sisteme holonice

8/12/2019 Sisteme HOLONICE

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Centre for Distributed Automation andControl

Holonic Manufacturing Systems

Introduction to distributed intellgent systems

Distributed, intelligent manufacturing control systems refer to the class of manufacturing control systems in

which1. Control system decisions (e.g. for planning, scheduling, routing, task execution etc) are determined by

more than one decision making element2. he decision making elements ! typically so called software agents interact collaborati"ely and flexibly

to arri"e at a decision#. $o one decision making element has access to all of the information re%uired to make an effecti"e

decision&. Decision making elements are typically linked to physical elements in the manufacturing domain !

namely machines, products, parts and customer orders

'n this category CDC has been in"ol"ed specifically in two closely related de"elopments in distributed,intelligent control in a manufacturing context, namely, multi!agent based manufacturing control and holonic

manufacturing control. oth of these use a common core component ! a software agent. software agent, in thecontext of a manufacturing control system, is an interacti"e decision making software element, which is moreformally defined (*+are and -ennings, 1/)0

A distinct software process, which can reason independently, and can react to change induced upon it by other

agents and its environment, and is able to cooperate with other agents.

Multi Agent Based Manufacturing Control

gents ha"e been applied as a means of de"eloping distributed decision making solutions in the manufacturingcontrol domain for o"er ten years, and an important class of these applications are those in which software agentscorrespond on a one!to!one basis with eachmachine and product (representing all or part of customer orders) inthe manufacturing en"ironment. sing the appropriate distributed control algorithms, the indi"idual machine and

product agents can make their ownmanufacturing control decisionsrelating to scheduling, resource allocation,prioritisation etc. using an automated form of negotiation. he key benefit of such an approach is that ifproduction is disrupted or reorganised in some way, the same negotiation process still takes place, albeit withdifferent machines or products making the decisions, and hence the system is relati"ely robust to change.lgorithms implemented in multi agent software en"ironments ha"e been de"eloped for planning, schedulingand shop floor control applications.
http://www.cam.ac.uk/


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Con"entional "s 3ulti gent ased 3anufacturing Control 4ystem

Holonic Manufacturing Systems

he field of holonic manufacturing systems has de"eloped o"er the last ten years as an approach for designingand operating autonomous, flexible, interchangable manufacturing modules referred to as holons. 't is a systemsengineering methodology rather than a solution to a specific control problem, and is referred to as a bottom upapproach because o"erall plant control is de"eloped through the integration of these flexible, interchangablemanufacturing modules. his is in direct contrast with con"entional top-downmethodologies for designing andspecifying manufacturing control systems (e.g. Computer 'ntegrated 3anufacturing or C'3) in which acomputer control systems hierarchy is centrally de"ised to support the planning, scheduling and shop floorcontrol processes of a factory.The discriminating value of holonic manufacturing is that it represents the only methodology for control system

design which manages short and long term changes in the manufacturing environment as "business as usual".

5e emphasise here that holonic manufacturing is not an alternativenor an identicalapproach to multi!agentcontrol but rather it is complementaryin that it represents a systems engineering approach to the de"elopment ofmanufacturing control systems infrastructure, rather than a solution mechanism for sol"ing indi"idualmanufacturing control problems. 3ost de"elopments of holonic systems to date ha"e deployed agent!like sol"ersas a means of resol"ing planning, scheduling and shop floor control issues.owe"er, while multi agent based control systems represent purely software en"ironments, a holonic systemencapsulates both the physical and information based aspects of the manufacturing en"ironment. ence aresource holonfor machining, for example, might contain a machine tool, sensing and actuation, a localcontroller, a network connection and one or more coordinating software agents located either locally or on thenetwork.

3achining 6esource olonhe integration of the physical resource or product to the different control processes in a holonic en"ironment isillustrated below


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Con"entional "s olonic 3anufacturing Control 4ystem

Learn more...

Designing Communication 7rotocols for olonic Control De"ices sing8lementary $etsook 4eries9ecture $otes in Computer 4cience7ublisher 4pringer erlin : eidelberg'44$ ;#;2!olume >olume #?#:2;;?ook olonic and 3ulti!gent 4ystems for 3anufacturingD*' 1;.1;;dd to marked itemsdd to sa"ed items6ecommend thischapter

Algorithms and Technologies

Designing Communication 7rotocols for olonic Control De"ices sing 8lementary $etsJames Brusey1and Duncan McFarlane1

(1) 'nstitute for 3anufacturing, Cambridge ni"ersity, Cambridge C216B, Abstract

difficulty encountered when de"eloping olonic 3anufacturing 4ystems (34s) is the needto place some or all of the intelligence associated with a holon on a small, low!powered de"icethat has real!time constraints. his re%uirement must be balanced with the need tocommunicate with such a holon using standard, open, and sophisticated protocols. possiblesolution is to split the functionality into two parts with a lightweight sub!holon on the de"iceand an associated high!le"el sub!holon on a remote ser"er. owe"er a key difficulty isensuring that the communication protocol between the two sub!holons is robust and reliable,while still allowing all the flexibility that is re%uired in these types of applications. his paperexplores the use of 8lementary $et 4ystems as a basis for the specification of thecommunication and demonstrates that this pro"ides a simple and robust basis for designingcorrect communication protocols in the case where communication is "ia a shared data table,

such as the memory on an 6'D tag.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/5lh0plx0qv1g4h3t/?mark=5lh0plx0qv1g4h3thttp://www.springerlink.com/content/105633/http://www.springerlink.com/computer-science/http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-3-540-28237-2/http://www.springerlink.com/content/5lh0plx0qv1g4h3t/?mark=5lh0plx0qv1g4h3thttp://www.springerlink.com/personalization/save-item.mpx?code=5lh0plx0qv1g4h3thttp://www.springerlink.com/personalization/email-item.mpx?code=5lh0plx0qv1g4h3thttp://www.springerlink.com/personalization/email-item.mpx?code=5lh0plx0qv1g4h3thttp://www.springerlink.com/content/105633/http://www.springerlink.com/computer-science/http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-3-540-28237-2/http://www.springerlink.com/content/5lh0plx0qv1g4h3t/?mark=5lh0plx0qv1g4h3thttp://www.springerlink.com/personalization/save-item.mpx?code=5lh0plx0qv1g4h3thttp://www.springerlink.com/personalization/email-item.mpx?code=5lh0plx0qv1g4h3thttp://www.springerlink.com/personalization/email-item.mpx?code=5lh0plx0qv1g4h3t


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4trategy to 'mplement and >alidate 'ndustrial pplications ofolonic 4ystemsook 4eries9ecture $otes in Computer 4cience7ublisher 4pringer erlin : eidelberg'44$ ;#;2!olume >olume #?#:2;;?ook olonic and 3ulti!gent 4ystems for 3anufacturingD*' 1;.1;;dd to marked itemsdd to sa"ed items6ecommend thischapter

Implementation and Validation Aspects

4trategy to 'mplement and >alidate 'ndustrial pplications of olonic 4ystemsFrancisco P. Maturana1 , Raymond J. Staron1 , Pavel Tich2 , Petr lechta2

and Pavel !r"a2

(1) 6ockwell utomation, 1 llen!radley Dri"e, 3ayfield ts., * &&12&!/11@, 4(2) 6ockwell utomation s.r.o., 7ekarska 1;a, 1??;; 7rague ?, CEech 6epublicAbstractClassical control systems are based on feedback techni%ues and models that generally cannotmanage computational complexity, nonlinearity and uncertainty. 3oreo"er, classical controlcannot adapt well to the "ariability of the processes under control in a dynamic fashion.owe"er, agent!based control eases combinatorial complexity by enabling a robust partitioning

of knowledge and beha"iors. 't is a difficult challenge to create the infrastructure, de"elopmentsystem and "alidation tools for agent systems. 'n this paper we discuss fundamental steps toachie"e the foundation infrastructure for creating agents but also we address se"eral guidelinesto create the agents and the re%uirements to present this to non!agent specialists.

