six months word file

7/31/2019 Six Months Word File

1/144

Automation

Automation is a word derived from automatic, which

means

operating in a manner essentially independent of

external influence or control

Automation is the use of control systems and

information technologies to reduce the need for human

work in the production of goods and services. In the scope

of industrialization, automation is a step beyond

mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human

operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular

requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the

need for human sensory and mental requirements as well.


2/144

Need of Automation

To reduce human work: With the useof automation human work can be greatly

reduced.

Reliability and precision: Automationresults increase in reliability and precision.

Flexibility: Another major shift inautomation is the increased demand for

flexibility and convertibility in

manufacturing processes. Manufacturers are

increasingly demanding the ability to easily

switch from manufacturing Product A to

manufacturing Product B without having to

completely rebuild the production lines.


3/144

Advantages of Automation

Replacing humans in tasks done indangerous environments: By using

automation replacement of humans in tasks

done in dangerous environment. (I.e. fire,

space, volcanoes, nuclear facilities, underwater,

etc.)

Performing tasks that are beyondhuman capabilities: By using automation

more output can be obtain beyond human

capabilities.

Economy improvement: Automationmay improve in economy of enterprises,

society and humanity.

For example, when an enterprise invests in

automation, technology recovers its

investment; or when a state or country

increases its income due to automation

likeGermanyorJapanin the 20th Century.


4/144

Disadvantages of Automation

Unemployment: Unemploymentrate increases due to machines

replacing humans and putting those

humans out of their jobs

Unpredictable development costs:The research and development cost ofautomating a process may exceed the

cost saved by the automation itself.

High initial cost: The automation ofa new product or plant requires a huge

initial investment in comparison with

the unit cost of the product, although

the cost of automation is spread in

many product batches.


5/144

Engineering Tools

PLC (Programmable Logic Controller):

A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmablecontroller is a digital computer used for automation of

electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on

factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. PLCs

are used in many industries and machines. Unlike general-purpose

computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output

arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical

noise, and resistance to vibration and impact

SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)

SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a category of

software application program for process control, the gathering of

data in real time from remote locations in order to control

equipment and conditions. SCADA is used in power plants as well

as in oil and gas refining, telecommunications, transportation, and

water and waste control.

SCADA systems include hardware and software components. The

hardware gathers and feeds data into a computer that has SCADA

software installed. The computer then processes this data and

presents it in a timely manner. SCADA also records and logs all

events into a file stored on a hard disk or sends them to a printer.

SCADA warns when conditions become hazardous by sounding

alarms.


6/144

HMI (Human Machine Interface)

A Human-Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus which

presents process data to a human operator, and through which the

human operator controls the process.

An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system's databases and

software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and

management information such as scheduled maintenance

procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a

particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting

guides.

Distributed Control System

A type of automated control system that is distributed throughout

a machine to provide instructions to different parts of the machine.

Instead of having a centrally located device controlling all

machines, each section of a machine has its own computer that

controls the operation. For instance, there may be one machine

with a section that controls dry elements of cake frosting and

another section controlling the liquid elements, but each section is

individually managed by a DCS. A DCS is commonly used in

manufacturing equipment and utilizes input and output protocols to

control the machine

Drives:

The main power components of an AC drive have to be able tosupply the required level of current and voltage in a form the motor

can use. The controls have to be able to provide the user with

necessary adjustments such as minimum and maximum speed

settings, so that the drive can be adapted to the user's process


7/144

PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)

INTRODUCTION

Control engineering has evolved over time. In the past humans were the main methods for controlling a

system. More recently electricity has been used for control and early electrical control was based on

relays. These relays allow power to be switched on and off without a mechanical switch. It is common to

use relays to make simple logical control decisions. The development of low cost computer has brought

the most recent revolution, the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The advent of the PLC began in

the 1970s, and has become the most common choice for manufacturing controls. PLCs have been gaining

popularity on the factory floor and will probably remain predominant for some time to come. Most of this

is because of the advantages they offer.

Cost effective for controlling complex systems.

Flexible and can be reapplied to control other systems quickly and easily.

Computational abilities allow more sophisticated control.

Trouble shooting aids make programming easier and reduce downtime.

Reliable components make these likely to operate for years before failure.

The term SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. A SCADA system is a common

process automation system which is used to gather data from sensors and instruments located at

remote sites and to transmit and display this data at a central site for either control or monitoring

purposes. The collected data is usually viewed on one or more SCADA Host computers located at the

central or master site.

A real world SCADA system can monitor and control hundreds to hundreds of thousands of I/O points. A

typical Water SCADA application would be to monitor water levels at various water sources like

reservoirs and tanks and when the water level exceeds a preset threshold, activate the system of pumps

to move water to tanks with low tank levels.

Common analog signals that SCADA systems monitor and control are levels, temperatures, pressures,


8/144

flow rate and motor speed. Typical digital signals to monitor and control are level switches, pressure

switches, generator status, relays & motors.

1. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

Automation of many different processes, such as controlling machines, basic relay control, motion

control, process control is done through the use of small computers called a programmable logic

controller (PLC). This is actually a control device that consists of a programmable microprocessor, and is

programmed using a specialized computer language.

A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer used for

automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines,

amusement rides, or lighting fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines, such as packaging

and semiconductor machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs

and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to

vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed or

non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced

in response to input conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result.

A modern programmable logic controller is usually programmed in any one of several languages, ranging

from ladder logic to Basic or C. Typically, the program is written in a development environment on a

personal computer (PC), and then is downloaded onto the programmable logic controller directly through

a cable connection. Programmable logic controllers contain a variable number of Input/output (I/O) ports

the programmable logic controller circuitry monitors the status of multiple sensor inputs, which control

output.

Programmable logic controller (PLC)


9/144

3.1 HISTORY

1.1.1 Origin

The PLC was invented in response to the needs of the American automotive manufacturing

industry. Programmable controllers were initially adopted by the automotive industry wheresoftware revision replaced the re-wiring of hard-wired control panels when production models

changed.

Before the PLC, control, sequencing, and safety interlock logic for manufacturing automobiles

was accomplished using hundreds or thousands of relays, cam timers, and drum sequencers and

dedicated closed-loop controllers. The process for updating such facilities for the yearly model

change-over was very time consuming and expensive, as the relay systems needed to be rewiredby skilled electricians.

In 1968 GM Hydramatic (the automatic transmission division of General Motors) issued arequest for proposal for an electronic replacement for hard-wired relay systems.

The winning proposal came from Bedford Associates of Bedford, Massachusetts. The first PLC,

designated the 084 because it was Bedford Associates' eighty-fourth project, was the result.

Bedford Associates started a new company dedicated to developing, manufacturing, selling, and

servicing this new product: Modicon, which stood for MOdular DIgital CONtroller. One of thepeople who worked on that project was Dick Morley, who is considered to be the "father" of the

PLC. The Modicon brand was sold in 1977 to Gould Electronics, and later acquired by German

Company AEG and then by French Schneider Electric, the current owner.

One of the very first 084 models built is now on display at Modicon's headquarters in North

Andover, Massachusetts. It was presented to Modicon by GM, when the unit was retired afternearly twenty years of uninterrupted service. Modicon used the 84 moniker at the end of its

product range until the 984 made its appearance.

