuringdischargethevoltagewilldecrease.ThegraphsinFigure4illustratethisfordifferentdischargeratesand

ambienttemperatures.Cistheratedcapacityofabattery:CformodelPS-61O(6V1.1AH)is1.1AH.By

conventiontheratingofnearlyallsealed-leadacidbatteries,isbasedona20-hour(0.05C)dischargerate.Forlarger

batteriesusedfortelecomandlargeUPSsystems(ourPG-Series)theconventionistousea10-hourrate(0.1C).

AnimportantfeatureofPower-Sonicbatteriesisshowninthedischargecurves;namely,thevoltagetendstoremain

highandalmostconstantforarelativelylongperiodbeforedecliningtoanendvoltage.

Open-Circuit VoltageOpencircuitvoltagevariesaccordingtoambienttemperatureandtheremainingcapacityofthebattery.Generally,open

circuitvoltageisdeterminedbythespecicgravityoftheelectrolyte.Dischargingabatterylowersthespecicgravity.

TheopencircuitvoltageofaPower-Sonicbatteryis2.16V/cellwhenfullychargedand1.94V/cellwhencompletely

discharged.

AsseeninFigure4,underload,thebatterycandeliverusefulenergyatlessthan1.94V/cell,butaftertheloadis

removedtheopencircuitvoltagewillbouncebacktovoltagesshowninFigure5,dependentuponresidualcapacity.

Figure : Discharge Characteristic Curves at 0C (F)

Figure : Open-Circuit Voltage Characteristics

Discharge Time

T

erminalVoltage

TerminalVoltage

Residual Capacity (%)



TemperatureActualcapacityisafunctionofambienttemperatureandrateofdischarge.At20C(68F)ratedcapacityis100%.

Thecapacityincreasesslowlyabovethistemperatureanddecreasesasthetemperaturefalls.Evenat-40C(-40F),

however,thePower-Sonicbatterywillstillfunctionatbetterthan30%ofitsratedcapacitywhendischargedatthe20-

hourrate(0.05C).Atanyambienttemperature,thehighertherateofdischarge,thelowertheavailablecapacity.This

relationshipisshowninFigure6.

Power-Sonicbatteriesmaybedischargedattemperaturesrangingfrom-40Cto60C(-40Fto140F)andcharged

attemperaturesfrom-20Cto50C(-4Fto122F).

Whileraisingambienttemperatureincreasescapacity,italsodecreasesusefulservicelife.Itisestimatedthatbattery

lifeishalvedforeach10C(18F)abovenormalroomtemperature.

Performance Data

Figure : Relationship between current and discharge time

for different ambient temperatures

Figure : Effect of Temperature on Capacity

CapacityRatio(%)

Temperature (C)

DischargeTime

Discharge Current (A)



Performance Data

Shelf Life & StorageLowinternalresistanceandspecialalloysintheelectrodesassurealowselfdischargerateand,consequently,along

shelflife.Ifkeptat20C(68F),about60-70%ofthenominalcapacityremainsafteroneyearofstorage.Duetothe

self-dischargecharacteristicsofthistypeofbattery,itisimperativethattheybechargedwithin6monthsofstorage,

otherwisepermanentlossofcapacitymightoccurasaresultofsulfation.

Therateofselfdischargevarieswiththeambienttemperature.Atroomtemperature(20C(68F))itisabout3%per

month.Atlowtemperaturesitisnearlynegligible;athigherambienttemperaturesselfdischargeincreases.

Toobtainmaximumbatterylifeandperformance,batteriesshouldberechargedassoonaspossibleaftereachuseand

notstoredinadischargedstate.Ifpossiblebatteriesshouldbestoredat20C(68F)orlower,andrechargedeverysix

monthswhennotinuse.

Battery LifeCyclicUse:Thenumberofcharge/dischargecyclesdependsonthecapacitytakenfromthebattery(afunctionof

dischargerateanddepthofdischarge),operatingtemperatureandthechargingmethod.

Figure 8: Self Discharge Characteristics

Figure : Relationship between depth of discharge and number of cycles

as well as increases of capacity during the early cycles.

CapacityReten

tionRatio(%)

Storage Period (Months)

Rete

ntionCapacity(%)

Number of Cycles



Performance Data

Battery Life (continued)StandbyUse:Theoatservicelife,orlifeexpectancyundercontinuouscharge,dependsonthefrequencyanddepthof

discharge,thechargevoltage,andtheambienttemperature.Ataoatvoltageof2.25Vto2.30V/cellandanambient

temperatureof20Cto25C(60Fto77F)Power-Sonicbatteriesshouldlastfourtoveyearsbeforethecapacity

dropsto60%ofitsoriginalrating.