638$0 3ulti!agent 3onitoring and $otification for Complex7rocessesook 4eries9ecture $otes in Computer 4cience7ublisher 4pringer erlin : eidelberg'44$ ;#;2!olume >olume #?#:2;;?ook olonic and 3ulti!gent 4ystems for 3anufacturingD*' 1;.1;;dd to marked itemsdd to sa"ed items6ecommend thischapter

Applications

638$0 3ulti!agent 3onitoring and $otification for Complex 7rocesses#arry Bunch1 , Ma$$ie Breedy1 , Je%%rey M. Bradsha&1 , Marco 'arvalho1 and
http://www.springerlink.com/content/105633/http://www.springerlink.com/computer-science/http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-3-540-28237-2/http://www.springerlink.com/content/a3crlu95u4ccambh/?mark=a3crlu95u4ccambhhttp://www.springerlink.com/personalization/save-item.mpx?code=a3crlu95u4ccambhhttp://www.springerlink.com/personalization/save-item.mpx?code=a3crlu95u4ccambhhttp://www.springerlink.com/personalization/email-item.mpx?code=a3crlu95u4ccambhhttp://www.springerlink.com/personalization/email-item.mpx?code=a3crlu95u4ccambhhttp://www.springerlink.com/personalization/email-item.mpx?code=a3crlu95u4ccambhhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/a3crlu95u4ccambh/#ContactOfAuthor1http://www.springerlink.com/content/a3crlu95u4ccambh/#ContactOfAuthor2http://www.springerlink.com/content/a3crlu95u4ccambh/#ContactOfAuthor3http://www.springerlink.com/content/a3crlu95u4ccambh/#ContactOfAuthor4http://www.springerlink.com/content/105633/http://www.springerlink.com/computer-science/http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-3-540-28237-2/http://www.springerlink.com/content/2nacqagpvyft15p7/?mark=2nacqagpvyft15p7http://www.springerlink.com/personalization/save-item.mpx?code=2nacqagpvyft15p7http://www.springerlink.com/personalization/email-item.mpx?code=2nacqagpvyft15p7http://www.springerlink.com/personalization/email-item.mpx?code=2nacqagpvyft15p7http://www.springerlink.com/content/2nacqagpvyft15p7/#ContactOfAuthor1http://www.springerlink.com/content/2nacqagpvyft15p7/#ContactOfAuthor2http://www.springerlink.com/content/2nacqagpvyft15p7/#ContactOfAuthor3http://www.springerlink.com/content/2nacqagpvyft15p7/#ContactOfAuthor4http://www.springerlink.com/content/2nacqagpvyft15p7/#ContactOfAuthor4http://www.springerlink.com/content/2nacqagpvyft15p7/#ContactOfAuthor3http://www.springerlink.com/content/2nacqagpvyft15p7/#ContactOfAuthor2http://www.springerlink.com/content/2nacqagpvyft15p7/#ContactOfAuthor1http://www.springerlink.com/content/a3crlu95u4ccambh/#ContactOfAuthor5http://www.springerlink.com/content/a3crlu95u4ccambh/#ContactOfAuthor4http://www.springerlink.com/content/a3crlu95u4ccambh/#ContactOfAuthor3http://www.springerlink.com/content/a3crlu95u4ccambh/#ContactOfAuthor2http://www.springerlink.com/content/a3crlu95u4ccambh/#ContactOfAuthor1http://www.springerlink.com/content/105633/http://www.springerlink.com/computer-science/http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-3-540-28237-2/http://www.springerlink.com/content/a3crlu95u4ccambh/?mark=a3crlu95u4ccambhhttp://www.springerlink.com/personalization/save-item.mpx?code=a3crlu95u4ccambhhttp://www.springerlink.com/personalization/email-item.mpx?code=a3crlu95u4ccambhhttp://www.springerlink.com/personalization/email-item.mpx?code=a3crlu95u4ccambhhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/105633/http://www.springerlink.com/computer-science/http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-3-540-28237-2/http://www.springerlink.com/content/2nacqagpvyft15p7/?mark=2nacqagpvyft15p7http://www.springerlink.com/personalization/save-item.mpx?code=2nacqagpvyft15p7http://www.springerlink.com/personalization/email-item.mpx?code=2nacqagpvyft15p7http://www.springerlink.com/personalization/email-item.mpx?code=2nacqagpvyft15p7


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(iran)an Suri1

(1) lorida 'nstitute for uman and 3achine Cognition, &; 4. lcaniE 4t. 7ensacola, 9#2?/#,

Abstract8arly and consistent detection of abnormal conditions is important to the safe and efficient

operation of complex industrial processes. *ur research focuses on enabling the operators andengineers who control and maintain such systems to describe process conditions to softwareagents, deploy such agents to continuously monitor li"e process data, and recei"e appropriatenotification from their personal agents concerning the process state. he resulting dynamic

population of monitoring agents is managed by our agile computing framework according topolicies that define computing and networking resource restrictions as well as user notificationre%uirements and preferences.

Larry Bunch

'4C'4F2;;; G uncer Hren 2;;;.1;.11 - 1 / ! -ISCIS

Ad"ances in Com#uter and Information Sciences$r. %uncer &ren

7rofessor 8meritus, ni"ersity of *ttawa,Canada and>ice! Director, 'nformation echnologies6esearch 'nstitute' ! 3armara 6esearch Center,IebEe! ocaeli, urkeyhtt#'// (((. btae. mam. go". tr/) tuncer%uncer. *ren+ scs. com'4C'4F2;;; G uncer Hren 2;;;.1;.11 - , /! -*L0$02*L0$0 34*C0SSI2and %H0 SHI5% *5 3A4A$IMJ or a long time in the history ofci"iliEation, being6no(ledgeable (as an important asset.J 'nformation age realities pro"ide tools to

store andinteractively access a "ast amount of

knowledge.J ll the knowledge we get through formaleducationcan reside on a single CD! 6*3 where theknowledge can be stored for interacti"esearchwithout any loss.'4C'4F2;;; G uncer Hren 2;;;.1;.11 - 7 /! -*L0$034*C0SSI08049H040

nowledge processing is done by two typesof machines or systems0

J machines for knowledge processing andJ machines with knowledge processingabilities.forknowledge

processingmachineswithknowledge

processingabilitiesJ abacusJastrolabeJKJ unit recordJ hybridcomputersJ com#uters!7C

! notebook!palm! wearable! implentable?fixed! wiredtools"ariable! wiredtoolsstored! programtools

'4C'4F2;;; G uncer Hren 2;;;.1;.11 - 11/ ! !machines
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forknowledge

processingmachineswith

knowledgeprocessingabilitiesJ abacusJastrolabeJKJ unit recordJ hybridcomputersJ com#uters!7C

! notebook!palm! wearable! implentable?Jautomata J -ac%uardloomJcomputer!embedded systems :C04)(pre!: re!: auto!) programmable systemsfixed! wiredtools"ariable! wiredtoolsstored! programtools#arameter"alues ; com#.no(ledge- basedC0SCamera reads directlyfilm s#eed*#timi


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intranets and on the 'nternet.