1.1.2 Programming

Early PLCs, up to the mid-1980s, were programmed using proprietary programming panels orspecial-purpose programming terminals, which often had dedicated function keys representing

the various logical elements of PLC programs. Programs were stored on cassette tape cartridges.

Facilities for printing and documentation were very minimal due to lack of memory capacity.The very oldest PLCs used non-volatile magnetic core memory.


10/144

1.1.3 Functionality

The functionality of the PLC has evolved over the years to include sequential relay control,

motion control, process control, distributed control systems and networking. The data handling,storage, processing power and communication capabilities of some modern PLCs are

approximately equivalent to desktop computers. PLC-like programming combined with remoteI/O hardware, allow a general-purpose desktop computer to overlap some PLCs in certain

applications

1.2 ARCHITECTURE OF PLC

Fig 3.2) Architecture of PLC

1.2.1 PARTS OF PLC

1.2.1.1POWER SUPPLY: PLC requires 24V switch mode power supply for its operation.

1.2.1.2 MCU: Its full form is microcontroller unit. It is the processor of PLC. It is basically the

brain of PLC. It performs various control operations of PLC.

1.2.1.3 INPUTS AND OUTPUTS: PLC has a set of isolated inputs and isolated outputs.

Different PLCs have different number and different type of inputs and outputs. Like in


11/144

Micrologix 1000 we have total number of 6 inputs and 4 outputs whereas in Micrologix 1100 we

have 10 inputs and 6 outputs.

1.2.1.4 EXPANSION PORT: In PLC there is an expansion port which is used for the additionof any other equipment with PLC. For example analog cards.

1.2.1.5 MEMORY MODULE: The memory module in PLC is used for the storage ofprogram in PLC for future use.1.2.1.6 COMMUNICATION PORT: The communication ports are used in PLC to

communicate with the computer. In PLC there are two types of communication ports i.e.

RS 232 comport and Ethernet port.

1.2.1.7 DISPLAY: In some of the PLCs there is display screen which is available on the PLC.This display screen is used as human machine interface i.e. it provides good visualization

of operation running on PLC.

PIN DIAGRAM:-

PLC Pin Diagram.


12/144

INPUTS AND OUTPUTS OF PLC

PLC programs are made up of a combination of the "gates" together with inputs, outputs, timers,

counters, internal memory bits, analog inputs, analog outputs, mathematical calculations, comparators

etc.

3.3.1 INPUTS

These are the physical connections from the real world to the PLC. They can be limit switches, push

buttons, and sensors, anything that can "switch" a signal on or off. The voltages of these devices are

usually, but not always, 24 Volt DC. Manufacturers make inputs that can accept a wide range of voltages

both ac and dc. It should be remembered that an input will be ON, "status 1", when the voltage is

present at the input connection and OFF, "status 0", when the voltage is no longer present at the input

connection.

1.3.1.1 TYPES OF INPUTS OF PLC

USER TYPE: These are the inputs and outputs that are physically present and are practical tothe inputs and outputs of the PLC.

BIT TYPE: These are the inputs and outputs that are not physically present and are functionalin the PLC only. These inputs/outputs are basically used to drive each other in the ladder logic

programming.

XIC (Examine if closed):

XIO (Examine if open):

I/P O/P

0 0

1 1


13/144

1.3.2 OUTPUTS

These are the connections from the PLC to the real world. They are used to switch solenoids, lamps,

contactors etc on and off. Again they are usually 24 Volt DC, either relay or transistor, but can also be

115/220 Volt AC.

1.3.2.1 TYPES OF PLC OUTPUTS

Relay type output

Transistor type output TRIAC type output

I/P O/P

0 1

1 0


14/144

1.4) PLC MANUFACTURES

SIEMENS

ALLEN BRADLEY

GENERAL ELECTRICAL

MITSUBISHI

SCHENIDER

ABB

Here we have done programming of two PLCs of Allen Bradley i.e. Micrologix 1000 and

Micrologix 1100.

1.4.2.1 Micrologix 1000 Controllers 1761

Micrologix 1000 brings high speed, powerful instructions and flexible communications to applications

that demand compact, cost-effective solutions.

The Micrologix 1000 programmable controller is available in 10-point, 16-point or 32-point digital I/O

versions. Analog versions are also available with 20 digital I/O points, with 4 analog inputs (two voltage

and two current) and 1 analog output (configurable for either voltage or current).

This little powerhouse is both inexpensive and compact, with footprints as small as 120mm x 80 mm x

40 mm (4.72" x 3.15" x 1.57"). The analog I/O circuitry is embedded into the base controller, not

accomplished through add-on modules, providing compact and cost-effective analog performance


15/144

1.4.2.2.2) Features of Micrologix 1000

Preconfigured 1K programming and data memory help ease configuration (bit, integer,timers, counters, etc)

Fast processing allows for typical throughput time of 1.5 ms for a 500-instructionprogram

Built-in EEPROM memory retains all of your ladder logic and data if the controller losespower, eliminating the need for battery back-up or separate memory module

RS-232 communication channel allows for simple connectivity to a personal computerfor program upload, download and monitoring using multiple protocols, including DF1 Full

Duplex

RTU slave protocol support use DF1 Half-Duplex Slave, which allows up to 254 notes tocommunicate with a single master using radio modems, leased-line modems or satellite

uplinks

The Micrologix 1000 family provides small, economical programmable controllers. They are

available in configurations of 10 digital I/O (6 inputs and 4 outputs), 16 digital I/O (10 inputs and

6 outputs), 25 I/O (12 digital inputs, 4 analog inputs, 8 digital outputs, and 1 analog output), or

32 digital I/O (20 inputs and 12 outputs) in multiple electrical configurations of digital I/O. The

I/O options and electrical configurations make them ideal for many applications.

Fig 3.4.2.1) Micrologix 1000


16/144

1.4.2.2.3) Benefits

Compact designLets the MicroLogix 1000 controller thrive in limited panel space. Choice of communication networksAn RS-232-C communication port is configurable for: DF1

protocol for direct connection to a programming device or operator interface; DH-485

networking through a 1761-NET-AIC converter; DeviceNet networking through a 1761-NET-DNI

interface; EtherNet/IP networking through a 1761-NET-ENI interface; or for half-duplex slave

protocol in SCADA applications.

Simple programming with your choice of programming deviceYou can program thesecontrollers in familiar ladder logic with MicroLogix 1000 A.I. Series Software

, PLC 500 A. I. Series

Programming Software, RSLogix 500 Windows Programming Software, or the MicroLogix

Hand-Held Programmer (1761-HHP-B30). This symbolic programming language is based on relay

ladder wiring diagrams that simplify the creation and troubleshooting of your control program.

Comprehensive instruction setOver 65 instructions including simple bit, timer, and counterinstructions, as well as instructions for powerful applications like sequencers, high-speed

counter, and shift registers.

FastExecution time for a typical 500-instruction program is only 1.56 ms. Choice of languagesSoftware and documentation are available in 5 languages. The hand-held

programmer has 6 languages built in.

1.4.2.2.4) Micrologix 1100 Controllers

With online editing and a built-in 10/100 Mbps Ethernet/IP port for peer-to-peer messaging the

MicroLogix 1100 controller adds greater connectivity and application coverage to the MicroLogix family

of Allen-Bradley controllers. There are 10 digital inputs, 6 digital outputs, and 2 analog inputs on every

controller, with the ability to add digital, analog, RTD, and thermocouple modules to customize the

controller for your application. On versions of the controller with DC inputs, there is a high-speed

counter, and on the DC output version, two PTO/PWM (pulse train outputs and pulse width modulated)

outputs, enabling the controller to support simple motion applications.


