silviculture useful handouts page 1 36 - forestry...

Silviculture Useful Handouts of 36

FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015

Useful Handouts Index

Table # Title Page

1 Stages of Stand Development 2 2 Methods of Regeneration Toolbox 3 3 Stand Establishment Treatments Toolbox 3 4 Intermediate Treatments Toolbox 3 5 Application of Even Aged Methods of Regeneration 4 6 Application of Uneven Aged Methods of Regeneration 5 7 Seed-Tree & Shelterwood Overwood Density for Southern Pines 6 8 Stocking densities for newly regenerated stands 6 9 Sowing Rates for Direct Seeding Southern Pines 7

10 Costs of Common Site Prep Treatments in East Texas 7 11 Costs of Pine Seedlings 8 12 Costs of Hardwood Seedlings 8 13 Site Preparation Prescription Guidelines 9 14 Quantitative Silviculture 9 15 Max SDI for Common Southern Forest Types 10 16 Max Stocking by Silvics 10 17 Thinning Effects on d/D 10 18 Typical Stocking and Growth Rates for Southern Forests 10 19 Minimum Requirements for Thinning in Southern Pines 11 20 Product Classes and Stumpage Prices in East Texas 11 21 Approximate Loblolly Pine Thinning Schedule for East Texas 11 22 Characteristics of the Six Most Commonly Used Forest Herbicides 12 23 Application Information for the Six Most Commonly Used Forest Herbicides 13 24 Information for Nine Less Commonly Used Forest Herbicides 14 25 Control Spectra for the Six Most Commonly Used Forest Herbicides 15 26 Pre-Mixed Herbicide Products Used In Forestry 15 27 Fertilizers Used in Southern Pine Plantation Silviculture 15 28 Timber value of bottomland hardwoods by shade tolerance 16 29 Timber value of bottomland hardwoods by flood tolerance 17 30 Timber value of bottomland hardwoods 18 31 Texas Forest Service Volume Conversion Factors 18 32 Pine Sawtimber Volume Table 19 33 Hardwood Sawtimber Volume Table 20 34 Pine Pulpwood and Chip-N-Saw Volume Table 21 35 Hardwood Pulpwood Volume Table 22 36 Pole classification for standing southern yellow pines 23

Figure # Title Page

1 Site index curves for naturally regenerated loblolly pine stands 24 2 Site index curves for naturally regenerated longleaf pine stands 25 3 Site index curves for naturally regenerated shortleaf pine stands 26 4 Site index curves for naturally regenerated slash pine stands 27 5 Site index curves for unmanaged loblolly pine plantations 28 6 Site index curves for unmanaged slash pine plantations 29 7 Site index curves for naturally regenerated green ash stands 30 8 Site index curves for naturally regenerated sweetgum stands 31 9 Site index curves for naturally regenerated water oak stands 32

10 Modified Gingrich-style stocking guide for loblolly pine stands 33 11 Modified Gingrich-style stocking guide for yellow pine stands 34 12 Gingrich stocking guide for bottomland hardwoods QMD < 9 in 35 13 Gingrich stocking guide for bottomland hardwoods QMD > 9 in 36



Table 1. Stages of Stand Development Stage Key Processes Key Structures

Stand initiation

Stand initiating disturbance(s)

Establishment of new cohort o Colonization by new seed o Germination from seed bank

Little nutrient limitation

Rapid growth

Live trees

Disturbance or harvest debris

Legacy trees

100% live crown ratios

Stem exclusion

Canopy closure

Competitive exclusion of understory

Crown differentiation

Density DEPENDENT mortality

Lower canopy tree loss

Self pruning

Nutrient limitations develop

<100% live crown ratios

Vertically differentiated canopy

Heavily shaded understory

Understory reinitiation

Density INDEPENDENT mortality

Canopy gap initiation

Understory redevelopment

Establishment of shade tolerant spp.

Maturation of pioneer cohort

Canopy elaboration

Nutrient limitations persist

Understory herbaceous layer

Shade tolerant cohort

Few smaller gaps

Some standing dead trees

Some large woody debris

Some uproots

Old growth

Canopy gap expansion

Uprooting

Live tree decadence (poor form)

Development of large branches

Pioneer cohort loss

Nutrient limitations decline as organic matter accumulates

Large diameter live trees

Large branches

Rich epiphyte communities

Continuous vertical foliar profile

More standing dead trees

More large woody debris

More uproots

Horizontally patchy forest

Large gaps

Dense establishment in old gaps Stages from: Oliver, C. D., and B. C. Larson. 1996. Forest Stand Dynamics, update edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York,

NY. pp: 520.

Processes and structures modified from: Franklin, J. F., T. A. Spies, R. V. Pelt, A. B. Carey, D. A. Thornburgh, D. R. Berg, D. B. Lindenmayer, M. E. Harmon, W. S. Keeton, D. C. Shaw, K. Bible, and J. Chen. 2002. Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example. Forest Ecology and Management 155:399-423.



Table 2. Methods of Regeneration Toolbox Favors shade intolerant spp. ↔ Favors shade tolerant spp.

Even Aged Clearcut Seed-tree Shelterwood

Two Aged --------------- + Deferment ---------------

-------------------------------With reserves-------------------------------

Uneven Aged Patch selection Group selection Single tree selection

Table 3. Stand Establishment Treatments Toolbox

Table 4. Intermediate Treatments Toolbox

Category Objective Treatment

Site Preparation: Slash Management: Shear Chop Rake Pile Windrow (not recommended) Prescribed Burn Soil Physical Manipulation: Bedding Disking Ripping Subsoiling Combination Plowing Scarification Site Resource Manipulation: Fertilizer Application Herbaceous Competition Control Woody Competition Control Prescribed Burn

Natural Regeneration: Regenerate Site: See Methods of Regeneration

Artificial Regeneration: Direct Seeding: Broadcast Seed Application Row Seed Application Spot Seed Application Planting: Machine Plant Hand Plant

Category Objective Treatment

Density Management: Thinning: Geometric Thin Low Thin High Thin Selection Thin Free Thin

Timber Stand Improvement: Resource Management: Midrotation Fertilizer Application Herbaceous Competition Control Woody Competition Control Prescribed Burn Sawlog Improvement: Pruning



Table 5. Application of Even Aged Methods of Regeneration CLEARCUT SEED-TREE SHELTERWOOD

Shade tolerance of species to be regenerated

Very intolerant Intolerant

Very Intolerant Intolerant

Intolerant Intermediate

Tolerant

Number of Cuts 1 2 3

Cut 1 Clearcut Seed-Tree Cut Preparatory Cut

Cut 1 Goal Regenerate stand

Cut everything except evenly spaced, high quality seed-trees to achieve regeneration

Remove undesirable species, improve health of seed-trees, remove hazard

trees or snags

Cut 1 Residual BA (ft2/ac) <5 (all noncommercial) 5-25 80-160

Cut 1 Residual TPA <20 (all noncommercial) 4-30 100-300

Cut 2 --- Final / Removal Cut Establishment Cut

Cut 2 Goal ---

Remove seed-trees from regenerated and fully

stocked stand within five years

Leave high quality seed-trees to achieve

regeneration and moderate the light

environment

Cut 2 Residual BA (ft2/ac) --- 0; new cohort established 25-100

Cut 2 Residual TPA --- 0; new cohort established 25-150

Cut 3 --- --- Final / Removal Cut

Cut 3 Goal --- ---

Remove overwood from regenerated and fully stocked stand within 5

years of establishment cut

Cut 3 Residual BA (ft2/ac) --- --- 0; new cohort established

Cut 3 Residual TPA --- --- 0; new cohort established

Common Modifications to Method

Cleancut Overstory Removal

Clearcut with reserves

(2 aged)

Uniform, Group

Seed-tree deferment Seed-tree with reserves

( 2 aged)

Uniform, Strip, Group, Modified, 1-Cut, Irregular, Shelterwood deferment,

Shelterwood with reserves (last two are 2 aged)

Clearcutting*: A method of regenerating an even-aged stand in which a new age class develops in a fully exposed microclimate after removal, in a single cutting, of all trees in the previous stand. Regeneration is from natural seeding, direct seeding, planted seedlings, and/or advance reproduction. In the clearcutting system, the management unit or stand in which regeneration, growth, and yield are regulated consists of the individual clearcut stand. When the primary source of regeneration is advance reproduction, the preferred term is Overstory Removal.