ThegraphinFigure11showslifecharacteristicsinoat(standby)serviceforambienttemperaturesrangingfrom

15Cto55C(60Fto130F).Ifprevailingambienttemperaturesarewellabove20Cto25C(68Fto77F)the

lifeexpectancyofthistypeofbatteryinoatservicedependsgreatlyontemperaturecompensatedcharging.Thetypical

temperaturecoefcientis2mV/cell/20Candunder.

Figure 0: Indicates how capacity changes over time.

Figure : Service life at various ambient temperatures

RetentionCapacity(%)

Years

ServiceLife(Years)

Temperature (C)



Performance Data

Over DischargeTooptimizebatterylife,itisrecommendedthatthebatterybedisconnectedfromtheload(eitherelectronicallyor

manually)whentheendvoltage-afunctionofthedischargerate-isreached.Itisthevoltagepointatwhich100%of

theusablecapacityofthebatteryhasbeenconsumedorcontinuationofthedischargeisuselessbecauseofthevoltage

droppingbelowusefullevels.ThenaldischargevoltagespercellareshowninTable1(Page4).

Dischargingasealedlead-acidbatterybelowthisvoltageorleavingabatteryconnectedtoaloadwillimpairthebatterys

abilitytoacceptacharge.Topreventpotentialoverdischargeproblems,voltagecutoffcircuitsasshowninFigure12

maybeused.

Figure : Circuits of Over-Discharge Preventative Device

Charging

Dependableperformanceandlongservicelife

dependuponcorrectcharging.Faultyproceduresor

inadequatechargingequipmentresultindecreased

batterylifeand/orunsatisfactoryperformance.The

selectionofsuitablechargingcircuitsandmethods

isasimportantaschoosingtherightbatteryforthe

application.

Power-Sonicbatteriesmaybechargedbyusinganyoftheconventionalchargingtechniques:

ConstantVoltage

ConstantCurrent

Taper-Current

TwoStepConstantVoltage

Toobtainmaximumservicelifeandcapacity,along

withacceptablerechargetimeandeconomy,constant

voltage-currentlimitedchargingisrecommended.

TochargeaPower-SonicSLAbattery,aDCvoltage

between2.30voltspercell(oat)and2.45voltsper

cell(fast)isappliedtotheterminalsofthebattery.

Dependingonthestateofcharge,thecellmay

temporarilybelowerafterdischargethantheapplied

voltage.Aftersometime,however,itshouldleveloff.

Duringcharge,theleadsulfateofthepositiveplate

becomesleaddioxide.Asthebatteryreachesfullcharge,thepositiveplatebeginsgeneratingdioxide

causingasuddenriseinvoltageduetodecreasing

internalresistance.Aconstantvoltagecharge,

therefore,allowsdetectionofthisvoltageincreaseand

thuscontrolofthecurrentchargeamount.

Additionalinformationregardingchargingmethodscan

befoundonpages13through19.



Charging

Charging CharacteristicsDuringconstantvoltageortapercharging,thebatteryscurrentacceptancedecreasesasvoltageandstateofcharge

increase.Thebatteryisfullychargedoncethecurrentstabilizesatalowlevelforafewhours.Therearetwocriteriafor

determiningwhenabatteryisfullycharged:(1)thenalcurrentleveland(2)thepeakchargingvoltagewhilethiscurrent

ows.

Charging MethodsSelectingtheappropriatechargingmethoddependsontheintendeduse(cyclicoroatservice),economic

considerations,rechargetime,anticipatedfrequencyanddepthofdischarge,andexpectedservicelife.Thekeygoalof

anychargingmethodistocontrolthechargecurrentattheendofthecharge.

Figure : Typical charge characteristics for cycle service where

charging is non-continuous and peak voltage can be higher.

Figure : Typical characteristics for standby service type charge. Here,

charging is continuous and the peak charge voltage must be lower.



Charging

Constant Voltage ChargingConstantvoltagechargingisthebestmethodtochargePower-Sonicbatteries.Dependingontheapplication,batteries

maybechargedeitheronacontinuousornon-continuousbasis.Inapplicationswherestandbypowerisrequiredto

operatewhentheACpowerhasbeeninterrupted,continuousoatchargingisrecommended.Non-continuouscyclic

chargingisusedprimarilywithportableequipmentwherechargingonanintermittentbasisisappropriate.

