singapore standard code of practice for curtain walls
TRANSCRIPT
SS 654 : 2020 (ICS 91.060.10)
SINGAPORE STANDARD
Code of practice for curtain walls
SS 654 : 2020 (ICS 91.060.10)
SINGAPORE STANDARD
Code of practice for curtain walls
Published by Enterprise Singapore
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this Singapore Standard may
be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying and microfilming, without permission in writing from Enterprise Singapore.
Request for permission can be sent to: [email protected].
© Enterprise Singapore 2020
ISBN 978-981-48-9463-0
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The content of this Singapore Standard was approved on 20 January 2020 by the Building and Construction Standards Committee (BCSC) under the purview of the Singapore Standards Council. First published, 2020 BCSC consists of the following members:
Name Representation
Chairman : Ar. Chan Kok Way Individual Capacity
Deputy Chairman : Er. Clement Tseng Building and Construction Authority
Secretary : Ms Amy Sim The Institution of Engineers, Singapore – Standards Development Organisation
Members : Mr Bin Chee Kwan National Environment Agency
Er. Chan Ewe Jin The Institution of Engineers, Singapore
Mr Shawn Chan Singapore Manufacturing Federation
Er. Chee Kheng Chye Housing & Development Board
Mr Herman Ching PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency
Mr Chng Chee Beow Real Estate Developers’ Association of Singapore
Mr Dominic Choy Singapore Contractors Association Ltd
Er. Paul Fok Land Transport Authority
Mr Goh Ngan Hong Singapore Institute of Surveyors and Valuers
Mr Desmond Hill Individual Capacity
Prof Ho Puay Peng National University of Singapore
Ar. William Lau Individual Capacity
Er. Lee Chuan Seng Individual Capacity
Ar. Benedict Lee Khee Chong Singapore Institute of Architects
Assoc Prof Leong Eng Choon Nanyang Technological University
SAC Lian Wee Teck Singapore Civil Defence Force
Mr Darren Lim Building and Construction Authority
Dr Lim Lan Yuan Association of Property and Facility Managers
Er. Lim Peng Hong Association of Consulting Engineers Singapore
Er. Mohd Ismadi Ministry of Manpower
Ms Kay Pungkothai National Parks Board
Er. Yvonne Soh Singapore Green Building Council
Er. Tang Pei Luen JTC Corporation
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BCSC sets up the Technical Committee on Architectural Works to oversee the preparation of this standard. The Technical Committee consists of the following members:
Name Representation
Chairman : Ar. Benedict Lee Khee Chong Individual Capacity
Deputy Chairman : Ar. Lim Choon Keang Individual Capacity
Secretary : Ms Annie Lim The Institution of Engineers, Singapore – Standards Development Organisation
Members : Mr Chang Jun Biao Urban Redevelopment Authority
Ar. Chionh Teow Hwee Sonny Singapore Green Building Council
LTC Choh Choon Jin Singapore Civil Defence Force
Er. Chua Chim Huee The Institution of Engineers, Singapore
Ar. Foo Chek Han Jansen Housing & Development Board
Ar. Foong Wei Jiet JTC Corporation
Ms Sushma Goh Land Transport Authority
Ar. Lau Kwong Chung Singapore Institute of Architects
Ar. William Lau Individual Capacity
Mr Johnny Lim Chee Hwa Singapore Contractors Association Ltd
Mr Ong John Wei Setsco Services Pte Ltd
Er. Sivakumaran Murugesu Association of Consulting Engineers Singapore
Dr Tan Beng Kiang National University of Singapore
Mr Tan Boon Kee Building and Construction Authority
Mr Tan Boon Kwee TÜV SÜD PSB Pte Ltd
Mr Brian Wong Singapore Manufacturing Federation
Ar. Wong Wai Sung National Parks Board
Dr Norman Wu Ming MOH Holdings Pte Ltd
Co-opted Members : Mr Chan Chee Keong Individual Capacity
Er. Koh Beng Thong Individual Capacity
Ar. Mok Kwong Wah Individual Capacity
Mr Wong Chung Wan Individual Capacity
The Technical Committee sets up the Working Group on Curtain Walls to prepare this standard. The Working Group consists of the following experts who contribute in their individual capacity:
Name
Convenor : Ar. Mok Kwong Wah
Members : Mr Simon Chin
Mr Takeshi Kawaguchi
Mr Philip Kwang
LTC Lim Lam Kwang
Mr Mathieu Meur
Mr Pang Tee Lian
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Members : Er. Sivakumaran Murugesu
Mr Alvin Tan
Mr Tan Boon Kwee
Mr Raymond Tan Hai Chuan
Mr Wong Chee Hong
Ms Wong Chia Wen The organisations in which the experts of the Working Group are involved are: Association of Consulting Engineers Singapore
Building and Construction Authority
CPG Consultants Pte Ltd
DP Façade Pte Ltd
Facade Global Master Pte Ltd
Seiko Architectural Wall Systems Pte Ltd
Setsco Services Pte Ltd
Singapore Civil Defence Force
Singapore Contractors Association Ltd
Singapore Green Building Council
TÜV SÜD PSB Pte Ltd
Winwall Technology Pte Ltd
YKK AP Facade Pte Ltd
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Contents
