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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
SILCHAR REGION
STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS XII
GEOGRAPHY
CONTENT
1 Design of Question Paper.
2. Selected Question Answer:
I)Fundamentals of Human
Geography (Book)
3. Selected Question answer :
II)India People and Economy(Book)
4. Skill based questions
With answers
5. Map Practise
6. Model Question paper (Solved)
7. Model Question paper (Unsolved)
8. Latest question paper 2014
8. List of maps
DESIGN OF QUESTION PAPER
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY (THEORY)
Time : 3 hrs Class-XII M.M.: 70
Weightage to content
Part-A : FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TOTAL)- 35 MARKS
CHAPTERS -- 30 MARKS
WORLD MAP ( FOR IDENTIFICATION ONLY UNIT 1—5) --- 5 MARKS
PART-B : INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY ( TOTAL) --- 35 MARKS
CHAPTERS 30 MARKS
MAPS 5 MARKS
TOTAL --- 70 MARKS
NOTE : VALUE BASED QUESTION FROM ANY UNIT 1-11
III . WEIGHTAGE TO DIFFICULTY LEVEL
1.EASY (E)-- 20%2.AVERAGE (AV) 60%3.DIFFICULT (D) 20%
Question-paper design 2014-15
Code no.-029 Geography(theory) class-xii
Max marks-70 time-3 hrs
Slno.
Typology ofquestions
Shortanswer
(1mark)
Shortanswer
(3mark)
Longanswer
5 mark
Maps skill
(5)
marks %
1 remembering 3 1 1 1
Identification
& location
16 23%
2 understanding 1 1 2 ------ 14 20%
3 application ---- 1 2 ------- 13 19%
4 High orderthinking skill
2 1 2 1 (mapinterpretion)
20 28%
5 Evaluation &multidisciplinary
1 1+1
Value-
based
- --------- 7 10%
6 total 7*1=7 6*3=18 7*5=35 2*5=10 70(22) +
Practical(30)
100%
Fundamental of Human Geography
Textbook I (NCERT)Revised Map Items for identification only on
outline political map of the World.
Unit-1 Ch.-1 Nil
Unit-2 Ch. 2 to 4 1 Largest and smallest
Country of each continent in area.
2 Countries having smallest and largest
population of each
continent.
1 Areas having low and high density of
population of each
continent.
2 Countries having low/high growth rate of
population. .
Unit-3 Ch. 5 to 7 1 Areas of subsistence
gathering.
Primary Activities. 2 Major areas of nomadic
herding of the world.
3 Major areas of commercial livestock rearing.
4 Major areas of extensive commercial grain
faming.
5 Major areas of mixed farming of the World.
6 Major areas of mediterreneam agricalture of
the World.
Secondary Activities 1 Ruhr region, Silicon
Valley, Appalachian region, Great lakes
region.
Unit - 4 Ch. 8 to 9 2 Transcontinental Railways:
Terminal Stations of
transcontinental railways
3 Major Sea Ports :
Europe: North Cape, London, Hamburg North
America:
Vancouver, San Francisco, New Orleans
South America: Rio De Janeiro, Colon,
Valparaiso
Africa: Suez, Durban and Cape Town
Asia: Yokohama, Shanghai, Hongkong, Aden,
Colombo, Karachi, Kolkata
Australia: Perth, Sydney, Melbourne and
Auckland
4. Inland Waterways: Suez canal, Panama
canal, Rhine waterway
and St. Lawrence Seaway
5. Major Airports:
Asia: Tokyo, Beijing, Irkutsk, Vladivostok,
Mumbai, Jedda,
Aden
Europe: Moscow, London, Paris, Berlin, and
Rome
North America: Chicago, New Orleans, Mexico
City
South America: Bogota, Brasilia, Buenos Aires,
Santiago
Australia: Drarwin and Wellington.
Unit - 5 Ch. 10 Mega cities of the world
330
India-People and Economy (Textbook II)
for locating and labelling only on the outline
political map of India
Units - 6 Ch. 1 to 4 (i) States having largest
and smallest area.
(ii) States having largest and smallest
population.
(iii) States having highest and lowest density of
population
(iv) States having highest and lowest growth
rate of population 2001-
2011.
(v) States having highest and lowest rural
population.
(vi) States having highest and lowest urban
population.
(vii) States having highest and lowest
participation rate.