17/144

1.4.2.2.5) Features

The MicroLogix 1100 has 10 digital inputs, 2 analog inputs and 6 digital outputs, and supports expansion

I/O. Up to four 1762 I/O modules (also used on the MicroLogix 1200) may be added to the embedded

I/O, providing application flexibility and support of up to 80 digital I/O.

One embedded 20 kHz high-speed counter (on controllers with DC inputs)The built-inindependent high-speed counter uses 32-bit integers for extended range, features 8 modes of

operation, and supports direct control of outputs independent of program scan.

Two 20 kHz high-speed PTO/PWM outputs (on controllers with DC outputs). Digital trim potentiometersAllow quick and easy adjustments of timers, counters, set points,

and more.

Program data securityData file download protection lets a program be reloaded into thecontroller without overwriting protected data.

Floating Point Data FilesYou can create data files that can contain up to 256 IEEE-754 floatingpoint values.

Memory modulesMemory backup provides protection and transportability for programs anddata.

Four interrupt inputsInterrupt inputs let the controller scan a specific program file(subroutine) when an input condition is detected from a sensor or field device.

Real-Time Clockembedded in every controller.

Fig 3.4.2.2) Micrologix 1100 with Analog Card


18/144

1.4.2.2.6) Benefits

Online Editingmodifications can be made to a program while it is running, making fine tuning ofan operating control system possible, including PID loops. Not only does this feature reduce

development time, but it aids in troubleshooting.

Built-in LCDlets you monitor data within the controller, optionally modify that data and interactwith the control program. The LCD displays status for embedded digital I/O and controller functions,

and acts as a pair of digital trim pots to allow a user to tweak and tune a program.

Ethernet/IP Portfor peer-to-peer messaging offers users high-speed connectivity betweencontrollers and the ability to access, monitor and program from the factory floor to anywhere an

Ethernet connection is available.

Isolated RS-232/RS-485 combo portprovides a host of different point-to-point and networkprotocols.

Embedded Web Serverlets you custom configure data from the controller to be displayed as aweb page.

1.4.2.2.7)Expansion I/O modules

If an application requires more I/O than the built-in I/O provided by the MicroLogix

1100 controller, you can connect up to four 1762 expansion I/O modules to the MicroLogix

1100 controller to provide expanded I/O capacity. You can use digital and analog I/O modulesin many combinations. The current loading capacity of the controllers built-in power supply

may limit the number of I/O modules that can be connected to the controller. MicroLogix

1100 expansion I/O modules include an integral high-performance I/O bus. Software keying

prevents incorrect positioning within the system.

You may install expansion I/O modules to the right of the MicroLogix 1100 controller either on

a panel with two mounting screws or on a DIN rail. Each expansion I/O module includes

finger-safe terminal blocks for I/O wiring and a label to record I/O terminal designations.


19/144

PROGRAMMING OF PLC

PLC programs are typically written in a special application on a personal computer, then

downloaded by a direct-connection cable or over a network to the PLC. The program is stored in

the PLC either in battery-backed-up RAM or some other non-volatile flash memory. Often, a

single PLC can be programmed to replace thousands of relays.

Under the IEC 61131-3 standard, PLCs can be programmed using standards-based programming

languages. A graphical programming notation called Sequential Function Charts is available on

certain programmable controllers.

Recently, the International standard IEC 61131-3 has become popular. IEC 61131-3 currently

defines five programming languages for programmable control systems: FBD (Function block

diagram), LD (Ladder diagram), ST (Structured text, similar to the Pascal programming

language), IL (Instruction list, similar to assembly language) and SFC (Sequential function

chart). These techniques emphasize logical organization of operations.

While the fundamental concepts of PLC programming are common to all manufacturers,

differences in I/O addressing, memory organization and instruction sets mean that PLC programs

are never perfectly interchangeable between different makers. Even within the same product line

of a single manufacturer, different models may not be directly compatible.

In Allen Bradley PLCs the logic used for the programming is ladder logic. Ladder logic is a

programming language that represents a program by a graphical diagram based on the circuit

diagrams of relay-based logic hardware. It is primarily used to develop software for

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) used in industrial control applications. The name is

based on the observation that programs in this language resemble ladders, with two vertical rails

and a series of horizontal rungs between them.

An argument that aided the initial adoption of ladder logic was that a wide variety of engineers

and technicians would be able to understand and use it without much additional training, because

of the resemblance to familiar hardware systems. This argument has become less relevant given

that most ladder logic programmers have a software background in more conventional

programming languages, and in practice implementations of ladder logic have characteristics

such as sequential execution and support for control flow featuresthat make the analogy to

hardware somewhat imprecise.


20/144

Ladder logic is widely used to program PLCs, where sequential control of a process or

manufacturing operation is required. Ladder logic is useful for simple but critical control

systems, or for reworking old hardwired relay circuits. As programmable logic controllers

became more sophisticated it has also been used in very complex automation systems.

Simple ladder logic

The language itself can be seen as a set of connections between logical checkers (contacts) and

actuators (coils). If a path can be traced between the left side of the rung and the output, through

asserted (true or "closed") contacts, the rung is true and the output coil storage bit is asserted (1)

or true. If no path can be traced, then the output is false (0) and the "coil" by analogy to

electromechanical relays is considered "de-energized". The analogy between logical propositions

and relay contact status is due to Claude Shannon.

Ladder logic has contacts that make or break circuits to control coils. Each coil or contact

corresponds to the status of a single bit in the programmable controller's memory. Unlike

electromechanical relays, a ladder program can refer any number of times to the status of a single

bit, equivalent to a relay with an indefinitely large number of contacts.

So-called "contacts" may refer to physical ("hard") inputs to the programmable controller from

physical devices such as pushbuttons and limit switches via an integrated or external input

module, or may represent the status of internal storage bits which may be generated elsewhere in

the program.

Each rung of ladder language typically has one coil at the far right. Some manufacturers may

allow more than one output coil on a rung.

--( )-- a regular coil, energized whenever its rung is closed


21/144

--(\)-- a "not" coil, energized whenever its rung is open

--[ ]-- A regular contact, closed whenever its corresponding coil is energized

--[\]-- A "not" contact, open whenever its corresponding coil is energized

The "coil" (output of a rung) may represent a physical output which operates some device

connected to the programmable controller, or may represent an internal storage bit for use

elsewhere in the program.

FIG 3.5.1) PLC TRAINER KIT

The above figure shows the view of PLC trainer kit. On this kit various operations are

performed. It has following components mounted:

PLC MicroLogix1000

SMPS (220V AC-24V DC)

A Contactor Relay

An Electromechanical Relay

Normally open Switch (4)


22/144


23/144

Connections of trainer kit using micrologix 1000

Connections of trainer kit using micrologix 1100


24/144

COMMUNICATION OF PLC WITH PC

To make communication of PLC with PC following steps are noted down:

Connect PC and PLC via RS232 comport or Ethernet.

Then click on RS Linx icon, a window will appear as shown in fig below

RS Linx classic window

In this window add drivers i.e. whether it is RS232 comport or Ethernet and configure the drivers

and closes the window.