Theconstantvoltagechargemethodappliesaconstantvoltagetothebatteryandlimitstheinitialchargecurrent.Itis

necessarytosetthechargevoltageaccordingtospeciedchargeandtemperaturecharacteristics.Inaccuratevoltage

settingscauseover-orunder-charge.Thischargingmethodcanbeusedforbothcyclicandstandbyapplications.

Figure : Constant voltage charging circuit

Figure : Constant voltage charging characteristics



Charging

Constant Current ChargingConstantcurrentchargingissuitedforapplicationswheredischargedampere-hoursoftheprecedingdischargecycleare

known.Chargetimeandchargequantitycaneasilybecalculated,howeveranexpensivecircuitisnecessarytoobtaina

highlyaccurateconstantcurrent.Monitoringofchargevoltageorlimitingofchargetimeisnecessarytoavoidexcessive

overcharge.

Whilethischargingmethodisveryeffectiveforrecoveringthecapacityofabatterythathasbeenstoredforanextended

periodoftime,orforoccasionaloverchargingtoequalizecellcapacities,itlacksspecicpropertiesrequiredintodays

electronicenvironment.

Taper-Current ChargingThismethodisnotrecommendedasitissomewhatabusiveofsealedleadacidbatteriesandcanshortenservice

life.However,becauseofthesimplicityofthecircuitandlowcost,taper-currentchargingisextensivelyusedtocharge

multiplenumbersand/orforcycliccharging.

Whenusingataper-currentchargerthechargertimeshouldbelimitedorachargingcut-offcircuitbeincorporatedto

preventovercharge.Pleasecontactourtechnicaldepartmentifyouneedassistancewiththis.

Inataper-currentchargingcircuit,thecurrentdecreasesinproportiontothevoltagerise.Whendesigningataperchargeralwaysconsiderpowervoltageuctuations.Inthiseventtheinternalresistancedropwillconverttoheat.Heatgenerated

bythecircuitshouldbemeasuredandifrequiredaheatsinkshouldbeincorporatedinthedesign.

Figure : Taper-current charging characteristics for this

type of basically unregulated charger.

Figure : Taper-current charging circuit



OverchargingAsaresultoftoohighachargevoltageexcessivecurrentwillowintothebattery,afterreachingfullcharge,causing

decompositionofwaterintheelectrolyteandprematureaging.

Athighratesofoverchargeabatterywillprogressivelyheatup.Asitgetshotter,itwillacceptmorecurrent,heatingup

evenfurther.Thisiscalledthermalrunawayanditcandestroyabatteryinaslittleasafewhours.

UnderchargingIftoolowachargevoltageisapplied,thecurrentowwillessentiallystopbeforethebatteryisfullycharged.Thisallows

someoftheleadsulfatetoremainontheelectrodes,whichwilleventuallyreducecapacity.

Batterieswhicharestoredinadischargedstate,orleftontheshelffortoolong,mayinitiallyappeartobeopen

circuitedorwillacceptfarlesscurrentthannormal.Thisiscausedbyaphenomenoncalledsulfation.Whenthis

occurs,leavethechargerconnectedtothebattery.Usually,thebatterywillstarttoacceptincreasingamountsofcurrent

untilanormalcurrentlevelisreached.Ifthereisnoresponse,eventochargevoltagesaboverecommendedlevels,the

batterymayhavebeeninadischargedstatefortoolongtorecover.

Ifinanydoubt,orifconceptsofproperuseandcareareunclear,pleaseensurethatyoucontactPower-Sonicstechnical

department.

Charging for Cycle OperationCyclicapplicationsgenerallyrequirethatrechargingbedoneinarelativelyshorttime.Theinitialchargecurrent,however,

mustnotexceed0.30xCamps.Justasbatteryvoltagedropsduringdischarge,itslowlyrisesduringcharge.Fullcharge

isdeterminedbyvoltageandinowingcurrent.When,atachargevoltageof2.450.05volts/cell,thecurrentaccepted

bythebatterydropstolessthan0.01xCamps(1%ofratedcapacity),thebatteryisfullychargedandthechargershould

bedisconnectedorswitchedtoaoatvoltageof2.25to2.30volts/cell.Thevoltageshouldnotbeallowedtoriseabove

2.450.05volts/cell.

Charging for Standby OperationStandbyapplicationsgenerallydonotrequirethatthebatterybechargedasfastorasfrequentlyasincycleoperation.