(viii) States having highest and lowest literacy
rate.
(ix) States having highest and lowest female
literacy rate.
(x) State having highest percentage of
population below poverty
line.
(xi) State at the top in human development
index.
(xii) 53 top ten Metropolitan cities (2011).
Unit - 7 Ch. 5 to 9 Leading producing states of
the following crops:
(a) Rice, (b) Wheat, (c) Jowar, (d) Bajra,
(e) Maize, (f) Groundnut, (g) Cotton, (h) Jute,
(i) Sugarcane, (j) Tea, and (k) Coffee
Minerals:
Iron-ore mines: Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar, Durg,
Bailadila,
Ratnagiri, Bellary.
Manganese mines: Sundergarh, Balaghat,
Nagpur, Shimoga.
Copper mines: Hazaribagh, Singhbhum,
Khetari, Udaipur and
Amarkantak.
Bauxite mines: Katni, Bilaspur and Koraput.
Coal mines: Jharia, Bokaro, Raniganj, Korba,
Talcher, Singareni,
Neyveli.
Oil Refineries: Bhatinda, Panipat, Mathura,
Jamnager, Mangalore,
Tatipaka, Haldia, Guwahati, Baroni Industries.
Iron and Steel Plants: Bhadravati, Bhilai,
Bokaro.
Durgapur, Rourkela and Jameshedpur.
Cotton Textile: Ahmedabad, Surat, Gwalior,
Varanasi, Murshidabad,
Pune, Nagpur, Solapur and Mysore.
Software Technology Parks: Gandhinager,
Shrinager, Mohali,
Shimla, Delhi, Noida, Kanpur, Indore,
Hyderabad, Bhubaneshwar
and Major Industrial Regions.
Unit - 8 Ch. 10 - 11 Transport:
(i) States having lowest and highest density of
roads.
(ii) Headquarters of all railway zones.
(iii) Major Sea Ports: Kandla, Marmagao,
Kochi, Tuticorin,
Chennai, Paradwip, Haldia.
(iv) International Air ports:
Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai,
Kolkata, Guwahati,
Delhi, Amritsar, Panaji, Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram
CHAPTER-1
FUNDAMENTAL OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHYHuman Geography - Nature & Scope
01 .
Ans
Who proposed the concept of Neo-determinism?Griffith Taylor
(1)
02Ans
Which subject is called the mother of all branches of knowledge?Geography
(1)
03
Ans
Which sub field of Geography is calledDemography?
Population geography(1)
04. Name two major components of Environment (Earth). (1Ans Physical environment and life forms including Human beings
05. What was the approach of Human Geography in colonial period? (1)Ans Exploration and description along with regional approach
06. Mention two branches of Political Geography (1)Ans Electoral geography And Military geography
07. What is the neopossibilism?Ans Nature can be conquered
(1)
08. What is Naturalizationof Humans? (3)
Ans:•
•••
Human activities are controlled and governed by EnvironmentMan is treated as a Passive agentHuman adjustmentinthe environment with the help of availabletechnologyExample of Benda life in Abujhamaad area of central India.
09. What is humanisation of Nature? (3)
Ans. •
•••
Man istreated as an independent and active agentEverywhere there are possibilities and man is the master of these possibilities.Man can transform nature by cultural and technological knowledge
Exampleof Cari residing in Trondheim (Norway)
010. Mention three Characteristics of Neo-Determinism. (3)
Ans:•
•••
Introduced by Griffth TaylorReflects the middle path between the ideas of Environmentaldeterminismand possibilism.
Emphasizesin solving the problemswithout damaging the environmentIt believes in the concept of stop and Go determinism
011. List outthe six approaches of human geography.Ans : (i) Explorationand description
(ii) Regionalanalysis(iii) Areal differentiation(iv) Spatial Organisation(v) Emergence of humanistic, radical and behavioural Schools.
(vi) Post - modernism in geography.
012. Name the fields of Human Geography. (3)Ans: (i) Social Geography.
(ii) Urban Geography.(iii) Political Geography.(iv) Population Geography.(v) Settlement geography.(vi) Economic geography.