System theoriespro"ide strong backgrounds for cogniti"e, i.e.,

intelligent com#uteri.Coo#erationis becoming an important paradigm for

both ci"ilian and military applications.

'4C'4F2;;; G uncer Hren 2;;;.1;.11 - 17/ ! -HolonicsystemsJ HolonsEpro"ides a powerful paradigmto concei"e, model, support, andmanage dynamically organi


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*utline 3ro#osal - A$$MA

Submitted by'ational 4esearch Council Canada

Simon 5raser Kni"ersity$ili# B. ota6 - dili#.6ota6+nrc-cnrc.gc.ca

illiam A. ru"er - gru"er+cs.sfu.ca

1. 4ef. umber *3-?. Acronym'D8

>. 5ull %itle 'ntelligent and Distributed 8nergy pplications?. %heme:s= olonic or multi!agent systems including distributed de"icecontrolO Communications systemsO4ystems engineeringO lternati"e energy systems,fuel cell and hydrogen systems and technologiesO 8xtraction, processing anddistribution of gaseous and li%uid forms of energyO Ieneration and distribution ofelectrical energy.. ey(ords 6enewable energy, fuel cells, hydrogen, distributedgeneration, remote power, holonic coordination, intelligent control, multi!agentsystems, energy networks.,. *becti"es and industrial rele"ance

Bac6groundCost!effecti"e and reliable sources of energy are necessary for economic progress. raditionalsources such as hydroelectric power, fossil fuels, and nuclear energy will not be able to meet

the demands of future generations. hey ha"e a significant impact on climate change and citypollution, and in many cases, their supply is limited. he issue of reliable, continual supply iscompounded by today+s centraliEed energy distribution systems. 6enewable energy sourcessuch as wind, solar, micro!hydro, wa"e, geo!thermal, and bio!mass are potential solutions, butchallenges exist around storage and deli"ery of energy. y coupling these renewable energysources with fuel cells and hydrogen systems, we can create renewable, en"ironmentallyfriendly, flexible, distributed, and integrated energy systems.

*becti"eo optimiEe and accelerate the adaptation of fuel cell and hydrogen technologies to intelligentand distributed energy applications using renewable energy. 4pecifically the goal is to0

De"elop intelligent energy de"ices with a 7lug!and!7roduce capability De"elop and implement technologies for industry experts to optimiEe the design Q

operations of energy nodes consisting of intelligent energy De"ices De"elop and implement technologies for industry experts to optimiEe the design Q

operations of integrated energy networks consisting of numerous energy nodescooperating together to fulfill the energy needs.

Industrial rele"ance8"ery ma=or industrialiEed economy including Canada, 4, 8uropean nion,-apan, orea, China Q 'ndia ha"e allocated significant resources towards the

de"elopment of alternati"e energy solutions dri"en by shortage of energy, climatechange Q international agreements such as the yoto 7rotocol. 4pecifically a
mailto:[email protected]://www.ims.org/projects/outline/[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.ims.org/projects/outline/[email protected]


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number of pro=ects are already underway. or example, the Canadian 7rime 3insterannounced the >ancou"er to 5histler ydrogen ighway consisting of se"enhydrogen fuelling nodes. 4imilar pro=ects ha"e been announced in eastern Canadaand throughout the 4 (e.g., California, $e"ada, riEona, 3ichigan, 'llinois, $ewMork).

'n e"ery situation the key obstacles are economic affordability, scalability Qrobustness:reliability of the yet unpro"en and emerging technologies. 7hysicalimplementation of such systems are extremely expensi"e and risky.

he proposed pro=ect is aimed at working with the industry, research organiEationsQ uni"ersities to de"elop tools and technologies to enable rapid assessment ofalternati"e designs and operational logistics, as well as energy de"ices, to optimiEethe design and reduce the risks.!. A##roach and o"er"ie( of #lanned (or6

he proposed system architecture, as illustrated in the figure below will ha"e the following

key components0R web!based graphical human!machine interface which an industrialexpert can use to configure and simulate an energy application, either at the 8nergy $odele"el or at an 8nergy $etwork le"el. his interface would pro"ide an access to the remainingcomponents of the systemOR local database of alternati"e scenarios and configurations thatthe expert wishes to examine and e"aluateOR simulation system residing at the expert+s sitecapable of simulating the 8nergy $ode, as configured by the expert, using the database. hesimulation would be performed in #D so that the expert can consider the space re%uirements(e.g., flow of "ehicles in the fuelling station) in addition to traditional issues related tocapacities, costs, and utiliEation. urthermore, the simulation model would ha"e a built!inacti"ity!based costing approach so that the expert can also analyse the cost implications of"arious alternati"esO

4ystem rchitecture comprehensi"e database consisting of0

o 8nergy supply and demand profiles for specific applications (e.g., supplya"ailable from solar, wind or other renewable and non!renewable sources of

energy)Oo 8nergy demands to fulfil the re%uirements in the form of electricity and heatO


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o 7erformance characteristics of energy de"ices including the costs, capacities,repair and maintenance fre%uencies, and costsO

olonic coordination and control would pro"ide a capability to use distributedcommunications to enable decision making between "arious elements of the system,and pro"ide coordination and control of their acti"ities. his holonic system would

ha"e a multi!layered architecture with the lowest le"el representing 8nergy De"ices,the middle le"el representing 8nergy $odes, and the highest le"el representing the8nergy $etwork.

8nergy De"ice 4imulators are another key element of the system. ecause fuel cellsand electrolysers are complex electro!chemical de"ices, there may be a need tosimulate the actual beha"iour of these de"ices in specific operating conditions whichthe simulation of the whole system represents. he $ational 6esearch Council Canadaand other research organiEations ha"e pro=ects underway to understand and model thefundamental beha"ior of such de"ices. he architecture permits access to suchsimulators in the system as they are needed and become a"ailable.

he proposed pro=ect includes de"elopment and implementation of the elements describedabo"e in a generic architecture, populating the database with pertinent information,de"elopment and "alidation of the simulation models at the network, node and de"ice le"elsand use of the system in demonstration applications within the regions participating in the

pro=ect.

$eli"erables Comprehensi"e database of energy de"ices, supply Q demand profiles >alidated #D simulation models of energy de"ices, nodes Q networks 'nternet based access for the industry experts to enable on!line design Q optimiEation

of energy nodes Q networks olonic 7lug!and!7roduce intelligent energy de"ices Q nodes olonic coordination Q control of energy de"ices, nodes Q networks pplication test beds (e.g., hydrogen fuelling stations, distributed power generation) in

e"ery participating region.

D. Cost 0stimate 1?; man!years . Duration (years)? years

1. 3artners7artners are being contacted now to confirm their interest in participating in this '34

pro=ect. 4trong interest has already been expressed by firms, uni"ersities and

research institutions in Canada, 4, 8, 4witEerland and orea.11. 8alue-added of the international coo#eration ccelerate adaptation of alternati"e Q renewable energy technologies 6educe dependence on non!renewable energy sourcesO 6educe dependence on centraliEed energy production Q distribution systems 'mpro"e robustness of energy supply resulting in reduced "ulnerability to crisis Q

threats (e.g., terrorism) 7ro"ide a migration path from the legacy energy systems to en"ironmentally friendly

and sustainable energy systems.