Seed Tree*: An even-aged regeneration method in which a new age class develops from seeds that germinate in fully exposed microenvironments after removal of all the previous stand except a small number of trees left to provide seed. Seed trees are removed after regeneration is established.

Shelterwood*: A method of regenerating an even-aged stand in which a new age class develops beneath the moderated microenvironment provided by the residual trees. The sequence of treatments can include three distinct types of cuttings: (1) an optional preparatory cut to enhance conditions for seed production; (2) an establishment cut to prepare the seed bed and to create a new age class; and (3) a removal cut to release established regeneration from competition with the overwood. Cutting may be done uniformly throughout the stand (Uniform Shelterwood), in groups or patches (Group Shelterwood), or in strips (Strip Shelterwood).

*Definitions from: Adams, D. L., J. D. Hodges, D. L. Loftis, J. N. Long, R. S. Seymour, and J. A. Helms. 1994. Silviculture Terminology with Appendix of Draft Ecosystem Management Terms. Silviculture Instructors Subgroup of the Silviculture Working Group of the Society of American Foresters. Located at: http://oak.snr.missouri.edu/silviculture/silviculture_terminology.htm Accessed on: 7/29/2011.



Table 6. Application of Uneven Aged Methods of Regeneration PATCH SELECTION GROUP SELECTION SINGLE TREE SELECTION

Shade tolerance of species to be regenerated

Very Intolerant Intolerant

Intermediate

Intolerant Intermediate

Tolerant

Tolerant Very Tolerant

Individual Selection Unit > 2× dominant tree height < 2× dominant tree height Single trees Size Typically 1-5 acres Typically < 1 acre Typically < 1/20 acre

Method Advantages

Periodic timber income Harvests more practical

Least damage to residuals Easy to mark

Periodic timber income Mimics gap disturbances Record keeping simpler

Periodic timber income Mimics dens. ind. mort. Record keeping simplest

Risk of highgrading

Method Disadvantages Frequent entries

Difficult record keeping

Frequent entries More damage to residuals

More difficult to mark

Frequent entries Most damage to residuals

Most difficult to mark

Regulation Technique 1 Structural (Diameter Distribution) Regulation

Technique 1 Goal To create an all-aged stand with specified structural attributes or diameter distribution. Most commonly applied to single tree selection, more difficult to apply to the other methods given the spatial distribution of trees of different sizes.

Examples BDq: Basal area, Diameter limit, q-factor

Regulation Technique 2 Volume Regulation

Technique 2 Goal

To manage on a sustained yield basis and maximize periodic income by removing the allowable growth each cutting cycle from a balanced all-aged stand. Most commonly applied to group selection, could be applied to patch selection, difficult to apply to single tree selection.

Examples VGDL: Volume Guiding Diameter Limit

Regulation Technique 3 Area Regulation

Technique 3 Goal

To manage on a sustained yield basis by harvesting a specific percentage of the area of a stand in each cutting cycle. Very easy to apply to patch or group selection if stand is large enough to allow a merchantable harvest for the desired cutting cycle and rotation length.

Examples Patch or Group Area = cutting cycle / rotation length

Common modifications or other names of method

Patch Clearcutting w/ Reserves

w/ Reserves

Patch Selection: A method of regenerating uneven-aged stands in which trees are removed, and new age classes are established, in large groups. The maximum width of groups is greater than twice the height of the mature trees, with large openings providing microenvironment suitable for intermediate to very intolerant regeneration. In the Patch Selection System, the management unit or stand in which regeneration, growth, and yield are regulated consists of a landscape containing an aggregation of patches.

Group Selection*: A method of regenerating uneven-aged stands in which trees are removed, and new age classes are established, in small groups. The maximum width of groups is approximately twice the height of the mature trees, with small openings providing microenvironment suitable for tolerant regeneration and the larger openings providing conditions suitable for more intolerant regeneration. In the Group Selection System, the management unit or stand in which regeneration, growth, and yield are regulated consists of a landscape containing an aggregation of groups.

Single Tree Selection*: A method of creating new age classes in uneven-aged stands in which individual trees of all size classes are removed more-or-less uniformly throughout the stand to achieve desired stand structural characteristics.

*Definitions from: Adams, D. L., J. D. Hodges, D. L. Loftis, J. N. Long, R. S. Seymour, and J. A. Helms. 1994. Silviculture Terminology with

Appendix of Draft Ecosystem Management Terms. Silviculture Instructors Subgroup of the Silviculture Working Group of the Society of

American Foresters. Located at: http://oak.snr.missouri.edu/silviculture/silviculture_terminology.htm Accessed on: 7/29/2011.



Table 7. Recommended Stand Density for Establishment Cuts of Seed-tree & Shelterwood Methods of Regeneration for Southern Pines

SEED-TREE SHELTERWOOD

Species DBH

(inches) Density

(TPA) Basal Area (ft

2/acre)

Basal Area (ft

2/acre)

loblolly

10 12 6.5 20-60

12 9 7.1 20-60

14 6 6.4 20-60

16+ 4 5.6+ 20-60

shortleaf

10 20 10.9 30-60

12 14 11.0 30-60

14 12 12.8 30-60

16+ 12 16.8+ 30-60

slash

10 12 6.5 20-60

12 9 7.1 20-60

14 6 6.4 20-60

16+ 4 5.6+ 20-60

longleaf**

10

30-60

12

30-60

14

30-60

16+

30-60

**Perform cone count prior to establishment cut (1000 cones / acre; 35-50 cones / tree; 50,000 seeds / acre)

Modified from: Beaufait, W., Laird, P.P., Newton, M., Smith, D.M., Tubbs, C.H., Wellner, C.A., Williston, H.L., 1984. Silviculture. In: Wenger, K.F. (Ed.), Forestry Handbook. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, pp. 413-455.

Table 8. Suggested Acceptable Stocking Densities for Common Types of Newly

Regenerated Stands in the South

*Free to grow longleaf pine seedlings that begin height growth.

Belli, K., L., Hart, C. P., Hodges, J. D., & Stanturf, J. (1999). Assessment of the regeneration potential of red oaks and ash on minor bottoms of Mississippi. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 23, 133-138.

Franklin, R. M. (2008). Stewardship of longleaf pine forests: A guide for landowners Longleaf Alliance Report No. 2 (pp. 63). Clemson, SC: Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service.

NRCS. (2008). Natural regeneration of southern pines (pp. 2): Alabama Job Sheet No. AL 612A. USDA-FS. (1981). The Yazoo-Little Tallahatchie flood prevention project: Reforestation procedures for erosion control: U.S. Dept.

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Area.