013. What is qualitative revolution? (1)Ans Concerned with the use of computers and sophisticated statistical tools.
014. Distinguish between regional approach and systematic approach of Geography. (3)Ans Systematic Approach Regional Approach
(1) Based on political units (1) Based on geographical units(2) Single element is taken for studies
such as climate(2) Based on similarities
CHAPTER-2
THE WORLD POPULATION
01.Ans
Mention any two push factors.Unemployment and lack of civic amenities
02.Ans
Which Continent has the highest growth rate of populationAfrica
03.Ans
Name a mineral belt in Africa vvhich has dense population?Katanga -Zambia Copper belt
01.
04. Namethree componentsof populationchange (1)Ans Birth rate, Death rate & Migration
05. Who are emigrants?(1) Ans Who move out of a place
06. Which countryin the world hasthe highest growth rate of populations?(1) Ans Liberia
07. Why is population growth high in second stageof DemographicTransition?(1) Ans High birth rate& low death rate
08. What isthe trend of populationgrowth in third stage of demographicTransition?(1) Ans stable, zeroor even negative
09. Why has life expectancybeen reduced in some developing countries ofAfrica?(1) Ans Due to deadly diseases like HIVIAIDS.
010. What is meant by DemographicTransition? (3)
Ans To predict the future population of anarea, demographic transition theory can beused.
This theory explains 3 staged model ofdemographic transition :stage (i) High birth rate, high death rate, low growth rate : ExampleBangladeshstage (ii) Initially high birth rate, low death rate, high growth rate- example Indiastage (iii) Low birth rate, low death rate, stable or low growth rate - example Japan.
011. Classifytheworld intovarious regionson the basis of populationdensity. (3)Ans 1 Areas
(i)(ii)
of high Density:MonsoonAsia, Southand South eastAsiaEurope- rivervalley's, coastal plains
(iii) Eastern coastal regionof NorthAmerica2 Areasof Medium Density:
(i) Asia(ii) Europe(iii)(iv)
U.S.A.AustraliaAfrica, SouthAmerica
3 Areas of low Density :(i) Hot Deserts(ii) Extremelycold areas(iii) Cold Deserts(iv) equatorialRegion
012. What are the components of population change? (3)
Ans 1 Fertility or Birth rate: CBR = ~ _x 1000 B =Live birth during the year
2 Mortality or Death Rate : CDR = ~ _x 1000 P = Mid year Population ofthe area
3 Migration<Out-MigrationD =Number of deaths
'In-Migration
013. "There are many places where people are very few and few places where people arevery manyin the world." Support the statementwith five suitable examples. 5
Ans •
••••
The 1 O most populous countries contributesabout 60% oft heworld's populationOut of 1 O most populous countries 6 are located inAsiaSixAsian countries contributes 292.93 crores .N.E part of USA, NW part of Europe, S.E. &EastAsia are densly populated withmore than 200 persons on every sq. kms.Area near the north & South poles, the hot & the cold deserts & high rainfallzones nearthe equator have lowdensity of populationwith less than 1 person persqkm
014. What is the meaning of density of population? Explain with examplesfour geographicalfactors influencing the distribution of population in the world. (5)
. . PopulationAns Density of population= Area
Geographical factors1. Availability of water2. Landforms3. Climate4. Soil
<
015. Which are the two sets of factors which influence migration in the world. Explain boththe set of factors with suitable examples.(5)
Ans Two setsof factorsPush factorsPuII factors
1. Push factors - Unemployment,Poorlivingcondition,Politicaltermoil,Unpleasant climate, Natural disastersepidemics.
2. Pull factors - Better job opportunities, peace & stability Security in life andpleasantclimate.
016. What are the negativ impacts ofpopulationchange?Ans A decliningpopulationhas followingnegative impact
(i) Lack ofutilization of resources.
(5)
(ii) Ageing population leads to more pressure on economy in terms of medical ex•pensesetc.
(iii) Decrease in working population hinders societal,economic and scientific& tech nological development.An increasing population has following negative impact :(i) Pressure on land , other resources and on infrastructureincreases(ii) Largepopulation below the age of 18years leadsto more expenditure oneducation,health etc
.(iii) Increase in poverty,deprivation and unemployment(iv) Environmental degradation
017. Whal arethe positive impact ofpopulation change? (5)
Ans A declining populationhas following positive impact: (i) Less pressureon land and on other resources(ii) Less pressure on infrastructureand civic amenities(iii) Higher percapita incomeand betterstandard of livingAn increasing population, if in a desirable proportion, has following positiveimpact : (i) Ampleopportunity of work force /human resource(ii) Good for an expandingeconomy.(iii) Helpful in betterutilization of resources.(iv) Bio - diversity is kept intact.