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$isci#line research contributions to the modelling anddesign of Intelligent Manufacturing systems

Chrysostomos Stylios, Peter Groumpos

Laboratory for Automation and RoboticsTechnical University of DenmarkDK-2800 LynbyD!"#ARK!mail ilad$i%t&dtu&dk

ilad Langer2 Christian SrensenDe%artment of #anufacturin !nineerinUniversity of 'atras2()00 Rion* 'atras*+R!!,!!mail stylios$ee&u%atras&r

Yong Ta !yun, "anfred #ecLaboratory for #achine Tools and'roduction !nineerin ./LAachen University of TechnoloyR.T1-AA,1!"teinbachstrasse )34

D)20)( Aachen+!R#A"5!mail6hyt$7l&r7th-aachen&de$enoit Iung

,RA"-++'* 9aculte des sciences

Universit de !A!#$%&'()*+* andoeuvre9RA",!

/mail0 benoit.iung1cran.u-nancy.frAbstract%This )oint *a*er is the result o% the &or+ o% cluster - &ithin the /s*rit 0 no. 2133 on 4ntelli$ent Manu%acturin$ Systems54MS6 &or+in$ $rou*. The *a*er conveys the results o% a co-o*erative research e%%ort "et&een #7R Patras 5reece6, DT8 5Denmar+6,'R7(9S4P 5France6 and 7achen 0:# 5ermany6. 4t aims at hi$hli$htin$ the contri"ution o% each o% the *artners to some commonissues related to the modellin$ and control o% an autonomous and co-o*erative system under dynamically chan$in$ conditions. ;et, itdoes not *rovide a $lo"al solution since this &ould re


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identi%ication characteristics and it &ill include im*recision and uncertainty. 7n 4ntelli$entManu%acturin$ System should utilise e%%ectively all the com*any resources, es*ecially the insi$hts ande=*erience o% %ront-line o*erators and e=*erts, in order to achieve continuous im*rovements in*roductivity. >ne o% the ma)or o")ectives o% the 4ntelli$ent Manu%acturin$ System initiative ?1@ is tocontri"ute to the develo*ment o% ne& *roduction systems that can %ul%il technical, economic andenvironmental re


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%able 1. 5rame of 4eference ada#ted from 4.. Holloc6 et al N!O and Iung et al NDO

The relationshi* "et&een architecture and modellin$ %rame&or+ is illustrated in Ta"le 1. 4t is "ased onthe /nter*rise 4nte$ration 'a*a"ility Model *ro*osed "y osan+e and (ell ?E@ and on a classi%icationo% modellin$ %rame&or+s *ro*osed "y 4un$ et al ?@. The Ta"le illustrates %ive levels, &hich are namedFra$mented, Ri$id, !isi"le, 4ntero*era"le and 7da*ta"le, res*ectively. 7t the %irst level 5Fra$mented4slands6 no inte$ration e=ists and thus no modellin$ %rame&or+ can "e used. The Ri$id level ischaracterised "y *urely hierarchical structures and the modellin$ %rame&or+ is "ased on the 'artesiana**roach. This modellin$ %rame&or+ results in structures that ensure o*timal overall *er%ormances "utare too ri$id and res*ond only *oorly to chan$es and distur"ances. 4n order to loosen the hierarchy the!isi"le level allo&s communication "et&een su"-units. Go&ever this structure is still too ri$id and slo&in res*ondin$ to distur"ances. The modellin$ %rame&or+ a**roach is Systemic in such %rame&or+s as/R7M.The 4ntero*era"le level re*resents a distri"uted structure, &here all decision-ma+in$ is carried outlocally at each unit. This results in a %lat structure, &here the units co-o*erate. The modellin$%rame&or+s used are o")ect- orientation and distri"uted arti%icial intelli$ence 5D746 methods. Thesesystems are easy -to-re-con%i$ure and there%ore they res*ond &ell to chan$es and distur"ances.Go&ever the decentralisation hinders the overvie& o% the *er%ormance o% the systems &here"y su"-o*timisation is li+ely to result.. The 7da*ta"le level corres*onds to the ultimate Arela=ationA o% thehierarchy and thus, to the 4MS *aradi$m in $eneral.The evolution o% modellin$ %rame&or+s has not "een consistent &ith the evolution o% *roductionsystem architectures. For instance, the Distri"uted 7rti%icial 4ntelli$ence *aradi$m currently does notseem to "e o*erational enou$h %or modellin$ 4ntelli$ent Systems. 4t is ho&ever ade*timisin$. Moreover the model divides these cate$ories into


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%able 1. 5rame of 4eference ada#ted from 4.. Holloc6 et al N!O and Iung et al NDO

The main $oal o% this *a*er is to use the %rame o% re%erence sho&n a"ove to descri"e ho& any o% the*artnersI research contri"utes to the modellin$ and control o% autonomous and co-o*erative system.By clari%yin$ issues related to the manner o% im*lementation o% the architecture at the ada*ta"le level

5Ta"le 16 throu$h the use o% ne& modellin$ %rame&or+, these issues &ill additionally sho& the $eneralshi%t %rom the !isi"le level 5'4M6 to the 7da*ta"le level 54MS6. 4t is im*ortant to note that this shi%t hasto "e realised at and "et&een t&o levels, namely the sho* %loor level and the "usiness level. Thiscorres*onds to realisin$ the inte$ration "et&een the sym"olic &orld and the *hysical one. 'o-o*eration at the *hysical level is more di%%icult to achieve than it is at the sym"olic one due to thedi%%erence "et&een the hard constraints 5time, *hysical location, variations, une=*ected "ehaviour,etc.6. The ne& intelli$ent systems &ill thus have to emer$e %rom these s*ecial inte$rationre


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+igure () -nterprise Pyramid #ith Partners eserch +ieldsThe 'R7(-S4P &or+ is more dedicated to an en$ineerin$ *rocess "ased on re%erence models anddealin$ &ith the architecture o% sho* %loor *roduction systems. 4t means to *rovide solutions to thesystem structure chan$e and ada*tation as a dynamic or$anisation. The develo*ment o% ano*erational system is "ased on the a**lication o% the re%erence models and leads to "uildin$ a*hysical sho* %loor architecture, &hich is com*osed o% co-ordinated and co-o*eratin$ intero*era"leand reusa"le hard&are9so%t&are %ield com*onents 5see Section L6. The co-ordination and the co-o*eration are re


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conce*ts that illustrate di%%erent as*ects in the "ehaviour o% the system and these conce*ts interact&ith each other sho&in$ the dynamics o% the system. 7n F'M inte$rates the accumulated e=*erienceand +no&led$e on the o*eration o% the system, as a result o% the method "y &hich it is constructed, i.e.usin$ human e=*erts that +no& the o*eration o% the system and its "ehaviour. /=*erts re*resent thehuman accumulated +no&led$e on the o*eration and "ehaviour o% the system, usin$ conce*ts tostand %or the main characteristics and %actors o% the system and they also e=*ress the causal

relationshi* amon$ %actors connectin$ conce*ts &ith &ei$hted interconnections [email protected] the sho* %loor level o% the *lant there is a common technical in%ormation system %or the *rocesscontrol, the com*uterised and technical mana$ement systems that is shared "et&een the *roductionand the mana$ement teams ?3@. This in%ormation could "e uni%ied and used to construct a FuKKy'o$nitive Ma*, &hich &ill re*resent a conce*tual, or$anisational and o*erational model o% the system?13@. The +no&led$e on manu%acturin$ *lants includes the layout o% the *lant, the e=*ected "ehaviouro% some *arts o% the *lant, an a$$re$ation o% attri"utes or