Species Regen Source

Initial Spacing (ft)

Acceptable Stocking (TPA)

Age (year) Source

Loblolly, Slash, Shortleaf Pine Natural 1,000 – 2,500 1 (NRCS 2008) 500 – 800 2 (NRCS 2008)

Loblolly Pine Artificial 6 x 6 600 (50%) 1 (USDA-FS 1981) 7 x 8 400 (50%) 1 (USDA-FS 1981) 6 x 10 350 (50%) 1 (USDA-FS 1981) 8 x 10 225 (50%) 1 (USDA-FS 1981)

Longleaf Pine Natural 3,000 – 6,000 1 (Franklin 2008) 1,000 – 1,500 3-10* (Franklin 2008) Artificial various 200 – 500 1 (Franklin 2008)

Bottomland Hardwoods Natural 75 – 100 2-5 (Belli et al. 1999)



Table 9. Recommended Sowing Rates for Direct Seeding Southern Pines1 Species Seeds / lb Sowing Method Sowing Rate Per Acre

Number

Number Pounds*

longleaf 4,700

Broadcast 15,000 3.24

Rows** 2,900 0.63

Spots*** 4,350 0.94

slash 14,500


Rows** 2,900 0.23

Spots*** 4,350 0.35

loblolly 18,400


Rows** 2,150 0.14

Spots*** 3,650 0.23

shortleaf 48,000


Rows** 4,350 0.10

Spots*** 5,800 0.14

* Weights based on stratified repellent-treated seed that are 100% sound. ** Rows 10 feet apart for all species. Spacing within rows: 1.5 feet for longleaf & slash, 2.0 feet for loblolly, and 1.0 feet for shortleaf *** Spots spaced 6 x 10 feet, 6 seed per spot for longleaf and slash, 5 per spot for loblolly,

8 per spot for shortleaf

1

Source: Campbell, T.E. 1982. Guidelines for direct seeding. In: How to help landowners with forest regeneration. Jackson, MS: Mississippi Forestry Commission; and Atlanta: USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, State and Private Forestry. pp. 20-26.

Table 10. Costs of Common Site Prep Treatments in East Texas in 2014* Treatment Cost / Acre Notes

Site

Pre

p

3-1 Plow $160 One Pass: Rip, Disk, Bed Shear $145 D8 V-Blade No Plow

Shear + Bed $250 Two Pass Roller Chop $150 Only if slash extremely abundant

Prescribed Burn $50 Variable due to fire line length Pile Burn $25 Good option on erodible soils

Wee

d

Co

ntr

ol Spring Herbaceous Control

$25 Aerial application $40 Ground application

Hardwood Control $65 Aerial application $85 Ground application

Pla

nti

ng Establishment Fertilizer $100 Aerial application, DAP for phosphorus

Hand Plant $45

Machine Plant $80 Can sometimes also shear in one pass *Costs are based on economies of scale realized by large landowners. Costs are often higher when managing smaller tracts.



Table 11. Costs of Pine Seedlings for the 2015-16 Planting Season Company Species Description Cost ($/1000) bareroot (containerized)

Arborgen Loblolly or Slash OP Advanced 57 (157)* OP Select 67 (170)* OP Elite 79 (179)*

Loblolly MCP** Advanced 152 (252) MCP Select 179 (275) MCP Elite 215 (315) Varietal 320 (420)

Longleaf OP Native N/A (225) OP Improved N/A (235)

Shortleaf OP Native 60 (N/A)

IFCO Loblolly OP Simple Start N/A (120) OP Essential N/A (160) CMP** Plus N/A (230)

Slash OP Simple Start N/A (125) OP Essential N/A (135) OP Plus N/A (145)

Longleaf OP Essential N/A (190) OP Plus N/A (215)

Shortleaf OP Essential N/A (145)

*Containerized for slash only for these genetic entries. **MCP and CMP are mass control and control

mass pollenated, respectively

Table 12. Costs of Hardwood Seedlings for the 2015-16 Planting Season Company Species Groups Common Name Cost ($/1000)

Arborgen

Oaks

cherrybark, northern red, Nuttall, pin, sawtooth, shumard, southern red, swamp chestnut, swamp white, water, white, willow

250

black, bur, chestnut, chinkapin, gobbler sawtooth, laurel, live, overcup

300

Other

Beautyberry, green ash, buttonbush, southern catalpa, southern crabapple, bald cypress, silky dogwood, elderberry, water hickory, mayhaw, red mulberry, persimmon, river birch, sugarberry, sweetgum*, sycamore, blackgum, swamp tupelo, water tupelo

250

chinkapin, cottonwoodⱡ, flowering dogwood, eastern redbud, cedar elm, American hornbeam, Drummond maple, red maple, pawpaw, pecan, Chickasaw plum, waxmyrtle, wild pear, hybrid varietal poplar*ⱡ,

300

Yellow-poplar, Eucalyptus benthamii*, 400

Hybrid sweetgum varietal (containerized)* 450

Varietal Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla* 600

*Improved ⱡCuttings



Table 13. Site Preparation Guidelines for Southern Pine Plantations Soil Drainage Soil Texture / Structure Prescription Guideline

Somewhat poorly, poorly

Coarse textured Bed: smaller beds may work

Fine textured Bed: larger beds likely needed Fertilizer: P at establishment may be needed

Moderately to well

Fine textured, poor structure Subsoil, rip, or combination plow

Pan layers, converted ag land

Fine textured, good structure

No soil preparation Coarse textured Replanted plantation Steep or highly erodible soils

*Adapted from course materials prepared by Tom Fox.

Table 14. Quantitative Silviculture Relating to Site Occupancy and Thinning Variable Description

Stand Density

A quantitative, absolute measure of tree occupancy per unit of land area in such terms as numbers of trees, basal area, or volume.

Basal Area

The area of the cross section of a tree stem, including the bark, generally at breast height (4.5 feet above the ground)

QMD

The diameter of a tree of mean basal area. QMD=√BA

TPA⁄

0.005454 BA: feet2 acre-1; QMD: in.

Stand Density Index

Stand Density Index = TPA*[(QMD/10)1.605] and represents the number of trees per acre that could be in the stand if QMD = 10 inches. Maximum SDI varies by species.

Relative Density

The relationship between stand density and the maximum density that could occur at the same average tree size. Expressed as a percentage of maximum SDI. . For southern pine plantations: 45% max SDI can be considered overstocked and 30% max SDI can be considered understocked.

Stocking An indication of growing-space occupancy relative to a pre-established standard.

Common indices of stocking are based on percent occupancy, basal area, relative density, and crown competition factor.

d/D (QMD of trees removed in a thinning) / (QMD of stand BEFORE thinning)

If d/D < 1: small trees were harvested; the QMD AFTER thinning will increase (by a factor of 1.09 for a grade C low thinning) If d/D = 1: average trees were harvested; the QMD AFTER thinning will not change. If d/D > 1: large trees were harvested; the QMD AFTER thinning will decrease



Table 15. Max SDI Values

Species SDI

Loblolly 450 Shortleaf 400 Slash 400 Longleaf 400 Upland Oaks 230 Bottomland Oaks 485

Table 16. Usual Max Stocking*

Silvics BA

(ft2/acre)

Tolerant Gymnosperm 130-230 Intolerant Gymnosperm 80-130 Tolerant Angiosperm 70-160 Intolerant Angiosperm 50-80

Table 17. Thinning Effects

Thinning d/D

Low <1 Mechanical =1 Crown >1, slightly Selection >1, significantly

*Smith, D. M., B. C. Larson, M. J. Kelty, and P. M. S. Ashton. 1997. The Practice of Silviculture: Applied Forest Ecology, Ninth edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, New York. pp: 537.