However,thebatterymustbekeptconstantlychargedtoreplacetheenergythatisexpendedduetointernallossand

deteriorationofthebatteryitself.AlthoughtheselossesareverylowinPower-Sonicbatteries,theymustbereplacedat

theratethebatteryselfdischarges;atthesametimethebatterymustnotbegivenmorethantheselossesoritwillbe

overcharged.Toaccomplishthis,aconstantvoltagemethodofchargingcalledoatchargingisused.

Therecommendedconstantoatvoltageis2.25-2.30voltspercell.Maintainingthisoatvoltagewillallowthebatterytodeneitsowncurrentlevelandremainfullychargedwithouthavingtodisconnectthechargerfromthebattery.The

tricklecurrentforafullychargedbatteryoatingattherecommendedchargevoltagewilltypicallyhoveraroundthe

O.OO1Crate(1OmAfora10AHbattery,forexample.)

Theoatchargerisbasicallyaconstantvoltagepowersupply.Asincyclechargers,caremustbeexercisednottoexceed

theinitialchargecurrentof0.30xCamperes.

Charging

Caution! Never charge or discharge a battery in a hermetically sealed enclosure. Batteries generate a mixture of

gases internally. Given the right set of circumstances, such as extreme overcharging or shorting of the battery,

these gases might vent into the enclosure and create the potential for an explosion when ignited by a spark.



Charging

Two-Step Constant Voltage ChargingThismethodusestwoconstantvoltagedevices.Intheinitialchargephasethehighvoltagesettingisused.When

chargingisnearlycompleteandthechargevoltagehasrisentoaspeciedvalue(withthechargecurrentdecreased),the

chargerswitchesthevoltagetothelowersetting.Thismethodallowsrapidchargingincycleoroatservicewithoutthe

possibilityofovercharging,evenafterextendedchargingperiods.

Charging in SeriesLead-acidbatteriesarestringsof2voltcellsconnectedinseries,commonly2,3,4or6cellsperbattery.Stringsof

Power-Sonicbatteries,upto48voltsandhigher,maybechargedinseriessafelyandefciently.However,asthenumber

ofbatteriesinseriesincreases,sodoesthepossibilityofslightdifferencesincapacity.Thesedifferencescanresultfrom

age,storagehistory,temperaturevariationsorabuse.

Fullychargedbatteriesshouldneverbemixedwithdischargedbatterieswhencharginginseries.Thedischarged

batteriesshouldbechargedbeforeconnection.

Whenasingleconstantvoltagechargerisconnectedacrossanentirehighvoltagestring,thesamecurrentowsthrough

allcellsinthestring.Dependingonthecharacteristicsoftheindividualbatteries,somemayoverchargewhileothers

remaininaslightlyunderchargedcondition.

Tominimizetheeffectsofindividualbatterydifferences,usebatteriesofthesameage,amphour,andhistoryand,if

possible,chargeinstringsofnogreaterthan24or48volts.

Figure : Dual stage current limited battery charger.

Figure 0: Two-step constant voltage charging characteristics.



Charging

Charging in ParallelPower-Sonicbatteriesmaybeusedinparallelwithoneormorebatteriesofequalvoltage.

Whenconnectedinparallel,thecurrentfromachargerwilltendtodividealmostequallybetweenthebatteries.No

specialmatchingofbatteriesisrequired.Ifthebatteriesofunequalcapacityareconnectedinparallel,thecurrentwill

tendtodividebetweenthebatteriesintheratioofcapacities(actually,internalresistances).

Whenchargingbatteriesinparallel,wheredifferentratiosofchargearetobeexpected,itisbesttomakeprovisionsto

assurethatthecurrentswillnotvarytoomuchbetweenbatteries.

Temperature CompensationPower-Sonicbatteriesperformwellbothatlowandhightemperatures.Atlowtemperatures,however,chargeefciencyis

reduced;attemperaturesabove45C(113F),chargeefciencyincreasessorapidlythatthereisadangerofthermal

runawayiftemperaturecompensationisnotprecise.

Theeffectoftemperatureonchargevoltageislesscriticalinoatapplicationsthanincyclicuse,whererelativelyhigh

chargecurrentsareappliedforthepurposeofshortrechargetimes.

Temperatureeffectsshoulddenitelybeconsideredwhendesigningorselectingachargingsystem.Temperaturecompensationisdesirableinthechargingcircuit,especiallywhenoperatingoutsidetherangeof5Cto35C

(41Fto95F).Thetemperaturecoefcientis-2mV/cell/Cbelow20C(68F)inoatuseand-6mV/cell/Cbelow

20Cincyclicuse.Forhighertemperaturesthechargevoltageshouldbecorrespondinglydecreased.