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%actors, states and varia"les o% the *lant. The F'M is develo*ed "y a $rou* o% e=*erts &ho su*ervisethe *rocess and +no& the o*eration o% the systemCConcept (C the state o% Process 1Concept *C it re*resents the state o% Pi*eline, &hich connects the t&o *rocessesConcept .C the state o% Process 2Concept /C the Final Product o% the t&o chemical *rocesses

Concept 5C the uality o% the Final ProductConcept 6C the occurrence o% Failure 1, mostly related to Process 1Concept 7C the a**earance o% Failure 2, mostly related to Process 2.The $rou* o% e=*erts +no& the correlation amon$ these conce*ts and so they can descri"e thein%luence o% one conce*t on the other and their causal relationshi* &ith a %uKKy de$ree. First o% all,they determine &hich conce*t &ill in%luence &hich other. So they descri"e that Process 1 in%luences*ositively the conce*t o% Pi*eline. Pi*eline in%luences *ositively the state o% Process 2 and Process 1.Process 2 in%luences *ositively the Final Product, the Pi*eline and the conce*t %or the uality o% theFinal Product. The state o% the uality has a *ositive e%%ect %or Process 1, Process 2 and the conce*to% Final Product. /=*erts +no& that &hen Failure 1 occurs, this event in%luences ne$atively the state o%Process 1, and consen the other hand,there is a hi$h re


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descri"es the e=ecution commands and sends them to the *lant. These %ive F'Ms are interconnectedand they may have common conce*ts. The *lant at the lo&er level has its o&n local controllers that*er%orm usual control actions and the su*ervisor is used %or more $eneral *ur*osesC to or$anise theoverall *lant in order to accom*lish various tas+s, to hel* the o*erator ma+e decisions, to *lanstrate$ically the control actions and to detect and analyse %ailures. This su*ervisor &ith an au$mentedFuKKy 'o$nitive Ma* attem*ts to emulate the human control and su*ervision ca*acity %or the *lant.

+igure .) The Proposed !ierarchical T'ole1el Structure #ith the Super1isor +C"The t&o-level structure and se*arately its t&o levels have "een descri"ed. These t&o levels interactand there is an amount o% in%ormation that must *ass on %rom one level to another and vice versa.Thus there is an inter%ace "et&een the t&o levels, &hich consists o% t&o *arts, one *art &ill *assin%ormation %rom the controller at the lo&er level to the au$mented FuKKy 'o$nitive Ma* at the u**erlevel and the other *art &ill trans%orm and transmit in%ormation in the o**osite direction.

+igure /) The Structure of the !olon


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+igure 5) Intra8and Inter8!olon InteractionThe su*ervisor FuKKy 'o$nitive Ma* interacts &ith the u**er enter*rise levels on the $eneralenter*rise *yramid 5Fi$ure 16. The FuKKy 'o$nitive Ma* model o% the su*ervisor can easily interact,communicate and "e inte$rated &ith the other elements o% this *yramid .5) A !olonic "ulti8cell Control System ArchitectureThe research *er%ormed at DT8 contri"utes to the develo*ment o% autonomous and co-o*erative Sho*Floor 'ontrol 5SF'6 systems and is *art o% the on-$oin$ international research in the area o% GolonicManu%acturin$ Systems 5GMS6. The aim o% the Golonic theory is to realise manu%acturin$ control

systems that inherit the "est characteristics o% the inte$ration and distri"ution *aradi$ms as descri"edin the introduction 5see Ta"le 16. These manu%acturin$ systems are a"le to simultaneously *er%orm as"oth a hierarchical and a heterarchical control system. Thus in order to o"tain ada*ta"lemanu%acturin$ systems a hy"rid a**roach is ado*ted in &hich the "est characteristics o% the ri$id,visi"le and intero*era"le architectures are com"ined 5see Ta"le 16. The resultin$ structure o% thecontrol systems can "e dynamically chan$ed "ased on the demands %orced in "y the environment,thus ena"lin$ a hi$hly ada*tive "ehaviour.The contri"ution includes an architecture 5GoMu'S architecture6 &hich ma+es hi$hly ada*ta"le sho*%loor control systems "e desi$ned and develo*ed. 4t includes a methodolo$y *rescri"in$ ho& todevelo* and im*lement sho* %loor control systems "ased on this architecture. GoMu'S is an acronym%or Golonic Multi-cell 'ontrol System. The term Golonic *oints at the s*ecial characteristics o% this ty*eo% a control system, &hich are the inherent traits o% autonomy and co-o*erativeness. Thus the systemconsists o% elements that are Golons structured in a holarchy, yieldin$ a "ehaviour that $ives the &hole

system an a$ile nature, "oth in terms o% *er%ormance and recon%i$ura"ility.The term multi-cell im*lies the e=tent o% this class o% control systems in a manu%acturin$ enter*rise. 7nGoMu'S is desi$ned %or the control o% &hat &ould "e the cell and area levels o% a manu%acturin$enter*rise in terms o% traditional hierarchical control models. 4n *o*ular terms, an GoMu'S re%ers to ahi$hly a$ile sho* %loor control system %rom the &or+station level and u* to the %actory level accordin$to the enter*rise *yramid illustrated in Fi$ure 1. The GoMu'S architecture consists o% a set o%%unctional models, an o")ect -oriented model and a meta-model %or the inte$rated data"ase o% thesystem, called the Product State Model 5PSM6 ?1@. These models descri"e the $eneric system%unctionality, the $eneric "uildin$ "loc+s o% the system and the internal structure o% a holonres*ectively. The structural elements and their relationshi*s are descri"ed "ased on a set o% o")ect-oriented models usin$ the 8M# modellin$ standard. This modellin$ a**roach is a hy"rid o% themodellin$ methods classi%ied as distri"uted, inte$rated and hierarchical architectures res*ectively 5seeTa"le 16. 4t has "een ado*ted as a result o% the need %or a ne& modellin$ method at the 7da*ta"lelevel. 7t this *oint it is uncertain i% it &ill do, "ut it serves as a %irst attem*t to model the %utureada*ta"le and intelli$ent manu%acturin$ systems.


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The elements o% the architecture are a"stract meanin$ that they have to "e customised, as *art o% theen$ineerin$ *rocess in order to o"tain the holons and other structural elements necessary %orim*lementation. /ach Golon in the architecture descri"es a $eneric com*onent o% a sho* %loor controlsystem. The system architecture is im*lemented usin$ the Java *ro$rammin$ lan$ua$e and can "evie&ed on the GoMu'S &e"-site 5htt*C99&&&.homucs.or$6, &here "oth the documentation and sourcecode %iles can "e %ound.