Table 18. Typical Stocking and Growth Rates for Common Southern Forests

Type Site

Quality Site Index Age Density

Basal Area Stocking

Mean Growth

Mean Growth

(feet) (base age) (years) (TPA)

(ft2 /

acre) (tons / acre)

(tons / acre / yr)

(bf / acre / year)

Loblolly or shortleaf natural stands

Good 90 50 20 65 3.3 400 Good 90 50 60 180 170 2.8 350

Average 70 50 60 330 85 1.4 175 Poor 50 50

Loblolly Plantations Unthinned 545 TPA At planting

Good 90 25 10 450 120 50 5.0 Good 90 25 25 380 210 190 7.5 900

Average 70 25 10 450 80 25 2.5 Average 70 25 25 405 175 135 5.5 400

Poor 50 25 10 445 55 10 1.0 Poor 50 25 30 385 160 110 3.5 270

Longleaf natural stands

Good 80 50 20 750 60 35 1.8 225 Good 80 50 40 300 144 140 3.5 440

Average 70 50 20 600 60 30 1.5 190 Average 70 50 40 300 144 120 3.0 375

Bottomland Hardwoods

Good 150 7-10 Average 20-60 110-130 2.0

Loblolly natural stand and longleaf data from: Burns, R. M., and B. H. Honkala, editors. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. pp: 877. Loblolly plantation data calculated using PTAEDA 4.0. Bottomland Hardwoods good site is cherrybark oak; all hardwood data from: Hodges, J. D. 1995. The southern bottomland hardwood region and brown loam bluffs subregion. Pages 227-270 in J. W. Barrett, editor. Regional Silviculture of the United States. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.



Table 19. Minimum Requirements for Thinning Southern Pines Variable Minimum Value Typical for first Thin

Basal Area about 100 ft2 / acre QMD 6.5 inches

Harvestable wood 15-25 tons / acre Stand size 20 acres

Source: Modified for East Texas from Harrington, T. B. 2001. Silvicultural Approaches for Thinning Southern Pines: Method, Intensity, and Timing. Georgia Forestry Commission Publication No. FSP002.

Table 20. Product Classes and Stumpage Price in East Texas in Mar-Apr 2015 Product Class Minimum DBH (inches) Pine Value ($/ton) Hardwood Value ($/ton)

Pulpwood 4.6 $9.46 $17.54

Chip-N-Saw 7.6 $16.05 ---

Sawtimber 9.6 Pine, 11.6 Hdwd $31.50 $37.67

Poles* > 12 with specific taper $135.00 --- *No pole data was available from East Texas. Data are from 2014 in Mississippi.

Table 21. Approximate Loblolly Pine Thinning Schedule for East Texas1

Previous Site Index Current Site Index First

Thinning2 Second

Thinning3 Single

Thinning Harvest

feet feet years years years years

55 60 17 24 20 30

60 65 16 23 19 29

65 70 15 22 18 28

70 75 14 21 17 27

75 80 13 20 16 26

80 85 12 19 15 25

85 90 11 18 14 24

90 95 10 17 13 23 1. Adapted from a system applied by the Campbell Group. 2. First thinning is row thinning + operator select. Typically 3rd, 4th, or 5th row, depending on stocking. 3. Second thinning is a thinning from below aimed at producing approximately 125 crop trees / acre.

This represents a flexible system for deciding rotation lengths and thinning schedules of loblolly pine plantations in East Texas. All listed thinning are commercial and the primary management objectives of these systems are sawtimber. These guidelines are general and may not work for every site or situation. Current site index (base age 25) is five feet taller than the previous rotation’s site index to reflect improvements in genetics over the last several decades realized through tree improvement programs. Options for both single and double thinning schedules are given. Rotation length may be shortened for some single-thinning entry rotations from the optimized harvest age shown for two-thinning rotations.



Table 22. Characteristics of the Six Most Commonly Used Herbicides in Forestry* Glyphosate Triclopyr Imazapyr Sulfometuron Metsulfuron Hexazinone

Trade Names (% Active Ingredient)

Accord XRT II (50%), Round-Up (41%),

Razor (41%), Refuge (52%)

Garlon 3 (44%), Forestry Garlon XRT

(84%), Tahoe (44%),

Pathfinder II (14%)

Arsenal AC (52%), Chopper GEN II

(26%), Polaris AC (53%)

Oust (75%), Spyder (75%)

Escort (60%), Patriot (60%), Manor (60%)

Metsel VMF (60%)

Velpar L (25%), Velpar DF (75%)

Overview of typical applications

Quick brown-out, especially of grasses

and for site prep burns

Sites with excessive hardwood

competition; especially for hard to control species like

yaupon and elm

Basis for virtually all forestry tank mixes;

good for woody, herbaceous and

grass control; add tank partners to cover "holes" in

control spectrum; combined aquatic-terrestrial labels for

Arsenal & Polaris

Grass / herbaceous weed herbicide of choice in forestry;

generally mixed with imazapyr

"Escort" means it goes with other herbicides, and should only be

added to control elm, greenbrier,

grape, other vines, or Rubus spp. when

problematic

Alternative to imazapyr, but rates are site-specific and attention must be

paid to soil texture; mixed with

sulfometuron it is ideal for longleaf

pine site prep

Limitations

Do not apply to standing water unless labeled

accordingly

Do not plant conifer crop trees w/in 1-2 months, depending

on rate

Do not apply to standing water; only release 2-5 year old slash and longleaf

crop trees after Aug. 15.

Do not apply to standing water; only apply to hardwood

crop trees while dormant

Do not apply to longleaf crop trees;

can damage low-vigor pine; low

adsorption to clay

Water soluble; can leach on sandy soils; adsorbed by organic

matter and clay

Uptake Mode (Activity) Leaves, Cambium Leaves, Bark Roots, Leaves Roots, Leaves Leaves, Roots Roots, Leaves

Soil Mobility Low Low Moderate Moderate Moderate High

Mode of Action Amino Acid Inhibitor Growth Regulator (best hypothesis)

Amino Acid Inhibitor Amino Acid Inhibitor Amino Acid Inhibitor Photosynthesis

Inhibitor

Volatility Minimal High in esters Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal

Photodecomposition Minimal Major problem Only in water Minimal Minimal Slow (10%/week)

Half-Life 47 days 30 days 27 days 24 days 30 days 90 days

Signal Word none - CAUTION CAUTION - DANGER none - CAUTION none - CAUTION none CAUTION - DANGER

LD-50 > 5,000 mg/kg 713 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg 1690 mg/kg

*It is a violation of Federal law to use any pesticide product (all herbicides are pesticides) in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. The label is the law! Information provided in this table is for educational purposes only, and should not be referenced when applying herbicides. Read and follow the label under the supervision of someone who is appropriately trained (and licensed if necessary).