Then click on icon RS who on the RS Linx classic window, another window will appear as

shown in fig

After opening the RS who window click on AB DF1-1 DH-485, the PLC is running is shown on

the window. Then close this window and double click on RS Logix 500 starter.


25/144

RS WHO window

When we double click on RS Logix 500 starter a window will appear as shown in fig.

RS Logix 500 window


26/144

PLC INSTRUCTIONS

There are various instructions which are useful for making ladder logic for PLC programming.

These are as follows:


Use the XIC instruction in your ladder program to determine if a bit is ON. When the instruction is

executed, if the bit addressed is on (1), then the instruction is evaluated as true. When the instruction is

executed, if the bit addressed is off (0), then the instruction is evaluated as false.


Examples of devices that turn on or off include:

A push button wired to an input (addressed as I:0/4). An output wired to a pilot light (addressed as O:0/2). A timer controlling a light (addressed as T4:3/DN).

I/P O/P

0 0

1 1


27/144

XIO (Examine if open):

Use the XIO instruction in your ladder program to determine if a bit is OFF. When the instruction is

executed, if the bit addressed is off (0), then the instruction is evaluated as true. When the instruction is

executed, if the bit addressed is on (1), then the instruction is evaluated as false.

Examples of devices that turn on or off include:

Motor overload normally closed (N.C.) wired to an input (I:0/10).

An output wired to a pilot light (addressed as O:0/4).

A timer controlling a light (addressed as T4:3/DN).

I/P O/P

0 1

1 0


28/144

Output Energize (OTE):

Use the OTE instruction in your ladder program to turn on a bit when rung conditions are evaluated as

true. An example of a device that turns on or off is an output wired to a pilot light (addressed as O:0/4).

OTE instructions are reset when:

The SLC enters or returns to the REM Run or REM Test mode or

Power is restored.

The OTE is programmed within an inactive or false Master Control

Reset (MCR) zone.

Output Latch (OTL) and Output Unlatch (OTU):

OTL and OTU are retentive output instructions. OTL can only turn on a bit, while OTU can only turn off a

bit. These instructions are usually used in pairs, with both instructions addressing the same bit. Your

program can examine a bit controlled by OTL and OTU instructions as often as necessary.

Latch output and Unlatch output


29/144

Timers:

Timers are used to perform the timing operations. Time base is the minimum value of time in second

that can be taken by the timer. Preset value is the total number of the seconds for which the timing

operation has to be done Accumulator starts increasing the time in seconds upto the preset value. Upto

the preset value of the accumulator the enable bit of timer is high & the timer runs. When accumulator

reaches the preset value then the timer stops and the done bit of the timer becomes high.

The timer has following bits and these bits are useful in the operation of timer:

EN- Enable- This bit will high when the input is given to the timer TT - Timer timing bit - This bit will be high during the timing process. It remains high till

accumulator value becomes equal to preset value

DN Done This bit will be high when the timing process is ended. It set to high when theaccumulator value becomes equal to preset value.

In Micrologix 1000 and 1100 PLC there are three types of timers i.e.

TON Timer

T-OFF Timer

Retentive timer ON (RTO)


30/144

TON Timer:

Use the TON instruction to turn an output on or off after the timer has been on for a preset time

interval. The TON instruction begins to count time-base intervals when rung conditions become true. As

long as rung conditions remain true, the timer adjusts its accumulated value (ACC) each evaluation until

it reaches the preset value (PRE). The accumulated value is reset when rung conditions go false,

regardless of whether the timer has timed out

TON timer


31/144

T-OFF Timer:

Use the TOF instruction to turn an output on or off after its rung has been off for a preset time interval.

The TOF instruction begins to count time base intervals when the rung makes a true-to-false transition.

As long as rung conditions remain false, the timer increments its accumulated value (ACC) based on the

time base for each scan until it reaches the preset value (PRE). The accumulated value is reset when

rung conditions go true regardless of whether the timer has timed out.

T-OFF timer


32/144

Retentive Timer (RTO):

Use the RTO instruction to turn an output on or off after its timer has been on for a preset time interval.

The RTO instruction is a retentive instruction that begins to count timebase intervals when rung

conditions become true.

The RTO instruction retains its accumulated value when any of the following occurs:

Rung conditions become false.

You change processor operation from the REM Run or REM Test

Mode to the REM Program mode

The processor loses power (provided that battery backup is maintained)

A fault occurs

When you return the processor to the REM Run or REM Test mode and/or rung conditions go true,

timing continues from the retained accumulated value. By retaining its accumulated value, retentive

timers measure the cumulative period during which rung conditions are true.

Retentive Timer (RTO)


33/144


34/144

Counter UP (CTU):

The CTU is an instruction that counts false-to-true rung transitions. Rung transitions can be caused by

events occurring in the program (from internal logic or by external field devices) such as parts traveling

past a detector or actuating a limit switch. When rung conditions for a CTU instruction have made a

false-to-true transition, the accumulated value is incremented by one count, provided that the rung

containing the CTU instruction is evaluated between these transitions. The ability of the counter to

detect false-to-true transitions depends on the speed (frequency) of the incoming signal. The

accumulated value is retained when the rung conditions again become false. The accumulated count is

retained until cleared by a reset (RES) instruction that has the same address as the counter reset.

Counter UP (CTU)


35/144

Counter Down (CTD):

The CTD is an instruction that counts false-to-true rung transitions. Rung transitions can be caused by

events occurring in the program such as parts traveling past a detector or actuating a limit switch. When

rung conditions for a CTD instruction have made a false-to-true transition, the accumulated value is

decremented by one count, provided that the rung containing the CTD instruction is evaluated between

these transitions. The accumulated counts are retained when the rung conditions again become false.

The accumulated count is retained until cleared by a reset (RES) instruction that has the same address as

the counter reset.

Counter Down (CTU)

EQU (equal to)

Equal to

This input instruction is true when source A becomes equal to source B. The EQU instruction compares

two user specified values if values are equal, it allows rung continuity. The rung goes true and output

energies.


36/144

GEQ (greater than equal to)

Greater than Equal to

This instruction compares two values and will be high when the counted value becomes equal to or

greater than the fixed value and will energize everything that is connected next to it.

LEQ(less than equal to)

Less than Equal to

This instruction compares two values and will be high when the counted value becomes equal to or less

than the fixed value and will energize everything that is connected next to it.


37/144

GRT (greater than)

Greater Than

Use of the GRT instruction to test whether one value (source A) is greater than another (source B). If the

value at source A is greater than the value at source B, the instruction is logically true. If the value at

source A is less than or equal to the value at source B, the instruction is logically false. Source A must be

an address. Source B can either be a program constant or an address. Negative integers are stored in

twos complement form.

LES (less than)

Fig 3.5.4.11) Less than

Use of the LES instruction is to test whether one value (source A) is less than another (source B). Ifsource A is less than the value at source B, the instruction is logically true. If the value at source A is

greater than or equal to the value at source B, the instruction is logically false. Source A must be an

address. Source B can either be a program constant or an address. Negative integers are stored in twos

complement form.


38/144

LIM (Limit):

Limit

Use the LIM instruction to test for values within or outside a specified range, depending on how you set

the limits.

SCP (Scale with parameter):

SCP (Scale with parameter)

Use the SCP instruction to produce a scaled output value that has a linear relationship between the

input and scaled values. This instruction supports integer and floating point values. Use this instruction

with SLC 5/03 (OS302), SLC 5/04 (OS401), and SLC 5/05 processors. The Input Minimum, Input

Maximum, Scaled Minimum, and Scaled Maximumare used to determine the slope and offset values.