Page Foreword 7
0 Introduction 9
1 Scope 9
2 Normative references 9
3 Terms and definitions 12
4 System characteristics 18
5 Performance criteria 22
6 Materials and finishes 28
7 Fabrication and assembly 38
8 Handling, storage and installation 41
9 Maintenance, monitoring and durability 44
10 Testing and evaluation 46 Annexes
A General information on curtains walls 55
B Basic concepts of weather-tightness 62
C Air permeability test 67
D Water-tightness test 71
E Structural performance test 75
F Horizontal movement test 79
G Vertical movement test 81
H Proof load test 83
I Recommended periods for calibration 85 Table
1 Sealant classification 32 Figures
1 Structural sealant joints 40
2 Typical prototype mock-up configuration 47
3 Air permeability limits for curtain walls with fixed or opening vents 50
A.1 Stick curtain wall system 58
A.2 Semi-unitised curtain wall system 59
A.3 Unitised curtain wall system 60
A.4 Ribbon glazing curtain wall system 61
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Page B.1 Forces inducing water leakage 63
B.2 Two-barrier system 65
B.3 Typical joint for two-barrier system 66
C.1 General arrangement for air permeability test set up (exterior of test specimen facing outward of chamber) 67
C.2 General arrangement for air permeability test set up (exterior of test specimen facing inward of chamber) 68
D.1 General arrangement for water-tightness test set up (exterior of test specimen facing outward of chamber) 71
D.2 General arrangement for water-tightness test set up (exterior of test specimen facing inward of chamber) 72
D.3 Pressure sequences for water-tightness test 74
E.1 General arrangement for structural performance set up (exterior of test specimen facing outward of chamber) 75
E.2 General arrangement for structural performance set up (exterior of test specimen facing inward of chamber) 76
F.1 General arrangement for horizontal movement test 79
G.1 General arrangement for vertical movement test 81
Bibliography 86
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Foreword
This Singapore Standard was prepared by the Working Group on Curtain Walls set up by the Technical Committee on Architectural Works under the purview of BCSC. This development of this Singapore Standard resulted from the review of CP 96 : 2002 (2011), “Code of practice for curtain walls” and SS 381 : 1996 (2007), “Materials and performance tests for aluminium curtain walls”. The provisions have been combined into a single standard for ease of reference by users. It also introduces updates and expands on the use of other materials besides aluminium for curtain walls. SS 654 replaces CP 96 and SS 381. It is presupposed that in the course of their work, users will comply with all relevant regulatory and statutory requirements. Some examples of relevant regulations and acts are listed in the Bibliography. The Singapore Standards Council and Enterprise Singapore will not be responsible for identifying all of such legal obligations. In preparing this standard, reference was made to the following publications: 1. ASTM E283 Standard test method for determining rate of air leakage through exterior
windows, curtain walls, and doors under specified pressure differences across the specimen
2. ASTM E330 Standard test method for structural performance of exterior windows, doors,
skylights and curtain walls by uniform static air pressure difference 3. ASTM E331 Standard test method for water penetration of exterior windows, skylights,
doors, and curtain walls by uniform static air pressure difference 4. Standard and guide to good practice for curtain walling by Centre for Windows and Cladding
Technology (CWCT) University of Bath, UK Permission from ASTM International was sought for the adaption/reprint of materials from the following ASTM standards: Adapted, Sections 11.1, 11.1.1 and 11.2.3 from ASTM E330/E330M-2014 Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference and Sections 9.1, 9.1.1, 11.1, 11.5 and 11.7 from ASTM E331-00 (2016) Standard Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken PA 19428. Reprinted, Sections 6.2.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3 and 11.4 from ASTM E283-2004 (2012) Standard Test Method for Determining Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under Specified Pressure Differences Across the Specimen, Sections 6.2.3, 6.2.4, 10.1.2.1, 10.1.2.2, 10.1.2.3 and 11.3.3 from ASTM E330/E330M-2014 Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference, and Sections 6.2.3, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4 and 11.6 from ASTM E331-00 (2016) Standard Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken PA 19428. Materials from the “Guide to Good Practice for Facades” were reproduced/adapted in this standard with
the kind permission of the Centre for Window and Cladding Technology (CWCT).