Table 23. Application Information for the Six Most Commonly Used Herbicides in Forestry* Glyphosate Triclopyr Imazapyr Sulfometuron Metsulfuron Hexazinone

Site Prep Rate 4 – 8 qt / ac 1 – 8 qt/ac 24 - 40 oz/ac 2 - 8 oz/ac 1 - 4 oz/ac 2.7 – 6.7 lbs/ac Pine Release Rate directed spray only directed spray only 12 – 20 oz/ac 2 – 4.5 oz/ac 1 - 4 oz/ac 1.3 – 4 lbs/ac

Rate Notes

Use 1 - 2% solution for spray-to-wet; 5-

10% for directed spray; 50 – 100%

for cut stump

Up to 8 qt/ac for site prep; 1-2% for directed spray; 20 - 30% for hack and squirt, cut stump,

or basal bark applications

Only 20 - 32 oz/ac for slash pine site prep; 4 - 10 oz/ac

for herbaceous weed control; lower

rates on coarse-textured soils; cut stump, hack and

squirt at 12.5 - 50% solution

Use 2-4 oz/ac on coarse textured

soils; 1-4 oz/ac for hardwood release;

2-4.25 oz/ac for site prep for lob, long,

or slash; pine release 2-4.5 oz/ac

for lob, long, or slash; 1-2 oz/ac for

shortleaf

Site prep and release of loblolly and slash only; do

not use on sites with, or intended

for, longleaf or shortleaf; can

damage pine during release operations

if they are low vigor

Rate is soil texture dependent; 2.7 – 4

lbs/ac on coarse textured soils, 4 –

5.3 lbs/ac on medium, and 5.3 – 6.7 lbs/ac on fine;

cut rates roughly in half for release

Solubility Water Water, Oil, Diesel Oil, Water, Dry Water Dry Water or Dry

Tank Mix With Sulfometuron, Metsulfuron,

Imazapyr

2,4-D, Picloram, Imazapyr

Sulfometuron, Glyphosate,

Triclopyr, Metsulfuron

Hexazinone, Imazapyr,

Glyphosate, Metsulfuron,

Atrazine

Glyphosate, Imazapyr,

Sulfometuron, Hexazinone

Sulfometuron, Metsulfuron

Application Timing Leaves on weeds, early for annuals,

later for perennials

Leaves on weeds, any time for cut stump, hack &

squirt

Midsummer - Late Fall

Late Fall - Spring Leaves on Weeds Late Spring - Early

Summer

Broadcast / Banded YES YES YES YES YES YES

Individual Stem YES YES YES YES YES Foliar YES YES YES YES Hack and Squirt YES YES YES YES Basal Bark YES Cut Stump YES YES YES Basal Soil YES

*It is a violation of Federal law to use any pesticide product (all herbicides are pesticides) in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. The label is the law! Information provided in this table is for educational purposes only, and should not be referenced when applying herbicides. Read and follow the label under the supervision of someone who is appropriately trained (and licensed if necessary).



Table 24. Characteristics and Application Information for Nine Less Commonly Used Herbicides in Forestry*

2,4 D Aminopyralid Atrazine Clopyralid Dicambia Fluazifop Fosamine Oxyfluorofen Picloram

Trade Names (% Active Ingredient)

Hi-Dep Broadleaf

(40%), Weedone

(63% - 87%)

Milestone VM Plus (2.22%)

Aatrex 4L (43%),

Aatrex Nine-O (88%)

Transline (41%)

Banvel (40%), Banvel CST

(13%)

Fusilade DX (25%),

Ornamec 170 (1.7%)

Krenite S (42%)

Goal (22%) Tordon K

(24%)

Uptake Mode (Activity)

Leaves Leaves, Roots Roots, Leaves Leaves, Roots Roots, Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves, Roots Roots, Leaves

Soil Mobility Moderate Minimal Moderate Moderate High Minimal Minimal Minimal High

Mode of Action Growth

Regulator Growth

Regulator Photosynthesis

Inhibitor Growth

Regulator Growth

Regulator

Lipid Synthesis Inhibitor

Growth Regulator

Lipid Synthesis Inhibitor

Growth Regulator

Volatility High in esters Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal

Photodecomposition Minimal Problem in

water Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Problem

Half-Life 10 days 34 days 60 days 40 days 14 days 15 days 8 days 35 days 90 days

LD-50 639 - 1,646

mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg 3,080 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg 1,707 mg/kg 4,096 mg/kg

> 5,000 mg/kg

> 5,000 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg

Solubility Water, Oils Water Water Water Water Water, Oils Water Water Water

Application Site Prep or

Release Site Prep or

Release Site Prep

Site Prep or Release

Release Release Site Prep or

Release Site Prep or

Release Site Prep

Selectivity

Broad-spectrum control of

hardwoods and

herbaceous; can damage pine; grasses

resistant


hardwoods and herbaceous; can damage pine; grasses

resistant

Broad-spectrum, but targets grasses


hardwoods and

herbaceous; pines and

grasses resistant


hardwoods and

herbaceous; grasses

resistant

Controls grasses

Controls hardwoods and pines;

broad-spectrum

woody control

Broad-spectrum

herbaceous weed control; also controls

grasses

Broad-spectrum

woody control;

kills vines; many

grasses resistant

Notes May leach on

sandy soils

Labeled for use on CRP lands,

wildlife management

Restricted use; leaches in

water on sandy soils

Used in Eucalyptus,

poplar plantations

Labeled for individual

stem treatments; range, CRP

lands

Used in Xmas tree

plantations, nurseries,

Eucalyptus, pecans

Will kill pines

Used in Xmas tree

plantations, nurseries, Eucalyptus

Not for release, will kill pines

*It is a violation of Federal law to use any pesticide product (all herbicides are pesticides) in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. The label is

the law! Information provided in this table is for educational purposes only, and should not be referenced when applying herbicides. Read and

follow the label under the supervision of someone who is appropriately trained (and licensed if necessary).



Table 25. Control Spectra for the Six Most Commonly Used Forestry Herbicides

Glyphosate Triclopyr Imazapyr Sulfometuron Metsulfuron Hexazinone

Specificity Broad Broad Broad Narrow Narrow Broad

Loblolly Pine S S R R R M

Slash Pine S S R R R M

Longleaf Pine S S R R S M

Sweetgum S S S R R M

Oaks M M S R M S

Hickories R S M R R R

Elms M S M R S M

Hollies R S M R R R

Cherries M M R R S M

Maples M S S R S M

Bays R S S R R R

Blackberry S S R R S R

Legumes S S R M R R

Herbaceous S S S S R M

Grass S M S S R M

S = Susceptible, the herbicide will kill the weed if applied correctly; M = Marginal, the herbicide may offer some level of control; R = Resistant, the weed will likely be minimally impacted by the herbicide

Table 26. Pre-Mixed Herbicide Products Used in Forestry

Label Active Ingredients

Oustar 63% hexazinone + 12% sulfometuron

Lineage Clearstand 63% imazapyr + 10% metsulfuron

Tordon 101 Mixture 40% 2,4-D + 10% picloram

Tordon RTU 21% 2,4-D + 5% picloram

Pathway 21% 2,4-D + 5% picloram

Banvel 720 25% 2,4-D + 13% dicambia

Table 27. Fertilizers Used in Southern Pine Plantation Silviculture

Chemical Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium

%N %P2O5 (%P) %K2O (%K)

UREA Urea 45 0 0 MAP Monoammonium phosphate 11 52 (23) 0 DAP Diammonium phosphate 18 46 (20) 0 OSP Superphosphate 0 20 (9) 0 TSP Triple Super Phosphate 0 45 (20) 0 CSP Concentrated Super Phosphate 0 45 (20) 0

ROCKP Rock Phosphate 0 8 (6.5) 0 POT Potash 0 0 60 (50)



Table 28. Timber Value by Shade Tolerance of Bottomland Hardwoods

*Adapted from The 1986 Service foresters handbook. USDA Forest Service; and Meadows, J. S., and J. A. Stanturf. 1997. Silvicultural systems for southern bottomland hardwood forests. FEM 90:127-140.