Top ChargingAllbatterylosecapacitythroughself-discharge,itisrecommendedthatatopupchargebeappliedtoanybatterythat

hasbeenstoredforalongperiodoftime,priortoputtingthebatteryintoservice.

Tosuccessfullytopchargeabatterystoredformorethan12months,theopencircuitvoltagemustbehigherthan2.0

voltspercell,inthiscase,alwaysconrmopencircuitvoltagepriortoattemptingtopupcharging.

Ambient Charge Voltage Per Cell

Temperature Cyclic Use (V) Float Use (V)

-40C(-40F) 2.852.95 2.382.43

-20C(-4F) 2.672.77 2.342.39

-10C(14F) 2.612.71 2.322.37

0C(32F) 2.552.65 2.302.35

10C(50F) 2.492.59 2.282.33

20C(68F) 2.432.53 2.262.31

25C(77F) 2.402.50 2.252.30

30C(86F) 2.372.47 2.242.29

40C(104F) 2.312.41 2.222.27

50C(122F) 2.252.35 2.202.25

Table : Recommended charge voltages for different temperatures.



Charging EfciencyThechargingefciency()ofabatteryisexpressedbythefollowingformula:

Thechargingefciencyvariesdependinguponthestateofchargeofthebattery,temperatures,andchargingrates.Figure

21illustratestheconceptofthestateofchargeandchargingefciency.AsshowninFigure22.Power-Sonicbatteries

exhibitveryhighchargingefciency,evenwhenchargedatlowchargingrates.

Charging

Figure 21: Charge efciency vs. state of charge.

Charge

Efcie

ncy

State of Charge (%)

Figure 22: Charge efciency vs. charging current.

Charge

Efciency

Charging Current (xCA)



Important Dos and Donts

Power-Sonicrechargeablesealedlead-acidbatteriesaredesignedtoprovideyearsofdependableservice.Adherenceto

thefollowingguidelineswillensurethatbatterylifeismaximizedandoperationistrouble-free.

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

Itisimportantthatyoufamiliarizeyourselfwiththesepriortohandling,installinganddisposingofallbatteries.If

thereareanyquestionsraisedfromthesepleasecontactPower-Sonicstechnicaldepartment.

Handling

Alwayswearinsulatedgloveswhenhandlingbatteries;especiallywhenconnectingseriesandparallelgroupsof

batteries.

FollowallprecautionsasdescribedinourMaterialsSafetyDataSheets(MSDS).Thisinformationissubjectto

changedependingupongovernmentlegislation.Visitourwebsite:www.power-sonic.comforup-to-datecopiesof

these.

Ifequipmentistobestoredforalongperiodoftimethebatteriesshouldbedisconnectedtoavoidunduedrainon

thebatteriesandanypotentialfordamagetotheequipment.

Installation

Fastenbatteriestightlyandmakeprovisionsforshockabsorptionifexposuretoshockorvibrationislikely.

Wheninstallingthebatterywithinapieceofequipment,xitsecurelyatthelowestpracticablepoint.

Thebatteryshouldnotbeattachedtoanypieceofequipmentduringburn-intesting.

Donotapplyundueforcetotheterminalsorbendthem.Avoidapplyingheattotheterminalsthroughprocesses

suchassoldering.

Ifsolderingtothebatteryterminalsisunavoidableitmustbeaccomplishedwithin3seconds,usingasoldering

ironnogreaterthan100watts.

Donotplacebatteriesincloseproximitytoobjectswhichcanproducesparksorames,anddonotcharge

batteriesinaninvertedposition.

Avoidexposingbatteriestoheat!Careshouldbetakentoplacebatteriesawayfromheat-emittingcomponents.If

closeproximityisunavoidable,provideventilation.Servicelifeisshortenedconsiderablyatambienttemperatures

above30C(86F).

Topreventproblemsarisingfromheatexchangebetweenbatteriesconnectedinseriesorparallel,itisadvisableto

provideairspaceofatleast0.4(10mm)betweenbatteries.

Donotmixbatterieswithdifferentcapacities,differentagesorofdifferentmakes.Thedifferenceincharacteristics

willcausedamagetothebatteriesandpossiblytotheattachedequipment.

BatterycasesandlidsmadeofABSplasticcansustaindamageifexposedtoorganicsolventsoradhesives.