The input value can go outside of the specified input limits and no ordering is required. For example, the

scaled output value is not necessarily clamped between the scaled minimum and scaled maximum

values.


39/144

RES (Reset):

Reset

Use a RES instruction to reset a timer or counter. When the RES instruction is enabled, it resets the

Timer ON Delay (TON), Retentive Timer (RTO), Count UP (CTU), or Count Down (CTD) instruction having

the same address as the RES instruction.

When resetting a counter, if the RES instruction is enabled and the counter rung is enabled, the CU or

CD bit is reset. If the counter preset value is negative, the RES instruction sets the accumulated value to

zero. This in turn causes the done bit to be set by a count down or count up instruction.


40/144

PLC PROGRAMS

Program no. 1:

A bottle takes 7 sec to be completely filled, if the filling is interrupted then it should resume from the

same level. When the filling of one bottle is completed the motor should run for 2 sec for changing the

bottle.

Sol:

In this program we have used two inputs and two outputs of PLC i.e. I:0/0 & I:0/1 as inputs and O:0/0 &

O:0/1 as outputs. We have used a RTO as timer and compare instructions LEQ and LIM. When input I:0/0

is ON the RTO will start and conveyor motor is started for 7 sec by using LEQ instruction and after 7 sec

conveyor motor is stopped and then the valve is operated for 2 sec using LIM instruction. Then after 2

sec the conveyor motor again starts automatically.


41/144

when RTO and conveyor motor runs by pressing start push button


42/144

when the valve operates and conveyor motor stops


43/144

after filling bottle the valve stops and conveyor starts again

Program no. 2:

When a momentary start push button is pressed, a lamp goes ON. If again same start push

button is pressed first lamp goes off and it remains off for the next 20 seconds. If start push button is

pressed again in between these 20 seconds, lamp should not go ON. It should go ON again on pressing

start push button only after completing 20 seconds.

Sol:

In this program one input and one output of PLC is used. A Counter, Timer and a Greater than

instructions are used.


44/144

program of controlling lamp by timer and counter


45/144

when lamp glows by pressing push button


46/144

when lamp goes off by pressing push button second time

lamp will not glow even if we press push button. The lamp will glow after 20 sec by pressing push

button.


47/144

DRIVES

A drive is generally used for speed control and direction control of Motor.

Drives are of two types:

DC Drives AC Drives

DC DriveDC drives consist of an SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) bridge, which converts

incoming three or single-phase AC volts to DC volts. During this conversionprocess DC drives then can regulate speed, torque, voltage and current conditions

of the DC motor.

ON time ( ) Speed increase

OFF time ( ) Speed decrease


48/144

When Motor is OFF it behave like a generator and current is generated, this current

is sent to Motor again to protect motor for reverse current. It provides a low

resistance path.

Torque

220 V

110 V

50 Hz 100Hz

Torque graph of DC Drive


49/144

AC DriveA variable-frequency drive (VFD) is a system for controlling the rotational speed

of analternating current(AC)electric motorby controlling the frequency of the

electrical power supplied to the motor. A variable frequency drive is a specific type

ofadjustable-speed drive. Variable-frequency drives are also known as adjustable-

frequency drives (AFD), variable-speed drives (VSD), AC drives, micro drives or

inverter drives. Since the voltage is varied along with frequency, these are

sometimes also called VVVF (variable voltage variable frequency) drives.AC

Drives: It converts single phase to three phase and three phase to three

phase also.

Basic Block Diagram of AC Drive
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustable-speed_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustable-speed_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustable-speed_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustable-speed_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current


50/144

BenefitsEnergy savings

AC motor-driven applications that do not require full speed can save energy by

controlling the motor with a variable speed drive. Energy cost saving with variable

torque can be significant, often paying for the cost of VFD within a matter of

months. In variable torque applications such as fans and blowers, the torque

required varies roughly with the square of the speed, and the horsepower required

varies roughly with the cube of the speed, resulting in a large reduction of

horsepower for even a small reduction in speed. The motor will consume only 25%as much power at 63% speed than it will at 100% speed. This is referred to as the

Affinity Laws, which define the relationships between speed, flow, torque, and

horsepower

Starting torque control

Across-the-line single-speed starters start motors abruptly, subjecting the motor to

a high starting torque and to current surges that are up to 8 times the full-load

current. Variable speed drives instead gradually ramp the motor up to operatingspeed to lessen mechanical and electrical stress, reducing maintenance and repaircosts, and extending the life of the motor and the driven equipment.

Reduced-voltage starting methods also accelerate a motor gradually, but VF drives

can be programmed to ramp up the motor much more gradually and smoothly, and

can operate the motor at less than full speed to decrease wear and tear. Variable

speed drives can also run a motor in specialized patterns to further minimize

mechanical and electrical stress. For example, an S-curve pattern can be applied to

a conveyor application for smoother decel/accel control, which reduces the

backlash that can occur when a conveyor is accelerating or decelerating.

Speed: Ns = 120*F/P


51/144

Where Ns stands for speed.

P= Pole.

F is frequency (per sec current given or electron movement)

120= Phase angle

Frequency is directly proportional to Ns and poles are inversely

proportional to Ns.

Higher frequency will raise the speed and poles are fixed during

manufacturing time.

Features of AC Drive:

Smooth start and smooth stop of motorSpeed controlRamp up time and Ramp down timeEnergy saving

On full RPM= full supply

On low RPM= low supply

Electrical hardware: Motor starts directly with a drive and there is nodevice between drive and motor. Hence it reduces hardware. Because of

that we can control speed of motor.

Direction control: we can control the forward and reverse direction ofmotor.

Types of AC Drives:


52/144

VFD( Variable frequency drive)Sensor less Vector drive(advance version of VDF)Flux Vector Drive

VFD (Variable frequency drive)

All VFDs use their output devices (IGBTs, transistors,thyristors) only as switches,

turning them only on or off. Using a linear device such as a transistor in its linear

mode is impractical for a VFD drive, since the power dissipated in the drive

devices would be about as much as the power delivered to the load.

Drives can be classified as:

Constant voltage Constant current Cycloconverter

In a constant voltage converter, the intermediate DC link voltage remains

approximately constant during each output cycle. In constant current drives, a large

inductor is placed between the input rectifier and the output bridge, so the current

delivered is nearly constant. A cycloconverter has no input rectifier or DC link and

instead connects each output terminal to the appropriate input phase, making up thedesired variable-freqeuncy output waveforms from pieces of the fixed-frequency

input waveforms.

The most common type of packaged VF drive is the constant-voltage type, using

pulse width modulationto control both the frequency and effective voltage applied

to the motor load.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGBThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGBThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGBThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyristorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyristorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloconverterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloconverterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_width_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_width_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_width_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloconverterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyristorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGBT


53/144

Loss:Power factor low with using drive. Hence to improve we use capacitor

bank.

At start capacitor discharge and it gets charge when supply is on.

Pulse Width Modulation: Supply with pulse and used in AC & DC drives for speedcontrol of motor.

Purpose of AC drive: To get maximum torque on minimum RPM. Its also used for

speed control, power control, and direction control.

The ratio of voltage and frequency is constant for constant torque.

IGBT: It stands for Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor. It is used for high efficiency

and fast switching. It switches electric power in many applications.

i.e.