Very Intolerant Intolerant Intermediate Tolerant Very Tolerant

Pre

ferr

ed

Cottonwood Populus deltoides

White ash Fraxinus americana

Pecan

Carya illinoinensis

Black walnut

Juglans nigra

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Cherrybark oak

Quercus pagoda

White oak Quercus alba

Shumard oak

Quercus shumardii

Swamp chestnut oak Quercus michauxii

Nuttall oak

Quercus texana

Bottomland post oak Quercus similis

De

sira

ble

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Silver maple Acer saccharinum

Southern red oak Quercus falcata

Sugarberry

Celtis laevigata

Black willow Salix nigra

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Bur oak Quercus macrocarpa

Hackberry

Celtis occidentalis

Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica

Pondcypress Taxodium ascendens

Persimmon

Diospyros virginiana

Swamp tupelo

Nyssa biflora

Baldcypress

Taxodium distichum

American sycamore

Platanus occidentalis

Water oak Quercus nigra

Willow oak

Quercus phellos

Acc

ep

tab

le

Waterlocust

Gleditsia aquatica

Mockernut hickory Carya alba

Red maple Acer rubrum

American beech Fagus grandifolia

Honeylocust

Gleditsia triacanthos

Water hickory Carya aquatica

Shagbark hickory Carya ovata

Sweetbay

Magnolia virginiana

Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora

Swamp cottonwood

Populus heterophylla

Blackgum

Nyssa sylvatica

Winged elm Ulmus alata

Pin oak

Quercus palustris

Laurel oak Quercus laurifolia

Slippery elm Ulmus rubra

Overcup oak Quercus lyrata

American elm Ulmus americana

Cedar elm Ulmus crassifolia

Un

des

irab

le

River birch Betula nigra

Boxelder

Acer negundo

Swamp-privet Forestiera acuminata

Hornbeam

Carpinus caroliniana

Carolina ash

Fraxinus caroliniana

Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis

Possumhaw

Ilex decidua

Hophornbeam

Ostrya virginiana

Sassafras

Sassafras albidum

Hawthorn

Crataegus spp.

Roughleaf dogwood Cornus drummondii

Planertree

Planera aquatica

American holly

Ilex opaca

Red mulberry

Morus rubra



Table 29. Timber Value by Flood Tolerance of Bottomland Hardwoods

*Adapted from The 1986 Service foresters handbook. USDA Forest Service; and Meadows, J. S., and J. A. Stanturf. 1997. Silvicultural systems for southern bottomland hardwood forests. FEM 90:127-140.

Very Intolerant Intolerant Intermediate Tolerant Very Tolerant

Pre

ferr

ed

White ash Fraxinus americana

Swamp chestnut oak

Quercus michauxii

Pecan

Carya illinoinensis

Green ash Fraxinus

pennsylvanica

Black walnut Juglans nigra

Cottonwood

Populus deltoides

Pumpkin ash Fraxinus profunda

White oak Quercus alba

Nuttall oak

Quercus texana

Cherrybark oak Quercus pagoda

Shumard oak Quercus shumardii

Bottomland post oak Quercus similis

De

sira

ble

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Silver maple Acer saccharinum

Bur oak Quercus

macrocarpa

Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica

Southern red oak Quercus falcata

Sugarberry

Celtis laevigata

Willow oak Quercus phellos

Swamp tupelo Nyssa biflora

Hackberry

Celtis occidentalis

Black willow Salix nigra

Persimmon

Diospyros virginiana

Pondcypress Taxodium ascendens

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Baldcypress

Taxodium distichum

Water oak Quercus nigra

Acc

ep

tab

le

American beech Fagus grandifolia

Mockernut hickory Carya alba

Honeylocust

Gleditsia triacanthos

Red maple Acer rubrum

Swamp cottonwood Populus heterophylla

Post oak Quercus stellata

Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis

Sweetbay

Magnolia virginiana Water hickory

Carya aquatica

Shagbark hickory Carya ovata

Pin oak Quercus palustris

Waterlocust

Gleditsia aquatica

Southern magnolia

Magnolia grandiflora

American elm Ulmus americana

Laurel oak Quercus laurifolia

Blackgum

Nyssa sylvatica

Cedar elm Ulmus crassifolia

Overcup oak Quercus lyrata

Winged elm

Ulmus alata

Slippery elm Ulmus rubra

Un

des

irab

le

Hawthorn

Crataegus spp

Boxelder

Acer negundo

River birch Betula nigra

Swamp-privet Forestiera acuminata

Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis

Sassafras

Sassafras albidum

Hornbeam

Carpinus caroliniana

Possumhaw

Ilex decidua

Loblolly-bay Gordonia lasianthus

. American holly

Ilex opaca

Redbay Persea borbonia

Hophornbeam

Ostrya virginiana

Planertree Planera aquatica

Red mulberry

Morus rubra



Table 30. Timber Value of Bottomland Hardwoods Preferred Desirable Acceptable Pecan – Carya illinoinensis Sugarberry – Celtis laevigata Red maple – Acer rubrum Green ash – Fraxinus pennsylvanica Persimmon – Diospyros virginiana Water hickory – Carya aquatica Cottonwood – Populus deltoides Sweetgum – Liquidambar styraciflua Bitternut hickory – Carya cordiformis White oak – Quercus alba Yellow-poplar – Liriodendron tulipifera Shagbark hickory – Carya ovata Cherrybark oak – Quercus pagoda Water tupelo – Nyssa aquatica Mockernut hickory – Carya alba Cow oak – Quercus michauxii Sycamore – Platanus occidentalis American beech – Fagus grandifolia Nuttall oak – Quercus texana Water oak – Quercus nigra Waterlocust – Gleditsia aquatica Shumard oak – Quercus shumardii Willow oak – Quercus phellos Honeylocust – Gleditsia triacanthos

Black willow – Salix nigra Southern magnolia – Magnolia grandiflora Baldcypress – Taxodium distichum Blackgum – Nyssa sylvatica

Laurel oak – Quercus laurifolia Overcup oak – Quercus lyrata Winged elm – Ulmus alata American elm – Ulmus americana Cedar elm – Ulmus crassifolia Slippery elm – Ulmus rubra

Undesirable

Boxelder – Acer negundo River birch – Betula nigra American hornbeam – Carpinus caroliniana Hawthorn – Crataegus spp. Swamp-privet – Forestiera acuminata Roughleaf dogwood – Cornus drummondii Carolina ash – Fraxinus caroliniana Deciduous holly – Ilex decidua American holly – Ilex opaca Red mulberry – Morus rubra Planertree –Planera aquatica Eastern hophornbeam – Ostrya virginiana

*From Meadows, J. S., and J. A. Stanturf. 1997. Silvicultural systems for southern bottomland hardwood forests. FEM 90:127-140.

Table 31. Texas Forest Service Volume Conversion Factors

Sawlogs - Veneer Logs Pulpwood & Chip-n-Saw

MBF-International-1/4" X 0.74 = MBF-Doyle Pine 2.7 tons = 1 cord

MBF-Scribner X 0.78 = MBF-Doyle Hdwd 2.8 tons = 1 cord

MBF-USFS Scribner X 0.814 = MBF-Doyle Pine 81 Cu. Ft. = 1 cord

2.37 Pine Cunits = 1 MBF-Doyle Hdwd 80 Cu. Ft. = 1 cord

1 Cunit = 100 Cu.Ft.

Pine CNS 2.7 tons =1 cord

Pine – 0.008 x Doyle BF = tons Pine 0.033333 x Cu. Ft. = tons

Hardwood – 0.009 x Doyle BF = tons Hdwd 0.03500 x Cu. Ft. = tons



Table 32. Composite, Multiple-Entry Volume Table: Girard FC 80

Tons - Gross Volume (Use for Pine Sawtimber)