Forbestresultsandgenerallyacceptableperformanceandlongevity,keepoperatingtemperaturerangebetween

-40C(-40F)and60C(140F).

Itisgoodpracticetoensurethattheconnectionsarere-torquedandthebatteriesarecleanedperiodically.

Donotattempttodisassemblebatteries.Contactwithsulfuricacidmaycauseharm.Shoulditoccur,washskin

orclotheswithliberalamountsofwater.Donotthrowbatteriesintoare;batteriessodisposedmayruptureor

explode.Disassembledbatteriesarehazardouswasteandmustbetreatedaccordingly.



Important Dos and Donts

Charging

Batteriesshouldnotbestoredinadischargedstateoratelevatedtemperatures.Ifabatteryhasbeendischarged

forsometime,ortheloadwasleftonindenitely,itmaynotreadilytakeacharge.Toovercomethis,leavethe

chargerconnectedandthebatteryshouldeventuallybegintoacceptcharge.

Continuousover-orunderchargingisthesingleworstenemyofalead-acidbattery.Cautionshouldbeexercisedtoensurethatthechargerisdisconnectedaftercyclecharging,orthattheoatvoltageissetcorrectly.

AlthoughPower-Sonicbatterieshavealowself-dischargeratewhichpermitsstorageofafullychargedbatteryfor

uptoayear,itisimportantthatabatterybechargedwithin6monthsafterreceipttoaccountforstoragefrom

thedateofmanufacturetothedateofpurchase.Otherwise,permanentlossofcapacitymightoccurasaresultof

sulfation.Toprolongshelflifewithoutcharging,storebatteriesat10C(50F)orless.

AlthoughitispossibletochargePower-Sonicbatteriesrapidly,i.e.in6-7hrs.itisnotnormallyrecommended.

Unlimitedcurrentchargingcancauseincreasedoff-gassingandprematuredrying.Itcanalsoproduceinternal

heatingandhotspotsresultinginshortenedservicelife.Toohighachargecurrentwillcauseabatterytoget

progressivelyhotter.Thiscanleadtothermalrunawayandcandestroyabatteryinaslittleasafewhours.

Caution:Neverchargeordischargeabatteryinanairtightenclosure.Batteriesgenerateamixtureofgasesinternally.Giventherightsetofcircumstances,suchasextremeoverchargingorshortingofthebattery,these

gasesmightventintotheenclosureandcreatethepotentialforanexplosionwhenignitedbyaspark.Generally,

ventilationinherentinmostenclosuresissufcienttoavoidproblems.

Whenchargingbatteriesinseries(positiveterminalofonebatteryisconnectedtothenegativeterminalof

another)theinterconnectingcablesmustallbeofequallengthandresistancetoinsureequalizationoftheload.

Allbatteriesinthestringwillreceivethesameamountofchargecurrent,thoughindividualbatteryvoltagesmay

vary.

Whenchargingbatteriesinparallel(positiveterminalsareconnectedtothepositiveterminalandnegative

terminalstothenegative),allbatteriesinthestringwillreceivethesamechargevoltage,butthechargecurrent

eachbatteryreceiveswillvaryuntilequalizationisreached.

Highvoltagestringsofbatteriesinseriesshouldbelimitedtotwenty6voltorten12voltbatterieswhenasingleconstantvoltagechargerisconnectedacrosstheentirestring.Differencesincapacitycancausesomebatteries

tooverchargewhileothersremainunderchargedthuscausingprematureagingofbatteries.Itis,therefore,not

advisabletomixbatteriesofdifferentcapacities,make,orageinaseriesstring.

Tominimizetheeffectsofcellorbatterydifferences,chargethestringin24voltbatterygroupsthroughaconstant

currentsourcewithzenerdioderegulationacrossindividualbatteriesorbatterygroups.

Rechargetimedependsonthedepthoftheprecedingdischargeandtheoutputcurrentofthecharger.To

determinetheapproximaterechargetimeofafullydischargedbattery,dividethebatteryscapacity(amp.hrs)by

theratedoutputofthechargercurrent(amps)andmultiplytheresultingnumberofhoursbyafactorof1.75to

compensateforthedecliningoutputcurrentduringcharge.Iftheamountofamp.hrs.dischargedfromthebattery

isknown,useitinsteadofthebatteryscapacitytomakethecalculation.



Notes



Glossary

Active MaterialTheactiveelectro-chemicalmaterialsusedinthemanufactureof

positiveandnegativeelectrodes.