5)( The Architecture of A !olonBy de%inition a Golon is an autonomous and co-o*erative element o% a manu%acturin$ system. 4t isautonomous since it can derive its o&n *lans and e=ecute them. 4t is co-o*erative since it can interact&ith other manu%acturin$ holons in the system to de%ine mutual *lans and contin$encies. 4n %act it isvery similar to a so%t&are a$ent, yet it has its di%%erences. First, there is a strict structural de%initionre$ardin$ the di%%erent ty*es o% Golons and their %unctionality, secondly it consists o% a *hysical *artsuch as a manu%acturin$ resource or *roduct and has a s*ecial mechanism to inter%ace &ith that*hysical *art. 7 Golon does not have to "e intelli$ent. 4n other &ords it is not *art o% the s*eci%icationthat it has to have "uilt in intelli$ence such as an arti%icial intelli$ence en$ine, althou$h this is*ractically un%easi"le since it is essential in achievin$ autonomy and co-o*erativeness. 4n *ractice itsautonomy can "e achieved "y sim*le lo$ical tests, &hile its co-o*erativeness can "e achieved "y*ro$ramma"le interactions "et&een o")ects 5see Fi$ure 6. Go&ever in order to o"tain o*timal*er%ormance in com*le= manu%acturin$ environments there is a need %or more com*le= autonomy and

co-o*eration en$ines, &hich can "e realised "y such methods as FuKKy 'o$nitive Ma*s 5F'M6 ?see#7R, Section @ and so%t&are a$ents.7 Golon has an !MD 5!irtual Manu%acturin$ Device6 and a ernel. The !MD allo&s %or a vendorinde*endent and easily con%i$ura"le inter%ace to manu%acturin$ e


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+igure 6) The Generic +unctionality of A !olon8A9 ID+9 DiagramFi$ure L illustrates the three %undamental %unctions o% a Golon. These are Plannin$, /=ecution andMonitorin$. They have to "e *er%ormed "y all Golons in order to "e a"le to act autonomously. Thusthey have to "e a"le to com*ile their o&n *lans and e=ecute them &hile monitorin$ their *ro$ress.This $eneric %unctionality model is in %act no di%%erent %rom the models used to descri"e traditional SF'systems and +no&n %rom the inte$rated %rame&or+ 5Ta"le 16 and the systemic a**roach o% theProduction 7ctivity 'ontrol 5P7'6 %unctional architecture ?2H@. This is o% course o"vious since the SF'tas+ is inde*endent o% SF' solution, traditional or holonic. The di%%erence lies in that, in a GoMu'S,this $eneric %unctionality e=its in the entire element o% the SF' system and not only at the sho* %loorcontroller level. Furthermore the %unctionality is attri"uted to the Golons, &hich also consist o% the*hysical sho* %loor erder holons also have this %unctionality, &hichallo&s the *lannin$ o% the *roduction %lo& to "e *er%ormed in co-ordination "y "oth material andresources in contrast to traditional systems &here the control is e=erted solely "y &hat is considered to"e resources in the GoMu'S.6) +rom Integrated8Distributed Shop +loor Architecture $ased onInteroperable +ield Components to Intelligent Shop +loor Architecture4n relation to Distri"ution-4nte$ration issues, the %irst research *er%ormed at 'R7(9S4P contri"uted tothe %ormalisation o% the $eneric en$ineerin$ *rocess o% inte$rated - distri"uted sho* %loor architecture.This &or+ is )usti%ied "y the recurrin$ needs o% industrial system en$ineerin$ *rocess and theirre%erence models allo&in$ the system structure to chan$e and ada*t as a dynamic or$anisation. Theen$ineerin$ *rocess is not %ocused on the *roduct de%inition 5Nthe 0hat o% the /nter*rise6 "ut on thede%inition o% the o*erational system 5Nthe Go&6 at the sho* %loor level &hich su**orts the *roductmanu%acturin$. The a**lication o% the re%erence models leads to "uildin$ a *hysical sho* %loorarchitecture, &hich is com*osed o% co-ordinated and co-o*eratin$ intero*era"le and reusa"lehard&are9so%t&are %ield com*onents 5devices6. The resultin$ sho* %loor architecture is there%oreconstituted "y a net&or+ o% %ield com*onents inte$ratin$ a N technical %orm o% intelli$ence N 5localca*acities6 that o%%er a $reater reactivity &hile intero*eratin$ amon$ them to ensure the inte$ration 5co-ordination6 o% o*erational activities.That means to add to the %ield com*onents classical missions ne& services related to monitorin$,validation, evaluation, decision- ma+in$, etc. ?21@, &ith re$ard to their o&n o*erations 5an increasedde$ree o% autonomy6 "ut also their intero*era"ility conte=t %or a**lication 5an increased de$ree o%com*onent interaction6.The intero*era"ility, in accordance &ith the de%inition *ro*osed "y the S/M4 or$anisation5Semiconductor /


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'nteroperability of class for the communication, 'nteroperability of class for the application ser"ices, 'nteroperability of class C for the interchangeabilityK towards ada#tability.

he resulting shop floor architecture based on interoperable components is thus characterised by three keywords0

'nteroperability, 'ntegration and Distribution. his architecture is complex due to, first, the interaction betweenits "arious field components, and second, the heterogeneous nature of the "arious techni%ues implemented in it.'ts de"elopment implies definition of its components, the carrying out of the de"elopment itself and finally theirassembly and checking that their interactions constitute correctly the functions expected from a distributed!integrated architecture. he engineering process of such architecture has to master the complexities ofdistribution and interactions, to pro"ide better global performance and better reacti"ity at disturbances (acompromise between hierarchy and heterarchy S#T)./arly &or+s in /uro*ean /SPR4T Pro)ects on 'MM conce*t 5an inte$ration vie&6 have contri"uted tothis en$ineerin$ *rocess "ut mainly %rom technolo$ical and normative *oints o% vie&. They *ro*osed*re-inte$ration o% the 'MM activities throu$h the im*lementation o% 4ntelli$ent 7ctuation andMeasurement systems 5IA" conce*tC a distri"ution vie&6 com*osed o% smart devices and %ield-"uses?22@ develo*ed as s*eci%ic %ield com*onents.7ll these /uro*ean ROD *ro)ects have "een su**orted "y industrial users comin$ mainly %rom ener$y

domain such as /DF 5F6, /(/# 546, /DP 5P6, #7B>R/#/' 5B6 and "y industrial vendors such asS/M7 R>8P 5F and B6, B/R(7RD 5F6, 7BB 5S06, /#S7 B74#/; 546 and B4FF4 546. Some o% the*artners are already involved in our current ROD.

5igure !. CMM/IAM Modelliing 54ame(orr6 - 04AAM Modelling 5rame(or6This Atechnolo$icalA 'MM947M inte$ration is not su%%icient to %ul%il all the %eatures o% the en$ineerin$*rocess and to ensure its consistency and reusa"ility. 4ndeed, the "ehaviour o% the &hole 'MM947Msystem cannot result only %rom assem"lin$ the reisible+ and +'nteroperable+ of able 1),


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support formal reference models guaranteeing the %uality of the approach re%uired to master themodelling process consistency, reusability and impro"ement (to reach the le"els +Defined+ and+Uuantitati"ely 3anaged+ of able 2).

4o, the role of the modelling agent is, "iewed from the user needs, to deduce the functional model of C33:'3architecture and, from a real C33:'3 resource system, to induce the operational ones knowing that these

stages are guided by the framework pre"iously defined, which implements the systemic modelling approach ontwo main planes0

a system:abstraction plane which consists in modelling, in a separate way, the transformationalprocessing of the shop floor acti"ities, and their organisation on a distributed architecture in order tosatisfy the user needs,

1. an integration:abstraction plane which consists in integrating through transactional processing thepre"ious transformational ones and in implementing them in an integrating infrastructure ST in order toform a coherent whole.