Number of Usable 16-foot logs

DBH (in.) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

10 0.13 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.21

11 0.19 0.24 0.28 0.30 0.34

12 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.48 0.50

13 0.34 0.42 0.51 0.58 0.64 0.67 0.70

14 0.42 0.54 0.66 0.74 0.83 0.87 0.91

15 0.51 0.67 0.83 0.94 1.06 1.13 1.20

16 0.62 0.81 1.00 1.14 1.29 1.39 1.49 1.66 1.74

17 0.74 0.98 1.22 1.40 1.58 1.71 1.84 1.96 2.07

18 0.86 1.15 1.43 1.65 1.87 2.03 2.18 2.34 2.48

19 1.01 1.34 1.68 1.95 2.22 2.41 2.59 2.77 2.94

20 1.15 1.54 1.94 2.26 2.57 2.78 2.99 3.17 3.34

21 1.31 1.77 2.22 2.59 2.96 3.22 3.49 3.70 3.91

22 1.48 2.00 2.52 2.94 3.36 3.66 3.98 4.23 4.49

23 1.66 2.26 2.85 3.34 3.82 4.17 4.51 4.83 5.14

24 1.85 2.51 3.18 3.73 4.29 4.66 5.04 5.42 5.80

25 2.05 2.80 3.54 4.18 4.80 5.24 5.68 6.11 6.54

26 2.26 3.09 3.91 4.61 5.30 5.82 6.33 6.82 7.30

27 2.48 3.40 4.32 5.10 5.88 6.45 7.02 7.57 8.12

28 2.71 3.73 4.74 5.60 6.46 7.08 7.70 8.32 8.94 9.50 10.06

29 2.96 4.07 5.18 6.13 7.07 7.76 8.45 9.15 9.86 10.52 11.18

30 3.20 4.42 5.62 6.66 7.69 8.44 9.19 9.98 10.77 11.54 12.30

31 3.47 4.79 6.11 7.25 8.39 9.23 10.08 10.91 11.75 12.61 13.47

32 3.74 5.17 6.59 7.84 9.10 10.03 10.96 11.85 12.74 13.70 14.65

33 4.02 5.57 7.11 8.48 9.84 10.85 11.86 12.83 13.81 14.88 15.95

34 4.30 5.97 7.63 9.10 10.58 11.67 12.77 13.82 14.89 16.06 17.25

35 4.61 6.41 8.21 9.80 11.39 12.58 13.78 14.94 16.10 17.34 18.58

36 4.92 6.86 8.79 10.50 12.21 13.50 14.79 16.05 17.30 18.61 19.90

37 5.25 7.32 9.39 11.25 13.10 14.49 15.87 17.26 18.64 20.02 21.40

38 5.58 7.78 9.99 11.99 13.99 15.47 16.95 18.46 19.97 21.43 22.90

39 5.92 8.29 10.66 12.78 14.91 16.52 18.13 19.70 21.26 22.84 24.42

40 6.27 8.79 11.31 13.57 15.83 17.57 19.30 20.93 22.55 24.24 25.93




Tons - Gross Volume (Use for Hardwood Sawtimber) Number of Usable 16-foot logs

DBH (in.) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

10 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.19 0.20

11 0.20 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.34

12 0.26 0.32 0.39 0.43 0.48 0.49 0.50

13 0.34 0.43 0.53 0.59 0.66 0.68 0.72

14 0.43 0.56 0.68 0.76 0.84 0.88 0.93

15 0.54 0.70 0.86 0.97 1.09 1.15 1.22

16 0.65 0.85 1.04 1.19 1.34 1.44 1.53

17 0.77 1.02 1.26 1.45 1.64 1.76 1.88

18 0.90 1.19 1.48 1.71 1.94 2.09 2.23

19 1.06 1.40 1.75 2.03 2.30 2.48 2.67

20 1.22 1.62 2.03 2.35 2.67 2.90 3.11 3.28 3.45

21 1.39 1.86 2.34 2.72 3.10 3.37 3.64 3.85 4.07

22 1.57 2.11 2.66 3.10 3.53 3.84 4.16 4.43 4.69

23 1.76 2.38 2.99 3.49 4.00 4.35 4.70 5.02 5.35

24 1.94 2.64 3.33 3.90 4.46 4.85 5.24 5.63 6.01

25 2.17 2.95 3.73 4.37 5.02 5.48 5.94 6.38 6.82

26 2.39 3.26 4.13 4.85 5.57 6.10 6.63 7.14 7.64

27 2.63 3.58 4.55 5.35 6.16 6.74 7.33 7.89 8.46

28 2.85 3.91 4.96 5.85 6.75 7.38 8.01 8.65 9.29 9.86 10.45

29 3.11 4.28 5.44 6.43 7.42 8.12 8.82 9.55 10.28 10.96 11.65

30 3.38 4.65 5.92 7.00 8.08 8.86 9.62 10.44 11.26 12.05 12.84

31 3.67 5.06 6.45 7.65 8.85 9.72 10.58 11.46 12.33 13.23 14.13

32 3.97 5.47 6.98 8.30 9.61 10.58 11.55 12.47 13.39 14.40 15.41

33 4.27 5.89 7.52 8.95 10.37 11.41 12.47 13.47 14.48 15.61 16.72

34 4.55 6.30 8.05 9.58 11.12 12.25 13.38 14.47 15.57 16.79 18.03

35 4.90 6.79 8.68 10.34 12.01 13.25 14.49 15.69 16.88 18.18 19.47

36 5.23 7.27 9.32 11.11 12.91 14.25 15.59 16.90 18.21 19.56 20.91

37 5.56 7.74 9.92 11.86 13.81 15.25 16.69 18.12 19.55 20.99 22.43

38 5.90 8.21 10.53 12.62 14.72 16.25 17.78 19.33 20.90 22.42 23.94

39 6.28 8.77 11.25 13.48 15.71 17.39 19.06 20.68 22.31 23.96 25.60

40 6.66 9.32 11.97 14.35 16.72 18.53 20.34 22.03 23.72 25.49 27.24




Tons - Gross Volume (Use for Pine Pulpwood and Chip-N-Saw) Number of Usable 16-foot logs

DBH (in.) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

5 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.21 6 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.25

7 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.31

8 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.39

9 0.18 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.50 0.50

10 0.22 0.30 0.37 0.43 0.48 0.53 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.62

11 0.25 0.35 0.44 0.52 0.58 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.79 0.77