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Acknowledgement is made for the use of information from the above organisations. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Singapore Standard may be the subject of patent rights. Enterprise Singapore shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all of such patent rights.
NOTE
1. Singapore Standards (SSs) and Technical References (TRs) are reviewed periodically to keep abreast of technical changes, technological developments and industry practices. The changes are documented through the issue of either amendments or revisions. Where SSs are deemed to be stable, i.e. no foreseeable changes in them, they will be classified as “Mature Standards”. Mature Standards will not be subject to further review, unless there are requests to review such standards. 2. An SS or TR is voluntary in nature except when it is made mandatory by a regulatory authority. It can also be cited in
contracts making its application a business necessity. Users are advised to assess and determine whether the SS or TR is suitable for their intended use or purpose. If required, they should refer to the relevant professionals or experts for advice on the use of the document. Enterprise Singapore and the Singapore Standards Council shall not be liable for any damages whether directly or indirectly suffered by anyone or any organisation as a result of the use of any SS or TR. Although care has been taken to draft this standard, users are also advised to ensure that they apply the information after due diligence.
3. Compliance with a SS or TR does not exempt users from any legal obligations.
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Code of practice for curtain walls
0 Introduction Curtain wall systems are commonly used as the external façade enclosure for various building types. The systems can be of varying complexity and there are several families of systems available around the world, either as custom systems or proprietary designs. They are popular for the high quality achieved, use of prefabrication and speed of installation. Good planning, design, quality control and management of materials are critical to the successful application of curtain wall systems. However, there are a number of technical requirements to be met and this standard aims to define the main criteria, underpinning the technical information and requirements of the project specification. These criteria need to be addressed by the design of the system and compliance demonstrated through drawings, calculations and various technical project submissions. To verify the performance of any façade system, testing is important and in addition to various tests of the components and materials, it is vital to test the curtain wall as a complete system and this standard also describes the testing requirements on full-scale specimens to be completed preferably prior to fabrication and installation.
1 Scope This Singapore Standard specifies materials and performance standards for metal-framed curtain walls and gives requirements for good practices in the design and installation of a curtain wall system. The performance standard includes only tests for air permeability, water-tightness and structural performance. A curtain wall is a form of building enclosure system which supports no load other than its own weight and the environmental forces which act upon it. There are many different methods of curtain wall construction and many different materials can be involved. In this standard, the term “curtain wall” include all brackets, anchors, flashings, gutters, copings, secondary steel frame, and all other components necessary for its proper construction and assembly outside of the main structural frame and floors. Specifiers for the curtain wall systems may consider part of this standard to be relevant to their respective specifications. However, detailed considerations of the different requirements of the different systems are considered to be outside the scope of this standard. This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. It is not intended to address all of the safety problems associated with their use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use and assess the risks of using these systems for their particular application.