018. How growth of population differ from growth rate of population. In what conditions it willbe natural growth of population.Ans Growth of population - Change of population in particular area between two points of
timeGrowth rate of population -Change of population expressedin percentageNatural growth of population - This is the population increased by difference betweenbirths and deaths in a particular region between two points of time.
019. Why is there great variation among various countries in doubling theirpopulation?Ans • Developed aretaking more time to double their population.
• Developed countries have controlled their growth rate.• Developing countries are still lagging behind ex. Education, Health etc.
020. Mention any three sparsely population regions of t he world with less than50 person/sqkm.Ans Polar areas, equatorial areas, desert areas and hilly- mountaineeres regionsareas
and hilly- mountaineeres regions.021 Explainwith examplesthree stages of demographic transition.Ans I stage- High BR and High DR
II stage- High BR and Low DR111 stage- Low BR and Low DR.
CHAPTER 3
POPULATION COMPOSITION
01.Ans
Which country has the highest sex ratio in the world?Latvia (1187 females per 1000 males.)
02Ans
Which country has the lowest sex ratio in the world?UAE (468 females per thousand males)
03
AnsWhat is the average sex ratio in the world?990 females per 1000 males.
04.
AnsHow many countries have the unfavourable sex ratio in the world?72 countries
05.Ans
Which country has declining population pyramid?Japan
06.
Ans
Which country has constant population pyramid?
Australia
(1)
07.
Ans
What is occupational age group ofthe population?
15 to 59 years
(1)
08.
Ans
Which is the largest linguistic groupinthe world?
Mandarinor Chinese
(1)
09.
Ans
Which areas arenot attractivefor humandwellingin the world?
Mountain,arid &forest(including harsh climatic areas.(1)
010. What is the averagedensity of populationin the world accordingto 2001 census? (1)
Ans World population Density =World's pop (6.8 billion) + Earth'sLand area (150 millionkm2) = 45.3 per km2•
011. What is Sex ratio?Why is Sex- ratio unfavourable to women in some countries of theworld? Explain anyfour reasons.(5)
Ans SexRatio= Female Population x 1000Male Population
Sexratio – unfavourable to women– reasons
are :- (1) Practice ofFemale Foeticide.
(2) Femaleinfanticide.
(3) domestic violence against women.
(4) Lower Socio– economic status of women.
012. state the factorswhich discourage womento migrate from rural to urban areas inIndia.
(5)
Ans Highfemaleparticipationin farming activitiesin rural areas
Shortage of housing.
High cost of living in urban
areas.
Paucityofjob opportunities.Lack of securityin urban areas.
Social constraints.
013. The shape of the pyramid reflects the characteristics of the population. Explain thestatement vvith sultable examples. (5)
Ans A population pyramid is used to show the age-sex structure of the populationThe left side shows the percentage of males while the right side shows the percentage of women in each age groupTriangular shaped pyramid reflects expanding population. There is largerpopulation in lower age groups due to high birth rates. eg : Age sexpyramid of Bangladesh.Bell shaped pyramid shows that birth and death rates are almost equal leading toa near constant population eg. age sex pyramid of Australia.The Japan pyramid has a narrow base and a tapered towards the top showinglow birth and death rates. The population growth is usually zero or negative
014. How the process of urbanization brings differentiation and imbalance in population sizebetween urban and rural population size in various parts of the world. (5)
Ans • In Western countries males out number females in rural areas and females outnumber the males in urban areas.
• The excess of females in urban areas of USA, Canada and Europe is the result of influxof females from rural areas to avail of the vast job opportunities
• Farming in these developed countries is highly mechanized and remains largely a maleoccupation
• In African and Asian countries urban areas remains male dominated due to predomi•nance of male migration
• In countries Iike India, female parti ci pati on in farming activity in rural area is fairly highShortage of housing, high cost of living, paucity of job opportunities and lack of securityin cities discourage women to migrate from rural to urban areas.