,.1 5rom Closed $istributed *#erational Acti"itiesThe %rame&or+ aims in the %irst instance at modellin$ each one o% the three 'MM o*erational activities

5its trans%ormational *rocessin$6, &ith no considerations %or the other ones 5no inte$ration6. 7t thissta$e, the $lo"al NGo& o% the *rocess is desi$ned in terms o% mechanical %ield 5device6 com*onents,&hich su**ort elementary *hysical trans%ormations re


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he communication interoperability (class ) is supported by the fieldbus and the processing interoperability(class ) is supported by the unctional Companion 4tandards. he features of the selected fieldbus ensure theco!operation of the Communication ser"ices and the unctional Companion 4tandards as well as the co!operation of the application ser"ices.The resultin$ architecture, o"tained "y derivation o% re%erence models, models each o*erational sho*%loor activity called Nintero*era"le, "ecause it is "ased on intero*era"le and distri"uted com*onents

"ut closed "ecause it is not inte$rated &ith the other activities.6)* ): To An ;pen Integrated Shop +loor Architecture :To o*en and enhance the closed o*erational sho* %loor activities to "ecome a 'ontrol, Maintenanceand Technical Mana$ement inte$rated system, the modellin$ %rame&or+ has to su**ort also there*resentation o% in%ormation transaction "et&een 'ontrol, Maintenance and Technical Mana$ementactivities ?2E@. The en$ineerin$ *rocess has to ta+e into account the communication o% thetransactional in%ormation, its *rocessin$ and its stora$e to realise a horiKontal inte$ration 5"et&een allthe o*erational activities6 and a vertical one &ith the other /nter*rise %unctions.7t this sta$e, the re%erence models %ormalise, %irst, the develo*ment o% the technical in%ormationsystems, to inte$rate the three sho* %loor islands, and second, the mechanisms to com*lete theo*erational architecture, that is to say the im*lementation o% the control, maintenance, technicalmana$ement and technical in%ormation systems in the inte$ratin$ in%rastructure. This inte$ration issu**orted "y the selected %ield"us and "y technical Data Base Mana$ement Systems that ensure the

co-ordination o% the 'MM islands in s*ace and in time res*ectively. 7ll these sho* %loor re%erence models have "een a**lied and validated durin$ the desi$n andim*lementation o% the inte$rated - distri"uted sho* %loor architecture o% the 'R7( #a"oratory *lat%orm5to reach the level o% Ta"le 26. The $oal o% this la"oratory *lat%orm is to carry out a &ater levelre$ulation in a closed control loo*. The loo* +ee*s a constant level 5volume6 o% &ater &here an in*ut&ater %lo& re*resents the disru*tion, and an out*ut &ater %lo& is controlled to maintain the level.QFrom a technolo$ical *oint o% vie&, the 'R7( #a"oratory *lat%orm 5Fi$ure 6 is structured, on the onehand, on an 47M com*osed o% t&o inte$rated valves, a level and a %lo& transmitter and, on the otherhand, on a 'MM com*osed o% a control system, a maintenance system, a technical mana$ementsystem and a technical data"ase. These t&o levels o% the *lat%orm are connected throu$h a F4P%ield"us. 7ll these 'MM947M com*onents are realised as %ield com*onents 5devices6 already availa"leon the mar+et and, o% &hich *rocessin$-storin$ *arts have already "een im*lemented or can "edevelo*ed "y means o% standardised tools li+e 4/'111-.

+igure


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*rocesses related to Distri"uted 7rti%icial 4ntelli$ence "ased on emer$in$ trends. So the current'R7(9S4P research is to a**ly the Multi-7$ent System modellin$ techniect8oriented Data "odel As A Gate'ay$et'een Shop +loor and $usiness 4e1elsThe 0:# research %ocused on the connection "et&een sho* %loor and "usiness level in themanu%acturin$ system. The dra&"ac+s o% the current inter%ace "et&een t&o levels &ere analysed anda ne& data inter%ace *ro*er %or the intelli$ent manu%acturin$ system &as introduced.

+igure ?) The Current and =e' Schema of the Interface $et'een CAD@CA" and C=C

7)( Autonomous Production Cell and "achining !olonFollo&in$ the recent trend to&ard small lot *roduction and a lar$e num"er o% *roduct variations, anautonomous *roduction cell 57P'6 is "ein$ develo*ed at the 7achen 8niversity o% Technolo$y [email protected] o")ective o% this research is to im*lement a ne& manu%acturin$ system em*hasisin$ autonomyand co-o*eration 5ada*ta"le level o% Ta"le 16. The idea underlyin$ this *ro)ect re%lects the reality that


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the conventional automated systems o% the Hs, desi$ned to "e coherent &ith the inte$ration*aradi$m 5the visi"le level o% Ta"le 16 have not met the ne& demands o% manu%acturin$ systems,&hich should have "een more ada*ta"le, intelli$ent and co-o*erative. This o")ective also coincides&ith that o% the Golonic Manu%acturin$ System researches, &hich is one o% the ma)or *ro)ects o%4ntelli$ent Manu%acturin$ Systems, es*ecially re$ardin$ the realisation o% the Machinin$ Golon.4n the old style o% machinin$ cell em"odied in the hierarchical %rame&or+, the manu%acturin$

commands are delivered %rom '7D9'7M system in the desi$n de*artment. The machine o*eratorshould o*timise the machinin$ and o*erational *arameters manually at the test *hase. Ge should alsomonitor the &hole machinin$ *rocess and solve the *ro"lems &hich occur dynamically. This situationleads to hi$h com*le=ity and lo& e%%iciency o% the machinin$ *rocess.4n order that the old style o% machinin$ cells *ro$resses to&ard the Machinin$ Golon, it should "e a"leto carry out its o&n machinin$ *lan inde*endently and to su**ort an e%%ective co-o*eration &ith otherGolons. 'onsiderin$ these re Lstandard ?H@. The standard, ho&ever, dates "ac+ to the time o% *rimitive (' controllers and isdesi$ned to "e consistent &ith se*arated manu%acturin$ cells 5the %ra$mented islands level o% Ta"le16. There%ore, it is considered to "e technolo$ically outdated and im*ro*er %or the ne& autonomous-

co-o*erative manu%acturin$ system.7dditionally, this standard *resents many dra&"ac+sC 516 4t descri"es only a lo& level o% data such asa=is movement 5li+e 1, 2, 6 and s&itchin$ instructions 5li+e M, M6, 526 4t is *oorly suited %orhi$h-level machinin$, 56 4t is im*ossi"le to e=chan$e *art *ro$rams "et&een various controllers, 56 4tis im*ossi"le to chan$e com*le= (' *ro$rams at sho* %loor level, 536 4t is im*ossi"le to %eed"ac+ themodi%ied *art *ro$rams to *lannin$ de*artment. Due to these disadvanta$es, controller and machine-tool manu%acturers have introduced their o&n e=tensions, &hich can "e coded only "y vendor-s*eci%ic*ost-*rocessors. This severely *revents the manu%acturin$ system %rom realisin$ an o*en architecture.The lo& level o% data that it descri"es also *rohi"its the manu%acturin$ system %rom "ein$ ePT4M7#. The ne& inter%ace, todaycalled ST/P-(' 5ST/P-com*liant data inter%ace %or (umerical 'ontrols6, aims not only to re*lace 4S>L "ut also to su**ort much im*roved %unctionality. Fi$ure sho&s the characteristics o% the currentinter%ace and o% the ne& one.