Optically isolated gate drives.Current sensingTemperature sensingShort circuit protection


54/144

Three Phase supply diagram

IGBT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM


55/144

Power flex- 4M

Speed

Reference

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWERFLEX-4M

V/Hz Drive:

Avariable-frequency drive (VFD)is a system for controlling the

rotational speed of analternating current(AC)electric motorby

controlling the frequency of the electrical power supplied to the motor.

This drive is works on variable frequency and variable voltage.

For PLC operation,

Input: PLC I: 0 address

Output: Integer type
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current


56/144

Characteristic Curve of V/Hz:

Voltage

220v

110v

0

Hz 100Hz frequency

Torque is always constant in this drive.

Sensor Vector Drive:

220V

110v

0 50Hz 100Hz


57/144


58/144

Basic Parameter (RPM of Motor)Ramp- up/ downFrequency set upEternal I/O


59/144

Human-Machine Interface (HMI)

Human-Machine Interface is a device or

software that lets users communicate

with a machine or automation system.

Besides translating complex data into

useable information, an HMI relays the

users commands.


60/144

OVERVIEW OF HMI SCREEN


61/144

TYPES OF HMI

PanelView C200PanelView C300PanelView C600PanelView C1000


62/144

ADVANTAGES OF HMI

Optimized for communication withMicroLogix or SLC 500:DF1, DH-485,

Ethernet to MicroLogix or SLC 500, and

multi-vendor communications.Alert operators with alarm messages

that include variables.

Upload and download groups of data orparameter settings with recipe feature.


63/144

Software

Design software is on the Panel ViewComponent operator interface

No need to install software on the PCPC based software is also available


64/144

FEATURES

Optimized for MicroLogix basedsystems.

Built-in programming softwareSecured programming accessSerial and Ethernet communicationsIntegrated clamps provide easier

install

Unicode language switchingAlarm messages and historyBasic recipe capability


65/144

DISPLAYS OF HMI TYPESFunction or combination of

numeric/function keys

2 monochrome, graphic displaySerial communication


66/144

Panel View C300

Touch screen or combination ofNumeric/function keys

3 monochrome, graphic display Serial communication


67/144

Panel View C600

Touch screen6 monochrome, STN color or TFT

color display

Serial and Ethernet communication


68/144

Panel View C1000

Touch screen10 TFT colorSerial and Ethernet communication


69/144

Configure Browser Settings

Browser changes are required beforeusing the Panel View Explorer design

environment. For optimal

Performance, the Internet Explorer 7browser or the Firefox 2.0 or 3.0browsers is recommended.

Verify that cookies are enabled.Turn off the pop-up blocker.


70/144

HMI OPERATION


71/144

HOW TO CREATE SCREEN


72/144

Configure Communication


73/144

Creating Tag


74/144

TAG DONE

After creating tag the screen will looklike this:


75/144

Create a Goto Config Button


76/144

HMI OPERATION


77/144

SCADA

(Supervisory control and data Acquisition)


78/144

Definition of SCADA:-

SCADA or Supervisory Control and Data

Acquisition is a large scale control system

for automated industrial processes like

municipal water supplies, power

generation, steel manufacturing, gas and

oil pipelines etc.


79/144

Features of SCADA:-

Dynamic process GraphicAlarm summeryAlarm historyReal time trendHistorical time trendSecurity (Application Security)Data base connectivityDevice connectivityScriptsRecipe management


80/144

Manufacture of SCADA:-

Modicon (Telemecanique) Visuallook

Allen Bradley : RS ViewSiemens: win ccGee faunaeKPIT : ASTRAIntelution : AspicWonder ware : In touch


81/144

How to work on SCADA:-

SCADA consist of following steps to make any

projects..

What is a project:-

A project consists of a folder on your hard diskthat contains, minimum, the following items:1. Project files (.rsv)

2. Tag folder

3. Comprf (communications profile) folder

4. Cache folder


82/144

Working in the Project Manager:-

The Project Manager is the main tool forworking with RSView32. Each time youcreate a project, a Project Manager appearsshowing the project name.


83/144


84/144

Component:-

The Project Manager manages components, not files. Acomponent is file reference that is associated with the

physical files name and path. The file can be located in a

folder under the project directory, outside The project

directory, or on another computer

Viewing component locations:-


85/144

Adding components to a project:-

1. You can use the same files in more than one

project by adding Components to a project. You can

do this using two different Methods.

2. When you add a component using the second

option, Create Shortcut to Existing Component, you

are not creating a copy of the file in the project.

Instead, you are creating a link to the files location

outside of the project.


86/144

To add a component to a project or update

its file reference:-

1. Select the editor that was used to create the

desired component. For example, to add a graphic

display component, highlight the Graphic Displayeditor.

2. Rightclick to display the context menu, and then

click Copy Existing Component into Project or click

Create Shortcut to Existing Component

3. In the dialog box, locate the component you want

to add or update, and click it.


87/144

4. Click Open. The components appear in the right

pane of the Project Manager.

Renaming, removing, and deleting

components:-

Use the items on the context menu to rename,

remove, and delete components. The Remove itemremoves a component from the Project Manager.

The Delete item deletes a component and its

associated file from disk.


88/144


89/144

Renaming a component:-

Renaming a component changes the physical file name. If

you change the name of a file that is referenced by anotherproject, the Component (file reference) will be greyed out inthe other project. To Update the file reference; select thecomponent in the Project Manager, click Rename, and thentype the new file name.

To rename a component:

1. Select the component in the right pane of the ProjectManager.2. Rightclick and then click Rename.

3.In the to field, type the new name

4.Click OK.


90/144

Removing a component:-If you no longer want to use a particular file in a project,you can remove the component (file reference) from the

project using the Remove item on the context menu.Removing a component removes the component from theProject Manager. It does not affect the physical file.

To remove a component:

1. Select the component in the right pane of the ProjectManager.2. Rightclick and then click Remove

Deleting a component and file:-

If you no longer want to use a particular file in any project,you can delete the component and its associated file usingthe Delete item on the context menu. Deleting acomponent deletes both the file reference and the physicalfile from disk.

To delete a component and file:-

1. Select the component in the right pane of the ProjectManager.2. Rightclick and then click Delete.


91/144

Setting up direct driver

communications:-

Overview of direct driver communications:-Communication through direct drivers involves:

1. Channels

2. Communication Devices

3. Communication Driver Software (RSLinx)

4. Nodes (control devices)


92/144

Communication channel:-

The communication channel is the connection from the

RSView32 station to the network the programmablecontrollers are attached to

Communication device:-

The communication device connects the communication

channel to the computer. You can use internal devices, suchas the 1784KT/ KTX, or you can use external devicesconnected through the serial port

Communication driver:-

The communication driver is the software that permits thecomputer to communicate with the communication device.For communication with most AllenBradleyprogrammable controllers, use RSLinx.

Node (control device):-

The node is a programmable controller attached to a datahighway or network. Once the RSView32 station is set up, itmust periodically update its value table. This is done byscanning its nodes


93/144

Setting up direct driver communication to

PLC:-

The instructions below summarize the steps for connectingto AllenBradley or Soft Logix 5 devices

Setting up communications without

Hardware or software:-

You can set up communications in RSView32, even if youdo not have one or both of the following:

RS Linx drivers installedThe appropriate communications hardware installed

To do so, follow the steps in the next section, but skip step1 and start with step 2.