015 List the factors influencing the literacyratioAns (1) Level of economic development
(2) Urbanisation(3) status ofwoman in society.(4) Availabilityof educationfacilities(5) Govt. policies
CHAPTER -4
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
01.Ans
Who introducedtheconceptofHuman development'?Dr. Mahboob-ul-Haque
02.Ans
Write fourpillars of the human development.Equalities,sustainability,productivity,empowermentt
03. ExpandI.LO.Ans InternationaLlabourOrganisation.
04. ExpandU.N.D.P. (1)Ans United NationsDevelopmentPrograme.
05. Which countries has the highest human development index? (1Ans Norway
06. What is the place of India in HDI of the world? (1)Ans 127th
07. How many countries come under High HDI category? (1)Ans 57
08. In l/Vhich year was the first HD report published by UNDP? (1)Ans 199009. Write any two components of HD.Ans Education & Health
010. What is the basic goal of human development?Explainwith examplesthe four pillars ofhumandevelopment. (5)Ans. - The basic goal of development is to create conditions where people can live
meaningfullives.The four pillars of human development -Equity-It refers to providing equal access to opportunities available toeverybody irrespective of their gender, race, income and caste.Sustainabillty- Sustainabillty means continuity in the availability ofopportunities for sustainablehuman development.Productivity - It refers to human labour productivity in terms of human work. Itmust be constantly enriched by building capabilities in people.Empowerment- It means to have the power to make choices. Such powercomes from increasing freedom and capabilities, good governance andpeople -ori• ented policies, so as to empower people.
011. Define humandevelopment? Describe the various approaches toHuman development.(5) Ans Human development is a process of enlarging the range of people's choices,
Increasing their opportunities for education, health care, incomeand empowermentand cover•ing the full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic,social and political freedom.
Approaches to Human Development(1) Income Approach - The level of income reflects the level of freedom an individual
enjoys. Higher the level of income, the higher is the level of human development.(2) Welfare Approach -This approach argues for higher government expenditureon
education health, social secondary and amenities. The government is respon•sible for increasing levels of human development by maximising expenditure onwelfare.
(3) Basic NeedsApproach -The emphasis is on provision of basic needs ofdefined sections. Six basic needs were identified- health. education. food.water supply, sanitationand housing.
(4) CapabilityApproach -Building human capabilities in the areas of health, educa•tion and access to resources is the key to increasing human development.
012. Name four countries having high human development index. Discussthree reasons forhigh human development index.5
Ans. Four countries with high human development index
(1) Norway(2) Iceland(3) Australia(4) LuxembourgReason for high HDI
Investment more in the Social Sector (education, health care)Good governanceFree from polltical turmoil and instability
013. Name any four countries having low human development index. Discuss threereasons for low human development index.5
Ans (1) Nigeria(2) Sierra Leone(3) Burkina Faso(4) MaliReasons for low HDI
Political turmoil.Social instability (civil war).Famine.
014. Discuss in detail about the alternative view of development given by Dr. Mahbub-ul haqand Prof.Amartya Sen. (5)
Ans For many decades, a country's level of development was measured only in terms of itseconomic growth.The idea that the quality of life people enjoy in a country, the opportunities they haveand freedoms they enjoy are important aspects of development now and the works ofMahbub-ul-Haq and Amartya Sen are important in this regard.
According to Haq - development in all about enlarging people's choices in orderto lead long, healthy lives with dignity. The basic goal of development is to createcondelons vvhere people can live meaningful lives.Prof. Amartya Sen saw an increase in fi'eedom or decrease in unfreedom as themain objective of developmentThe works of these economists are path breaking and have succeeded in bring•ing people to the centre of any discussion on development.
015 What are the three parameters of HDI.Ans (1) Health (2) Education (3) Access to resources.
016 Which country has given the recognition of "Gross National Happiness " country in thevvorld?
Ans. Bhutan
017 Why does the particular region of the vvorld keep reporting low or High levels of humandevelopment? Explain by giving suitable examples?
Ans Countries advanced in the three key areas i.e health, education and access to re•source are having high level of human developed such as U .S .A, Japan etc. The coun•tries lagging being in the above mentioned three key areas are having low level ofhuman development such as Nigeria
CHAPTER -5PRIMARY ACTIVITIES
01.Ans
Write anytwo plantationcrop.Banana & Coffee.
02. In vvhichcountry co operative farming most successful experiment?Ans Denmark
03.
AnsMention the term for 'Grovvingofflowers'.Floriculture
04
AnsIn which type of agriculture is the farming of citrus fruit very important?Mediterranean region.
