Skin:Skin posses numerus sweat and sebeceous glands ,it connected to underlying bones by loose connective tissue ,in which are embedded the muscles of facial expression .No deep fascia is present in the face.

•Sensory nerves of the face ((trigeminal)) nerve

•Supply by trigeminal nerve except small area over the angle of the mandible and parotid gland ,which is supply by the great auricular nerve(C2,C3).

•Trigeminal nerve divided into 3 branches :

•Opthalmic : lacrimal ,supratrachlear,supraorbital,infratrachlear,external nasal.

•Maxillary :infraorbital ,zygomaticofacial ,zygomaticotemporal.

•Mandibular :mental ,buccal,auricotemporal.

Ophthalmic nerve

Maxillary nerve

Mandibular nerve

Motor nerve supply of the face ((facial))nerve

Supply all muscles of facial expression ,it does not supply the skin but its

branches communicate with branches of trigeminal nernve .

As facial nerve runs forward within the parotid gland ,it divides into 5

branches :

1.Temperal branch:supply anterior and supperior auricular muscles

,frontal belly of occipitofrontalis ,orbicularis occuli and corrugator

supercilli.

2.Zygomatic branch :emerge from anteior border of the gland and

supply the orbicularis oculi.

3.Buccal branch: emerge from the anterior border of the gland below

the parotid duct and supply the buccinator and muscles of upper lip and

nostril.

4.Mandibular branch:emerge from the anterior border of the gland and

supply the muscles of lower lip .

5.Cervical branch:emerge from lower border of the gland and passes

forward in the neck below the mandible to supply the platysma muscle

,it may cross the lower margin of the body of mandible to supply the

depressor anguli orismuscle.

Arterial supply :((facial ,,superficial temporal))

Facial artery :

arises from external carotid artery having arched over the

submandibular salivary gland ,it curves around the inferior margin of the

body of the mandibule and anterior border of masseter muscle .it is

here that the pulse can be easily felt .it runs upward in a tortous course

toward the angle of the mouth and it coverd by platisma muscle and

risorius muscle .It then ascend deep to zygomaticus muscles and levator

along the side of the nose to the medial angle of the eye ,where it

anastamose with terminal branches of ophthalmic artery .

Branches:

1. Submental artery .2.inferior labial 3.superior labial 4.lateral nasal

Superficial temporal artery:

The smaller terminal branch of external carotid artery ,commences in

the parotid gland .It ascends infront of the auricle to supply the scalp

,within the parotid gland it gives the transverse facial artery which runs

forward across the cheek just above the parotid duct.

Supratrachel and supraorbital arteries:

Are branches of ophthalmic artery supply skin of forhead.

Venous drainge of the face :

The facial vein is formed at the medial angle of the eye by the union of

the supraorbital and supratracheal veins ,it connected to superior

ophthalmic vein directly through supraorbital vein ,the facial vein is

connected tocavernous sinus .This connection is of great clinical

importance because it provides a pathway of the spread of infection

from face to the cavernous sinus .The facial vein descends behind the

facial artery to the lower margin of the body of mandible .It cross

superfacial to submandibular gland and is joined by the anterior division

of retromandibular vein .facial vein ends by draining into internl jagular

vein .

Tributaries :facial vein receives tributaries th\at correspond to the

branches of facial artery .It joined to the pterygoid venous plexus by

deep facial vein .transverse facial vein joins the superficial temporal vein

within the parotid gland.

Lymphatic drainge of the face :

1.submandibular lymph glands:drain forhead and anterior part of the

face .

2. parotid lymph glands :drain lateral part of the face and lateral part of

part of the eyelid.

3.submental lymph glands :drain the skin of the chin and central part of

the lower lip.

•Muscles of facial expression

•The muscles of facial expression are embedded in the superfacial fascia and most arise from the bones of skull and are inserted into the skin .the function of the facial muscles is to act as sphinctoers or dilators of orbit ,nostril and lips.

•All the muscles of the face are develped from 2nd

pharngeal arch and are supplied by the facial nerve

Muscles of eyelid

1.Orbicularis oculi :tow parts ,a.palperal part ...b.orbital part.

Action :Close the eyelids and dilate the lacrimal sca.

2.Corragater supercilli:

Action :vertical wrinkles of forhead .

Muscles of nostril

1.compressor nasi 2. Dilator nasi 3. Procerus 4. Orbicularis oris

Dilator muscles of the lip

1.Levator labii superiors alaeque nasi ,,2.levator labii superiors

,,3.zygomaticus minor ,,, 4.zygomaticus minor,,,5.levator anguli oris

,,6.risorius ,,7.depressor anguli oris ,,8.depressor labii inferioris

,,9.mentalis ,,10 .buccinator .

All the muscles arise from bones and fascia around oral aperture ad

insert into substance of lips

Action :separate lips

Buccinator :compress lip and cheeks against teeth.

•Muscles of mastication :

•lateral and medial pterygoid ,temporalis and

massetr.muscles