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+igure (9) Capsulated Structure of "anufacturing Information


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4n the meantime, Pritscho& ?@ *resented the "ene%its o% usin$ o")ect-oriented modellin$ in machinin$technolo$y. i"son ?3@ used the /PR/SS lan$ua$e, &hich is ca*a"le o% descri"in$ o")ect-orientedmodellin$, in order to e=chan$e ca*sulated %eature in%ormation "et&een '7D and '7M. Tnsho%% ?L@*resented the &ay ho& the $eometrical, technolo$ical and %unctional *arameters can "e com"ined andca*sulated. Based on this research trend, the ne& data model uses entities, &hich ca*sulate all attri"utes o%manu%acturin$ in%ormation such as $eometrical, technolo$ical, *rocess model, and resource in%ormation.There%ore, the modularity and the reusa"ility o% in%ormation are "ein$ im*roved.Fi$ure 1H sho&s the ca*sulated structure o% manu%acturin$ in%ormationC all the in%ormation o% the machinin$

*rocesses includin$ the manu%acturin$ se


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5igure11. %he $ata Structure for A 4ound Hole and A $rilling %y#e *#eration

+igure (*) The Combinations of Particular ;peration for the "achining of / Similar !oles(ot only are the o*erations handled as a "uildin$ "loc+ "ut also are all $eometrical and technolo$ical/ntities. There%ore, i% a data"ase containin$ these "uildin$ "loc+s o% /ntities is im*lemented, the +no&-ho& o%

the *revious o*erations can "e e%%ectively saved and retrieved as &ell as the (' *art *ro$ram can "e$enerated much more easily. 7dditionally, than+s to the common data model "et&een sho* %loor and desi$nde*artment, it is also %easi"le to "uild an inte$rated data"ase, &hich ena"les the a$ile e=chan$e o%in%ormation in the manu%acturin$ industries.'oncernin$ 526, the ne& inter%ace covers manu%acturin$ tas+s such as rou$hin$ or %inishin$ o% a *oc+et incontrast to the lo& level commands o% 4S> L. These tas+s contain all o*erational and technolo$icalin%ormation necessary to *roduce the %inished *art %rom the ra& *iece. 0ith this hi$h-level o% in%ormation,additional intelli$ent %unctions may "e realised in the controller. Re$ardin$ sta"ility, as the inter%ace is*rovided &ith the entity %or *rocess models, the machinin$ *rocess should "e sel%-reliant throu$h the e%%ective*rocess monitorin$ and treatment o% distur"ances such as chatter, tool "rea+a$e, tool &ear, tool collision,and machine %aults. The intelli$ent %unctions li+e automatic selection o% cuttin$ tool and technolo$ical data


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can "e im*lemented usin$ much hi$her in%ormation a"out resources li+e ra& -material and cuttin$ tool.7dditionally, an e%%ective Man -Machine 4nter%ace *ro$ram li+e a sho* %loor *ro$rammin$ system canma=imise the utilisation o% the machine o*erators +no&-ho&, &hich is also considered to "e a very im*ortantresource.7)/ Standardisation and Validation of the ST-P8=CThe ne& data inter%ace has "een introduced into the 4S> &or+in$ $rou* 54S>9 T'19S'190E6 and thestandard 4S> 1L ?E@ is no& under %inal deli"eration %or the Dra%t 4nternational Standard version. 7*rototy*e im*lementation o% a controller that is a"le to e=ecute a *art *ro$ram accordin$ to the ne& inter%acehas "een done in the >S7'7-"ased (' develo*ed "y 0:#. >S7'7 ?@ is the /uro*ean o*en controlarchitecture standard.ST/P-(' *ro)ect is no& runnin$ as a research and validation *ro)ect in /uro*e. 4n this *ro)ect, the ne& datainter%ace &ill "e veri%ied throu$h a num"er o% im*lementations "y industrial *artners and could "e e=tended toother technolo$ies li+e turnin$, $rindin$, /DM, contour cuttin$, and ra*id *rototy*in$ under the internationalco-o*erative &or+s.The ne& inter%ace develo*ed and veri%ied throu$h these research activities &ill $ive a solution to eliminate the"ottlenec+ "et&een the sho* %loor and "usiness level and create a com*lete $ate&ay "et&een t&o levels.Throu$h this $ate&ay, the communication net&or+ systems %or in%ormation *rocesses can "e realised andthus autonomy and co-o*eration &ill "e si$ni%icantly increased in the 4ntelli$ent Manu%acturin$ System.The descri"ed results are )oint e%%orts o% the 4S> T'19S'190E. The authors &ould li+e to than+ all*artners %or their contri"utions and e%%orts.


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?. 3M86, ., 3*689, I., '$I, . and 98I86, -.., Integrated Manufacturing System Meta-Modellingat the Sho#-floor Le"el, 7roceedings of d"anced 4ummer 'nstitute 4'F/, oulouse, rance, 1/, pp. 2#2!2#.

/. >86$D, .., 0nter#rise Modeling and Integration2 3rinci#les and A##lications, C73$ Q99, 9ondon, 1/.

ol. , 1@, pp. ##!#&?.

1?. C6'I86, -., I**D3$, D., 58'44, 6. -. and 986, . ., Modeling *rganiol. 1, 1/,

pp. 12;!12#.1/. 4M9'*4, C. D. and I6*37*4, 7.7., A Soft Com#uting A##roach for Modelling the Su#er"isor of

Manufacturing Systems, -ournal of 'ntelligent and 6obotic 4ystems, >ol.2/, 1, pp. #@!&;#.1erdal,

$orway, 1?!1/ -une 1.2/. 98I86, -.!., '$I, ., 866* D8 8C, . and 7'$*8, -., An Inno"ati"e A##roach for e(

$istributed Maintenance System ' A##lication to Hydro 3o(er 3lants of the 40MA50 3roect,Computers in 'ndustry, >ol. #@, $o.2, 1, pp. 1##!1?;.

2


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'nformation echnology. 7art ''0 7rocess 3onitoring, 'nspection, Diagnosis and 3aintenance, 4pringer!>erlag, erlin, pp. 1##!1.

2@. 'ung, ., 3uhl, 8., 9eger -.!., 3orel, I. , MAS A##lication for $e"elo#ment of 3roacti"e MaintenanceIntelligent System, in 7. opacek (8d.) 7reprints of the 1st'C 5orkshop on 3ulti!gent!4ystems in7roduction, 34+, >ienna, ustria, December 2!&, 1, pp. @!?.

2. 6*Y6, $. and 58C, 3., 5eature-oriented 3rogramming Interface for An Autonomous 3roductionCell2Control 8ngineering 7ractice, >ol. /, 1@, pp. 1&;?!1&1;.

#;. '4* /@#, umerical Control of Machines - 3rogram 5ormat and $efinition of Address ords, '4*,Iene"a, 1@2.#1. '4* 1;#;#, Standard for the 0Fchange of 3roduct Model $ata, '4*, Iene"a, 1&.#2. 78$I, . !., and 6778M, . -. C., A Ste# %o(ard S%03-com#atible 0ngineering $ata Management'

the $ata Models of 3roduct Structure and 0ngineering Changes, 6obotics and Computer!'ntegrated3anufacturing, >ol.1&, 1@, pp. @!1;.

##. 6oy, . and Bu, M., Com#utation of A eometric Model of A Machined 3art 5rom Its C Machining3rograms, Computer!ided Design, >ol. #1, 1, pp. &;1!&11.

#&. 76'4C*5, I., and 3Z9986, -.,*bect-*riented Modeling of umerical Control Modules, 7roduction8ngineering, >ol. '>:1, erlin, 1

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