(1)
05
AnsWhich type of agriculture is called Splash and Burn agriculture?Primitive subsistence.
(1)
06.Ans
Write any two primary activities?Hunting, Agriculture, fishing,mining.
(1)
07. What do you mean by red color workers? (1)Ans People engaged in primary activities.
08. What do you mean by Transhumance? (1)Ans Seasonal migrationoft he people with their herds.
09. Name any two era based on civilization of minerals? (1)Ans Copper and Bronze era.
10. Name the main crop grown in temperate grassland? (1)Ans Wheat.
11. What is Truck Farming? Mention any two features of truck farming. (3)
Ans : • This type of farming is practiced in the peripheral areas of Metropolitan citieswhere, vegetables and milk are brought daily to the cities by trucks by travelling overnight.
• Farmers are engaged in growing of vegetables, fruits and flowers etc.
• They use HYV seeds, Chemicals and fertilizers.
• This farming requires a well developed network of roads connected with fields.
012. What is Plantation Agriculture? Why is it practiced mainly in tropical and sub-tropical areaofthworld?(3)
Ans : It is a special type offarming in which crops like tea, coffee, bananas and rubber etc.are grown in big estates by using modern techniques. Crops are grown forCommercial purposes. This agriculture requires more investment.Reasons for plantation agriculture in tropical areas :-1. Hot andHumid Climate2. fertile soil3. Availability of cheap labour4. high density of population
013. What are the chief characteristic features of dairy farming? (3)
Ans (i) It is most advanced types of farming which is centered on efficient rearingof milch animals.
(ii) Heavy capital investment(iii) Highly labour intensive as It involves rigorous care in feeding and milching(iv) No off season as animals require care throughout the year.(v) It is mainly practised near the urban and industrial centres where there is ready
market for fresh milk and dairy products.(vi) Scope for dairy farming has increasedconsiderably due to developmentoftrans•
portation, refrigeration, pasteurisationand other preservation processes.
014. What are the types of farming according to farming organisation? (3)
Ans (i) Co-operative farming : Group of farmers voluntarily pool their land andresources and form co-operative society. It is practised in Denmark,Netherlands, Belgium,Sweden, Italy. In Denmark every farmer is a member of a Co-operative.
(ii) Collective farming : It is based on social ownership of means of production andcollective labour. It was adopted in U.S.S.R. after 1917 revolution. Farmers pooltheir resources like land, livestock and labour in Collective farming.
015. Describein fivepoints the main featuresof plantationagriculturepractisedin theworld.(3) Ans. - Large estatesor plantations
Large capital investment Singlecrop specialisation Managerialandtechnical support Scientificmethodsof Cultivation
016. Distinguish between Intensivefarming I Extensive farming. (5)
IntensivefarmingAns. - It is practised in high density areas where population is large and agricultural
land is limited.It is done in Monsoon Asia.Land holdings are verysmall.Most ofthe agricultural operations are done by manual labour.Yield per unit area is high but per labour productivity is low
017. Describe in brief the commercial livestock rearing economic activity in the world (5)
Ans. - Commercial livestock rearing is a specialised activity in which onlyone type of
(1) Nature (1) ranches(2) herding (2) Advanced technology
Subsistence economy Commercial economy(4) eastern (4)
animal is reared.
It is practised on permanent ranches.
The emphasis is on breeding, genetic improvement, disease control and healthcare ofthe animals
Products such as meat, wool, hides and skin are processed and packed scien•tifically and exported to different world markets
New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Uruguay and United states of America areimportant countries where commercial livestock rearing is practised.
018. What is the meaning of market gardening and horticulture? Describe any four charac-teristics of this type of agriculture of the world. 5
Ans. Market gardening and horticulture specialise in the cultivation of high value crops suchas vegetables fruits and flowers solely for the urban markets.
Characteristics
Farms are small
Labour and Capital intensive
Farms are located where there are good transportation links with the urban centre
lays emphasis on the use ofirrigation, HYV seeds, fertilisers,insecticides, green houses and artificial heating in colder regions.