12 0.30 0.42 0.52 0.61 0.70 0.77 0.83 0.88 0.92 0.95 0.95

13 0.35 0.49 0.61 0.72 0.82 0.90 0.98 1.04 1.10 1.14 1.14

14 0.40 0.56 0.71 0.84 0.95 1.05 1.14 1.22 1.29 1.34 1.36

15 0.46 0.65 0.81 0.96 1.10 1.22 1.32 1.42 1.50 1.57 1.59

16 0.53 0.74 0.93 1.10 1.25 1.39 1.52 1.62 1.72 1.81 1.85

17 0.59 0.83 1.05 1.25 1.42 1.58 1.72 1.85 1.96 2.07 2.13

18 0.67 0.94 1.18 1.40 1.60 1.78 1.95 2.09 2.23 2.35 2.43

19 0.75 1.05 1.32 1.57 1.80 2.00 2.18 2.35 2.50 2.64 2.76

20 0.83 1.17 1.47 1.75 2.00 2.23 2.43 2.62 2.80 2.96 3.10

21 0.92 1.29 1.63 1.94 2.21 2.47 2.70 2.91 3.11 3.29 3.47

22 1.02 1.43 1.80 2.13 2.44 2.72 2.98 3.22 3.44 3.65 3.86

23 1.12 1.56 1.97 2.34 2.68 2.99 3.28 3.54 3.79 4.02 4.26

24 1.22 1.71 2.16 2.56 2.93 3.27 3.59 3.88 4.15 4.41 4.69

25 1.33 1.86 2.35 2.79 3.20 3.57 3.91 4.24 4.54 4.83 5.15

26 1.45 2.02 2.55 3.03 3.47 3.88 4.26 4.61 4.94 5.26 5.62

27 1.57 2.19 2.76 3.28 3.76 4.20 4.61 5.00 5.36 5.71 6.11

28 1.70 2.37 2.98 3.54 4.06 4.54 4.98 5.40 5.80 6.18 6.62

29 1.83 2.55 3.21 3.82 4.37 4.89 5.37 5.82 6.26 6.67 7.16

30 1.96 2.74 3.45 4.10 4.70 5.26 5.77 6.26 6.73 7.18 7.71

31 2.11 2.94 3.70 4.39 5.04 5.63 6.19 6.72 7.23 7.72 8.29

32 2.25 3.14 3.95 4.70 5.39 6.03 6.63 7.20 7.74 8.27 8.89

33 2.41 3.35 4.22 5.01 5.75 6.44 7.08 7.69 8.27 8.84 9.50

34 2.56 3.57 4.49 5.34 6.13 6.86 7.54 8.20 8.82 9.43 10.14

35 2.73 3.80 4.78 5.68 6.52 7.29 8.03 8.72 9.39 10.05 10.80

36 2.90 4.03 5.07 6.03 6.92 7.74 8.52 9.27 9.98 10.68 11.48

37 3.07 4.27 5.37 6.39 7.33 8.21 9.04 9.83 10.59 11.34 12.18

38 3.25 4.52 5.69 6.76 7.76 8.69 9.57 10.41 11.22 12.01 12.90

39 3.44 4.78 6.01 7.14 8.20 9.18 10.12 11.00 11.87 12.71 13.64

40 3.63 5.04 6.34 7.54 8.65 9.69 10.68 11.62 12.53 13.43 14.39




Tons - Gross Volume (Use for Hardwood Pulpwood) Number of Usable 16-foot logs

DBH (in.) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

5 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.21

6 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.25

7 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.31

8 0.15 0.21 0.25 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.40

9 0.18 0.25 0.31 0.36 0.40 0.43 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.50

10 0.22 0.30 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.54 0.57 0.61 0.63 0.64 0.63

11 0.26 0.36 0.44 0.52 0.59 0.65 0.70 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.78

12 0.30 0.42 0.53 0.62 0.70 0.77 0.84 0.89 0.93 0.96 0.96

13 0.35 0.49 0.62 0.73 0.83 0.91 0.99 1.05 1.11 1.15 1.15

14 0.41 0.57 0.71 0.85 0.96 1.06 1.16 1.23 1.30 1.36 1.37

15 0.47 0.65 0.82 0.97 1.11 1.23 1.33 1.43 1.51 1.58 1.61

16 0.53 0.75 0.94 1.11 1.27 1.41 1.53 1.64 1.74 1.83 1.87

17 0.60 0.84 1.06 1.26 1.44 1.60 1.74 1.87 1.98 2.09 2.15

18 0.68 0.95 1.19 1.42 1.62 1.80 1.96 2.11 2.25 2.37 2.46

19 0.76 1.06 1.34 1.59 1.81 2.02 2.21 2.37 2.53 2.67 2.78

20 0.84 1.18 1.49 1.76 2.02 2.25 2.46 2.65 2.82 2.99 3.13

21 0.93 1.31 1.65 1.96 2.24 2.49 2.73 2.94 3.14 3.33 3.50

22 1.03 1.44 1.81 2.16 2.47 2.75 3.01 3.25 3.47 3.68 3.89

23 1.13 1.58 1.99 2.37 2.71 3.02 3.31 3.58 3.83 4.06 4.31

24 1.24 1.73 2.18 2.59 2.96 3.30 3.62 3.92 4.19 4.46 4.74

25 1.34 1.88 2.37 2.82 3.23 3.61 3.95 4.28 4.58 4.87 5.19

26 1.46 2.04 2.58 3.06 3.51 3.92 4.30 4.65 4.99 5.31 5.67

27 1.59 2.21 2.79 3.31 3.80 4.24 4.66 5.04 5.41 5.76 6.17

28 1.71 2.39 3.01 3.58 4.10 4.58 5.03 5.45 5.86 6.24 6.69

29 1.84 2.57 3.24 3.85 4.42 4.94 5.43 5.88 6.32 6.74 7.23

30 1.98 2.77 3.48 4.14 4.75 5.31 5.83 6.32 6.80 7.25 7.79

31 2.12 2.96 3.73 4.43 5.09 5.69 6.25 6.79 7.29 7.79 8.37

32 2.28 3.17 3.99 4.74 5.44 6.09 6.69 7.27 7.81 8.35 8.97

33 2.43 3.38 4.26 5.06 5.81 6.50 7.15 7.76 8.35 8.93 9.60

34 2.59 3.61 4.54 5.39 6.18 6.92 7.62 8.27 8.91 9.52 10.24

35 2.75 3.83 4.82 5.73 6.58 7.36 8.10 8.81 9.48 10.14 10.90

36 2.93 4.07 5.12 6.09 6.98 7.82 8.61 9.36 10.08 10.78 11.59

37 3.10 4.31 5.43 6.45 7.40 8.29 9.12 9.92 10.69 11.45 12.30

38 3.28 4.56 5.74 6.83 7.83 8.77 9.66 10.51 11.33 12.13 13.02

39 3.47 4.82 6.07 7.21 8.28 9.27 10.21 11.11 11.98 12.83 13.77

40 3.66 5.09 6.40 7.61 8.74 9.79 10.78 11.73 12.65 13.56 14.53



Table 36. Pole Classification Tables for Standing Southern Yellow Pines.



Figure 1. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 50 Years) for Naturally Regenerated

Loblolly Pine Stands in the US South

USDA-FS. 1976. Volume, Yield, and Stand Tables for Second-Growth Southern Pines. USDA Forest Service, Miscellaneous Publication 50.




Longleaf Pine Stands in the US South





Shortleaf Pine Stands in the US South





Slash Pine Stands in the US South




Figure 5. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 25 Years) for Unmanaged Loblolly Pine

Plantations in East Texas

Coble, D. W. and Y.-J. Lee. 2006. Use of a generalized sigmoid growth function to predict site index for unmanaged loblolly and slash pine plantations in east Texas. Pages 291 – 295 in Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS – 92.



Figure 6. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 25 Years) for Unmanaged Slash Pine

Plantations in East Texas

Coble, D. W. and Y.-J. Lee. 2006. Use of a generalized sigmoid growth function to predict site index for unmanaged loblolly and slash pine plantations in east Texas. Pages 291 – 295 in Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS – 92.




Green Ash Stands in the US South

*Add 2 years to dbh age to obtain total age.

Carmean, W. H., J. T. Hahn, and R. D. Jacobs. 1989. Site index curves for forest tree species in the eastern United States. USDA Forest Service, North Central Experiment Station, General Technical Report NC-128.




Sweetgum Stands in the US South






Water Oak Stands in the US South





Figure 10. Gingrich-Style Stocking Guide Modified Using SDI for Naturally

Regenerated Loblolly Pine Stands in the US South



Figure 11. Gingrich-Style Stocking Guide Modified Using SDI for Naturally

Regenerated Longleaf, Shortleaf, or Slash Pine Stands in the US South



Figure 12. Gingrich-Style Stocking Guide for Southern Bottomland Hardwoods

up to a QMD of 9 Inches

Goelz, J. C. G. 1995. A stocking guide for southern bottomland hardwoods. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 19:103-104.



Figure 13. Gingrich-Style Stocking Guide for Southern Bottomland Hardwoods

with a QMD Greater than 9 Inches

Goelz, J. C. G. 1995. A stocking guide for southern bottomland hardwoods. Southern Journal of Applied

Forestry 19:103-104.

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