To test your project without the appropriate hardwareinstalled, see Developing your project without acommunication network on


94/144

Summary of steps:-

Follow the steps below to set up direct driver

communication with AllenBradley or Soft Logix 5programmable controllers.

1.Start RSLinx. Configure and load the appropriatecommunication driver.

2.Start RSView32 and create or open a project.

3. In the Channel editor, select a channel and assign theappropriate network type to it.

In the Primary Communication driver field, assign a driverto the channel. If you do not have drivers loaded, clickNone Loaded..

4. In the Node editor, create nodes for each programmablecontroller

You wish to communicate with.


95/144

5. If you want to change the default rate at which nodes arescanned, open the Scan Class editor and edit the scanclasses.

6. In the Tag Database editor, create tags. For each tag,select Device as the data source and assign the nodes andscan classes that you have defined.

7. Monitor communications.


96/144


97/144

Creating a node:-

A node allows you to assign a logical name and an address

to each programmable controller that RSView32 willcommunicate with. Each programmable controller is thenreferred to throughout RSView32 by this name. The nodename carries all its configuration information, so attributessuch as type of programmable controller, station number,and network type need not be repeated

To create a node:-

1. In the Project Manager, open the System folder.

2.Open the Node editor by doing one of the followingdoubleclick the Node icon rightclick the Node iconand then click Show


98/144

3. Fill in the following information for eachnode:

Data Source

Select Direct Driver.

Name

Type a name of your choice up to 40 characters long. Thisname represents the programmable controller. The namecan have upper and lower case letters, numbers, dashes, andunderscores. Spaces are not permitted.

Enabled:-Normally nodes are enabled, allowing collection of valuesfrom the programmable controller. However, during setupor troubleshooting you might want to disable a node toprevent communication timeouts or invalid data. When anode is disabled, tag values can still be read and written, butthe values are read from and written to the value tableinstead of the programmable controller.


99/144

Channel:-

Select the channel number on which this node resides

Station:-

Type the station address of the programmable controller.For addressing syntax, see Appendix E, Station addressing

for nodes connecting to AllenBradley devices.

Type:-

Select the type of device you are using.

1.PLC2 PLC2

2.PLC3 PLC3


100/144

Timeout:-

Type the number of seconds you want RSView32 to waitbefore reporting a communication error. A timeout periodof three seconds is usually enough.

4. Click Accept to save the node configuration.

3.When you finish configuring nodes, click Close

Changing node information at runtime:-

To permanently change a nodes station number atruntime, use the Node Switch command. This commandallows you to set up nodelevel redundancy. That is, if theprogrammable controller that a node is pointing to fails, you

can immediately switch to another programmablecontroller.


101/144

Scanning for new tag values:-

When your RSView32 project is running, it must

periodically update its tag values in the value table. This isdone by scanning. For projects communicating throughdirect drivers, values are updated by scanning theprogrammable controller address at the foreground andbackground scan rates specified by the scan class

To configure a scan class:-

1.In the Project Manager, open the System folder.

2.Open the Scan Class editor by doing one of thefollowing:

doubleclick the Scan Class icon

rightclick the Scan Class icon and then click Show


102/144

3.Select a scan class and fill in a foreground andbackground period.

The period specifies, in seconds, how often theprogrammable controller address is scanned when its

value is required by a foreground or backgroundcomponent. The foreground period applies to graphicdisplays and the tag monitor. The background periodapplies to any component that performs a continual


103/144

background activity, such as derived tags, events, alarms,and data log.

4.To save the configuration for a scan class withoutclosing the editor, select another scan class.

5.When you finish configuring scan classes, click OK.


104/144

Setting up OPC and DDE communications:


105/144

Summary of steps:-The instructions below summarize the steps for setting upRSView32 as an OPC or DDE client.

1.Start the OPC or DDE server.2.Start RSView32 and create or open a project (theclient).

3.In the Node editor, create nodes for each OPC orDDE server and/or topic you wish to communicatewith. In the nodes Data Source field, select OPCServer or DDE Server.

4.In the Tag Database editor, create tags and selectDevice as the data source and assign the nodes that youhavecreated.


106/144

Creating tags:-Tag types:-

Types of tags are as follows:-

Analog These tags can represent variablestates such asTemperature or the position ofrotary controls.

Digital 0 or 1.These tags can represent devicesthat can only be on orOff, such as switches, contacts, andrelays.

String These tags can represent devicesthat use text, such as abar code scanner which uses analphanumeric productcode

System Information generated while thesystem is running,including alarm information,communication status,system time and date, and so on.


107/144

Data sources:-

When defining an analog, digital, or string tag, you must

specify a data source. The data source determines whetherthe tag receives its values externally or internally.

Device:-

A tag with Device as its data source receives its data from a

source external to RSView32. The data can come from adirect programmable controller driver or from an OPC orDDE server. Tags with Device as the data source counttoward the total tag limit you purchased (150, 300, 1,500,and so on).

Memory:

A tag with Memory as its data source receives its data fromthe RSView32 internal value table. A memory tag can beused to store values internally. Tags with Memory as thedata source do not count toward the total tag limit.


108/144

Organizing tags:-

Organizing tags makes database creation faster and simpler.

To organize tags: establish naming conventions Naming conventions enable you and operators to use

the RSView32 wildcards most effectively whensearching for and displaying tags during development

and runtime.

use folders to group related tagsNaming tags:-

Tag names can be up to 255 characters long. If you create afolder, the folder name becomes part of the tag name.

The tag name can contain the following characters:

A to Z 0 to 9 underscore (_) and dash (-)


109/144

The tag database editor:-

To open the Tag Database editor:

1.In the Project Manager, open the System folder.2. Open the Tag Database editor by doing one of the

following:

doubleclick the Tag Database icon rightclick the Tag Database icon and then click

Show


110/144


111/144

Adding tags to a folder:-

Once you have created a folder, you can add tags to it.

1.Select a folder in the folder hierarchy.The folder name is displayed in the Name field of the

form.

2.After the backslash (\), type the new tag name.

Adding a tag:-

To add a tag, do one of the following:

Click the New button in the forms area. Thisinserts a new row above the highlighted row.

Click Insert Row on the Edit menu or click theInsert Row button on the toolbar. This inserts anew row above the highlighted row.


112/144


113/144

Creating graphic displays:-

About graphic displays and graphic objects:-

A graphic display represents the operators view of plantactivity.

The display can show system or process data and provide

operators with a way to write values to an external devicesuch as a programmable controller. Operators can also printthe display at runtime to create a visual record of tag values.

The components that make up a graphic display are calledgraphicobjects. Objects can be:

created in the Graphic Display editor dragged and dropped from a graphic library

copied and pasted from another WindowsapplicationCreated by another Windows application and inserted

in theGraphic display using OLE (Object Linking and

Embedding)


114/144

ActiveX objects embedded in the graphic display

The Graphic Display editor

To open the Graphic Display editor:-

1.In the Project Manager, open the Graphics folder.2. Open the Graphic Display editor by doing one of thefollowing:

doubleclick the Display icon rightclick the Display icon and then click New

The editors main components:-

The figure below shows the main components of theGraphic Display editor. Each component is brieflydescribed in the table on the following page.