Ambient TemperatureTheprevailingsurfacetemperaturetowhichabatteryisexposed.

AmpereUnitofmeasurementforelectriccurrent.

Ampere-HourTheproductofcurrent(amperes)multipliedbytime(hours).

Usedtoindicatethecapacityofabattery.AlsoAmp.Hr.orA.H.

BatteryTwoormorecellsconnectedtogether,mosttypicallyinseries.

CUsedtosignifyachargeordischargerateequaltothecapacity

ofabatterydividedbyonehour.ThusCfora1600mAhbattery

wouldbe1.6A.C/5forthesamebatterywouldbe320mAand

C/10wouldbe160mA.

CapacityTheelectricalenergyavailablefromacellorbatteryexpressedin

ampere-hours.

Available capacity:ampere-hoursthatcanbedischarged

fromabatterybasedonitsstateofcharge,rateof

discharge,ambienttemperature,andspeciedcut-off

voltage.

Rated capacity (C):thedischargecapacitythe

manufacturerstatesmaybeobtainedatagivendischarge

rateandtemperature. Capacity fade:thelossofcapacityduetoinadequate

recharging.

CellThebasicbuildingblockofabattery.Thenominalvoltageofa

lead-acidcellis2volts.

Cell reversal:theactofdrivingacellintoreversepolarityby

excessivedischarge.

Primary cell:cellorbatterythatcanbedischargedonly

once.

Secondary cell:theprocessisreversiblesothatcharging

anddischargingmayberepeatedoverandover.

ChargeTheconversionofelectricalenergytochemicalenergy;the

processwhichrestoreselectricalenergytoacellorbattery.

Charge retention:abatterysabilitytoholdacharge.It

diminishesduringstorage.

Charge acceptance:quantiestheamountofelectric

chargethataccumulatesinabattery.

Float charge:maintainsthecapacityofacellorbatteryby

applyingaconstantvoltage.

Charge (Continued)

Trickle charge:maintainsthecapacityofacellorbatteryby

applyingasmallconstantcurrent.

Charge equalization:bringsallofthecellsinabatteryor

stringtothesamestateofcharge.

Closed Circuit Voltage TestAtestmethodinwhichthebatteryisbrieydischargedata

constantcurrentwhilethevoltageismeasured.

Cutoff VoltageThenalvoltageofacellorbatteryattheendofchargeor

discharge.

CycleAsinglechargeanddischargeofacellorbattery.

Deep CycleAcycleinwhichthedischargecontinuesuntilthebattery

reachesitscut-offvoltage,usually80%ofdischarge.

Direct Current (DC)Thetypeofelectricalcurrentthatabatterycansupply.One

terminalisalwayspositiveandtheotheralwaysnegative.

DischargeTheprocessofdrawingcurrentfromabattery.

Deep Discharge:thedischargeofacellorbatteryto

between80%and100%ofratedcapacity.

Depth of Discharge:theamountofcapacity-typically

expressedasapercentage-removedduringdischarge.

Self Discharge:thelossofcapacitywhilestoredorwhile

thebatteryisnotinuse.

Self Discharge Rate:thepercentofcapacitylostonopen

circuitoveraspeciedperiodoftime.

DrainThewithdrawalofcurrentfromabattery.

ElectrodePositiveornegativeplatecontainingmaterialscapableof

reactingwithelectrolytetoproduceoracceptcurrent.

ElectrolyteConductsionsinacell.Leadacidbatteriesuseasulfuricacid

solution.

End of Charge VoltageThevoltagereachedbythecellorbatteryattheendofcharge,

whilethechargerisstillattached.

Energy DensityRatioofbatteryenergytovolumeorweightexpressedinwatt-

hourspercubicinchorpound.


27/28

Glossary

Gas RecombinationTheprocessbywhichoxygengasgeneratedfromthepositive

plateduringthenalstageofchargeisabsorbedintothe

negativeplate,preventinglossofwater.

High Rate DischargeAveryrapiddischargeofthebattery.NormallyinmultiplesofC

(theratingofthebatteryexpressedinamperes).

ImpedanceTheresistivevalueofabatterytoanACcurrentexpressedin

ohms().Generallymeasuredat1000Hzatfullcharge.

Internal ResistanceTheresistanceinsideabatterywhichcreatesavoltagedropin

proportiontothecurrentdraw.