2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this standard. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
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AAMA 501.1 Standard test method for water penetration of windows, curtain walls and doors using dynamic pressure
AAMA 501.2 Quality assurance and diagnostic water leakage field check of installed storefronts, curtain walls, and sloped glazing systems
AAMA 2604 Voluntary specification, performance requirements and test procedures for high performance organic coatings on aluminium extrusions and panels (with coil coating appendix)
AAMA 2605 Voluntary specification, performance requirements and test procedures for superior performing organic coatings on aluminium extrusions and panels (with coil coating appendix)
AS 1665 Welding of aluminium structures
AS/NZS 1664 Aluminium structures
AS/NZS 4284 Testing of building facades
ASTM A240 Standard specification for chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steel plate, sheet, and strip for pressure vessels and for general applications
ASTM C97 Standard test methods for absorption and bulk specific gravity of dimension stone
ASTM C170 Standard test method for compressive strength of dimension stone
ASTM C880 Standard test method for flexural strength of dimension stone
ASTM C1036 Standard specification for flat glass
ASTM C1048 Standard specification for heat-strengthened and fully tempered glass
ASTM C1172 Standard specification for laminated architectural flat glass
ASTM E773 Standard test method for accelerated weathering of sealed insulating glass units
ASTM E774 Standard specification for the classification of the durability of sealed insulating glass units
ASTM E783 Standard test method for field measurement of air leakage through installed exterior windows and doors
ASTM E2307 Standard test method for determining fire resistance of perimeter fire barriers using intermediate-scale, multi-story test apparatus
BS 952 Glass for glazing
Part 1 Classification
Part 2 Terminology for work on glass
BS 1449 Steel plate, sheet and strip. Carbon and carbon-manganese plate, sheet and strip.
BS 3987 Specification for anodic oxidation coatings on wrought aluminium for external architectural applications
BS 6180 Barriers in and about buildings. Code of practice
BS 6262 Glazing for buildings
BS 6338 Specification for chromated conversion coatings on electroplated zinc and cadmium coatings
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BS EN 485-3 Aluminium and aluminium alloys. Sheet, strip and plate. Tolerances on dimensions and form for hot-rolled products
BS EN 755 Aluminium and aluminium alloys. Extruded rod/bar, tube and profiles
Part 1 Technical conditions for inspection and delivery
Part 2 Mechanical properties
Part 3 Round bars, tolerances on dimensions and form
Part 4 Square bars, tolerances on dimensions and form
Part 5 Rectangular bars, tolerances on dimensions and form
Part 6 Hexagonal bars, tolerances on dimensions and form
Part 7 Seamless tubes, tolerances on dimensions and form
Part 8 Porthole tubes, tolerances on dimensions and form
Part 9 Profiles, tolerances on dimensions and form
BS EN 1011 Welding. Recommendations for welding of metallic materials.
Part 1 General guidance for arc welding
Part 2 Arc welding of ferritic steels
Part 3 Arc welding of stainless steels
Part 4 Arc welding of aluminium and aluminium alloys
Part 5 Welding of clad steel
Part 6 Laser beam welding
Part 7 Electron beam welding
Part 8 Welding of cast irons
BS EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures. General structural rules
BS EN 10025 Hot rolled products of structural steels. General technical delivery conditions
BS EN 10088 Stainless steels
Part 1 List of stainless steels
Part 2 Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes
Part 3 Technical delivery conditions for semi-finished products, bars, rods, wire, sections and bright products of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes
BS EN 10219 Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels. Technical delivery requirements
BS EN 12206 Paints and varnishes. Coating of aluminium and aluminium alloys for architectural purposes. Coatings prepared from coating powder
BS EN 12844 Zinc and zinc alloys. Castings. Specifications
BS EN ISO 1456 Metallic and other inorganic coatings. Electrodeposited coatings of nickel, nickel plus chromium, copper plus nickel and of copper plus nickel plus chromium
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BS EN ISO 2063 Thermal spraying. Zinc, Aluminium and their alloys
BS EN ISO 3506 Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners. Bolts, screws and studs
BS EN ISO 6892 Metallic materials. Tensile testing. Method of test at room temperature
ISO 1460 Metallic coatings – Hot dip galvanized coatings on ferrous materials – Gravimetric determination of the mass per unit area
ISO 1461 Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles – Specifications and test methods
ISO 11600 Building construction – Jointing products – Classification and requirements for sealants
SS 212 Specification for aluminium alloy windows
SS 341 Safety glazing materials for use in buildings (human impact considerations)
SS 555 Code of practice for protection against lightning
Part 1 General principles
Part 2 Risk management
Part 3 Physical damage to structures and life hazard
Part 4 Electrical and electronic systems within structures