115/144


116/144

The Graphic Display editors main components are:

Toolbar Contains buttons for

commonly used menu items.Thefigure on the previous pageshows only one toolbar butthere are several, includingtoolbars for drawing tools,Line and fill colors, and fill

patterns. You can hide orshow toolbars using the Viewmenu, and you can move

The toolbars anywhere onthe screen.

Drawing area Is the area for creatinggraphic displays Change thebackground color of this areain the Display Settings

Status bar Describes the action to beperformed by the selectedMenu item or button. The

status bar also displays the xand y coordinates, name,width, and height of theselected object.


117/144

Mastering basic techniques:-

:-When working on a graphic display, certain actions andtechniques are used frequently. Knowing how to perform

these actions can save you time.

Using the context menu

No matter where you are in the Graphic Display editor, youcan open

A context menu by clicking the right mouse button. Theitems on the Menu depend on the cursors location. Forexample, when you right click on an object, the menucontains items relevant to that object .


118/144

Switching between normal and test

modes:-

To quickly test objects in a graphic display, use test mode.When you

Are finished testing, switch back to normal mode tocontinue editing.To switch between test and normal modes, use the buttonson the

Toolbar or the items on the View menu


119/144

Test mode

Normal mode


120/144

Using the toolbars:-

The toolbars are a convenient way to quickly perform anaction. Youcan:

Hide or show them using the items on the Viewmenu. If there is a check mark beside the toolbarname, the toolbar is visible. If there is no checkmark, the toolbar is hidden.

drag them anywhere on the screen dock them to an edge of the window (except the

ActiveX Toolbox


121/144


122/144

Selecting a drawing tool:-

The Drawing Tools toolbox contains tools for creating,selecting, andRotating objects. The tools are also available on the Objectsmenu.

Objects menu

drawing tools


123/144

Before you can draw an object, you must select theappropriate tool.

To select a drawing tool, click the tool in the toolbox or ontheObjects menu. When you click a tool, the pointer changesto show

Which tool is active


124/144

To deselect a drawing tool, do one of the following:

click the Select tool click another drawing tool

Selecting colors:-

The color palettes contain the colors you can assign toobjects. To

Show and hide the color palettes, click them on the Viewmenu. YouCan also select colors using the color items on the

Attributes menu.You can select colors before you draw an object, or you canapply

Them to an existing object.


125/144

Selecting and deselecting objects

To work with an object, you must first select it with the

Select tool.You can click this tool in the Drawing Tools toolbox or onthe Objects menu.

To deselect a drawing tool, click the Select tool in thetoolbox or on

The Objects menu.

Select


126/144

To select Do this

An object Click the object.Several objects Click the first object, Ctrlclick

additional objects.All objects in an area Drag diagonally to draw a

selection border around theobjects.Ctrlclick objects outside theborder to add them to theselection.

All objects in the drawingarea Click Select All on the Edit menu.

To de select Do thisAn object Ctrlclick the object.Several objects Hold down Ctrl and drag a

selection borderaround the objects

All selected objectsClick in the drawing area, awayfrom any objects.


127/144

Using the Rotate tool:-

To rotate an object:

1.Click the Rotate tool.2. Click the mouse button. A small circle with a crosshairappears.

This is the anchor point that is used as the center ofrotation. To

move the center of rotation, drag the crosshair.


128/144

2.Place the pointer on an edge of the object and drag theobject to rotate it.

To rotate the object in fivedegree increments, press Ctrlwhile you drag.

4. When the object is in the desired position, release themouse

button.

Zooming in and out:-

To magnify or reduce your view of a graphic display, useZoom In and Zoom Out. Zoom In magnifies objects,Zoom Out reduces

Magnification.


129/144

To zoom in on objects:-

1.Select the objects you want to zoom in on.2. Click Zoom In on the View menu or click the Zoom In

button on the toolbar.

To zoom out:

Click Zoom Out on the View menu or click the Zoom Outbutton on the toolbar. You can also click Cancel Zoom onthe View menu.

Zoom in


130/144

Zoom out

Correcting mistakes:-

If you change your mind about something you did,undo the action. If you change your mind again, redothe action.

To undo an operation:

Click Undo on the Edit menu or click the Undobutton on the toolbar

Undo


131/144

Redo

To redo an operation:-

Click Redo on the Edit menu or click the Redo buttonon the toolbar.

Animating graphic objects:-

Types of animation

Once you have created graphic objects, you can:

attach animation that links an object to a tag sothe objects appearance changes to reflect changesin the tags value


132/144

attach key animation that links an object or displayto a key or mouse button so operators canperform an action by pressing a key or mousebutton

attach OLE verb animation to an OLE object sowhen the expression evaluates to true, it activatesan OLE object by initiating one of the verbs (forexample, edit or open) associated with the object

attach control to ActiveX objects so you can:map tags to an ActiveX objects properties so

changes to the objects properties change the tagsvalue and, in some cases, changes to the tagsvalue change the objects properties

map commands to an ActiveX objects events socommands run based on the objects events


133/144

map tags to event parameters

Using the Animation dialog box:-

To attach animation, use the Animation dialog box.

To open the Animation dialog box, do one

of the following:

select an object and click Animation on the Viewmenu

select an object, click Animation on the menu barto open the Animation menu, and then click amenu item

rightclick an object to open the context menu,select Animation, and then click a menu item


134/144

Animation Tabs:-

Click the tab for the type of animation you want to

configure.

Expression Area:-

Create one or more expressions either by typing them,choosing the Expression button, or both. Multiple

expressions are evaluated in the order they are listed.


135/144

To supply a tag name for an expression, click the Tagsbutton and then select a name, or type the name. Ifyou use multiple tags in an expression, the first tag is

used for the minimum and maximum values if you donot specify these values.

Enclose tag names that contain dashes or start with a

number in braces { } when you use them in anexpression. This distinguishes the characters in the tagname from the characters in the expression. Also usebraces when using wildcards (* or ?) to representmultiple tags in an expression.

Expression Result:-

Specify how the objects appearance should changebased on the result of the expression. The fields in thisarea change for each type of animation.

For some types of animation, you have to specify achange of state. For example, an object with visibilityanimation will switch between visible and invisible.


136/144

For other types of animation, you have to specify arange of motion. For example, an object will movefrom a fixed starting point to a fixed end point. The

range of motion is related to the minimum andmaximum values for the expression. The object movesfrom the At Minimum position to the At Maximumposition as the expression

value changes to the maximum value.

Minimum and Maximum Values:-

If you do not want to use the values set for the tag inthe Tag Database editor, specify minimum andmaximum values. If a value falls outside the specified

range, it will be evaluated as either the minimum ormaximum value. If you do not specify minimum andmaximum values,

Apply, Delete, and Close ButtonsThese buttons do the following:


137/144

Apply:Applies and validates the animation configuredfor theSelected object or group of objects. Choosing anothertab is the same as choosing Applythe animation youhave configured is applied to the object and validated.

Delete:

Deletes the animation for the selected object.

Close:

Prompts to apply changes and closes the dialog box.

Using Object Smart Path to visually set

Animation:-

Because the Animation dialog box stays open, you can

go back and forth between the dialog box and thegraphic display. This makes it easy to set the range ofmotion for an object because you do not havetoknows how many pixels you want an object to move.IMPORTANT


138/144

Examples of Scada AnimationTraffic lights


139/144

Run Mode


140/144

Slider Control


141/144

Slider Controlling


142/144

Final Positioning


143/144


144/144

.

six months word file

Documents