Negative TerminalTheterminalofabatteryfromwhichelectronsowinthe

externalcircuitwhenabatterydischarges.SeePositiveTerminal

Nominal Voltage / Nominal CapacityThenominalvalueofratedvoltage/thenominalvalueofrated

capacity.Thenominalvoltageofalead-acidbatteryis2voltsper

cell.

Open Circuit VoltageThevoltageofabatteryorcellwhenmeasuredinanoload

condition.

OverchargeThecontinuouschargingofacellafteritachieves100%of

capacity.Batterylifeisreducedbyprolongedovercharging.

Parallel ConnectionConnectingagroupofbatteriesorcellsbylinkingallterminals

ofthesamepolarity.Thisincreasesthecapacityofthebattery

group.

PolarityThechargesresidingattheterminalsofthebattery.

Positive TerminalTheterminalofabatterytowardwhichelectronsowthroughthe

externalcircuitwhenthecelldischarges.SeeNegativeTerminal.

Rated CapacityThecapacityofthecellexpressedinamperes.Commonly,a

constantcurrentforadesignatednumberofhourstoaspecied

depthofdischargeatroomtemperature.

RecombinationThestateinwhichthegassesnormallyformedwithinthebattery

cellduringitsoperationarerecombinedtoformwater.

Series ConnectionTheconnectionofagroupofcellsorbatteriesbylinking

terminalsofoppositepolarity.Thisincreasesthevoltageofthe

batterygroup.

Self DischargeThelossofcapacityofabatterywhileinstoredorunused

conditionwithoutexternaldrain.

SeparatorMaterialisolatingpositivefromnegativeplates.Insealedlead

acidbatteriesitnormallyisabsorbentglassbertoholdthe

electrolyteinsuspension.

SLA BatterySealedlead-acidbattery,generallyhavingthefollowing

characteristics:Maintenance-free,leak-proof,position-

insensitive.Batteriesofthistypehaveasafetyventtorelease

gasincaseofexcessiveinternalpressurebuild-up.Hencealso

theterm:Valveregulatedbattery.GelCellsareSLAbatterieswhosedilutesulfuricacidelectrolyte

isimmobilizedbywayofadditiveswhichturntheelectrolyteinto

agel.

Service LifeTheexpectedlifeofabatteryexpressedinthenumberoftotal

cyclesoryearsofstandbyservicetoadesignatedremaining

percentageoforiginalcapacity.

Shelf LifeThemaximumperiodoftimeabatterycanbestoredwithout

supplementarycharging.

Standby ServiceAnapplicationinwhichthebatteryismaintainedinafully

chargedconditionbytrickleoroatcharging.

State of ChargeTheavailablecapacityofabatteryatagiventimeexpressedasa

percentageofratedcapacity.

SulfationTheformationordepositofleadsulfateonthesurfaceandin

theporesoftheactivematerialofthebatteriesleadplates.If

thesulfationbecomesexcessiveandformslargecrystalsonthe

platesthebatterywillnotoperateefcientlyandmaynotworkat

all.

Thermal RunawayAconditioninwhichacellorbatteryonconstantpotential

chargecandestroyitselfthroughinternalheatgeneration.

Valve Regulated Lead Acid Battery (VRLA)SeeSLABatterylistedabove.

POWER-SONIC Rechargeable Batterie


28/28

Quality is always #1WeemployIQC,PQCandISO9001QualityManagement

Systemstotestmaterials,monitormanufacturing

processesandevaluatenishedproductspriorto

shipment.Allourbatteriesare100%testedwithadvanced

computerequipmentpriortobeingreleasedforsale.

Power-Sonicmanagementandstaffarecommitted

toprovidingthebestpossibleservicetosatisfyour

customersneeds,andfulllourundertakingtodelivertop

gradeproductsontimeandatacompetitiveprice.

Ourbatteriesaremanufacturedtointernational

standardsincludingJIS,DINandIECandhaveULandCE

certication.

Corporate Headquarters and Domestic Sales

Power-SonicCorporation7550PanasonicWaySanDiego,CA92154USA

Phone:(619)661-2020Fax:(619)661-3650

Support:[email protected]

Sales:[email protected]

CustomerService:[email protected]

International SalesPower-SonicCorporationP.O.Box5242RedwoodCity,CA94063USA

Phone:(650)364-5001Fax:(650)366-3662


European Sales

Power-SonicEurope,Ltd.3BuckinghamSquare,HurricaneWayWickford,EssexSS118YQEngland

Phone:(1268)560686Fax:(1268)560902


Website:www.power-sonic.co.uk

sla battery manual

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