019. Why Mediterranean agriculture is considered as one of the best and profitable type ofagriculture. (5)
Ans. - Mediterranean agriculture is highly specialised commercial agriculture.Viticulture or grape cultivation is a speciality of the Mediterraneanregion.Best quality wines in the world with distinctive flavours are produced from highquality grapes. Inferior grapes are dried into raisins and currantsOlives and figs are produced in this regionThe advantage of Mediterranean agriculture is that more valuable crops such asfruits and vegetables are grown in winters when there is great demand in Euro•pean and North American Markets.
020. Distinguish between pastoral nomadism and commercial Livestock rearing. (5)Ans Pastoral Nomadism Commercial linestock rearing
(1) Nature (1) ranches(2) herding (2) Advanced technology
Subsistenceeconomy Commercialeconomy(4) eastern (4)
etc. grasslands
021 activity'?Ans (A) - occurrence.
(B) - of etc.
19.. Why Mediterranean agriculture is considered as one of the best and profitable type ofagriculture. (5)
Ans. - -Mediterranean agriculture is highly specialised commercial agriculture.-Viticulture or grape cultivation is a speciality oft he Mediterraneanregion.-Best quality wines in the world with distinctive flavours are produced from -high quality grapes. Inferior grapes are dried into raisins and currant,Olives andfigs are produced inthis region-The advantage of Mediterranean agriculture is that more valuable crops suchas fruits and vegetables are grown in winters when there is great demand inEuropean and North American Markets.
020. Distinguish between pastoral nomadism and commercial Livestock rearing. (5)Ans Pastoral Nomadism Commercial linestock rearing
(3)
022. What are the two types of mining?Ans Surface mining and underground mining.
Chapter 6
Secondary activities
01 .Ans
Where is SiliconValleysituated?California(USA)
(1)
02.Ans
What is the smallestunit of manufacturing?Cottageindustries
(1)
03.Ans
Give an exampleof agro based industry.Sugar industry,cottontextile etc.
(1)
04.Ans
Wr~eanytwo industriesbased onforest.Paper and medicine
(1)
05.
Ans
Which area is calledthe 'Rust Bowl' of the USA?
Pittsburgh(1)
06.Ans
Which type of industriesproduce raw materialsfor the other industries?Basic industries
(1)
(213)
07. Write the most important Industrial area of Germany?Ans Ruhr region
(1)
08. Give any two examples of Hightech industriesAns computer and chemicals
(1)
09. In which economy,factors of production are owned by individually?Ans Capitalist
(1)
010. What arethe Characteristicsof modern large scalemanufacturing?Ans • Specializationof skills/methodsof production
• Mechanization• Technologicalinnovations• Organizationalstructure & stratification• Uneven geographical Distribution
(3)
011. 'Africa has immense natural resources and yet it is industrially the most backwardcontinent'. Comment. (3)
Ans • Unfavourable Climatic conditions.
• Low level of technological development
• Lack of Rapid network of transport & communication
• Lack of developed Energy Resources.
• Lack of market facilities.
012. Write a Short note on the Ruhr coal - field of Germany. (3)Ans • Coal aswell as iron and steel comprised the backboneof economy of thisregion.
• Industry started Shrinking, as its demand for coal declined
• Significance of Ruhr region can be judged from the fact that it accounts for about 80%of Germany's total Steel production
• Problems of Industrial waste and environmental pollution have assumed alarming pro•portion
013. Classify industries based on raw material used.Ans (i) Agro - based industries : Example tea, Sugar, cotton, jute textile
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(ii) Forest- based industries: Example paper, pulp, furniture
(iii) Metallic industries :
(a) Non-ferrous industries Copper, aluminium etc.(b) Ferrous industries: Iron, Manganese
014. Name the three groups of lndustries of world. classify on the basis of their size. andwrite one Characteristics of each group. (3)
Ans 1. Cottage industry- Run by craftsmen with the help of family members
Small Scale industry - group of skilled craftsmen
Large Scale industry- Power driven machines are used015. What are the Characteristics of foot loose industries. (5)
Ans: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Light industriesthat often do not use raw material butcomponent partsPower requirements usually onlyelectricityavailable from the nationalgrid Employssmall labour forceNon pollutingAccessibillty needsto be near a road network
016. Explainfive Characteristicsof modernlarge Scale manufacturingin the world?Ans : 1. Complicated organisation
2. Specialised and skilled labour3. Use ofMachines4. Use ofpower resources5. Large numberof labours6. Large Scale production
017. Explainthe majorfactors influencingthe location of Industries. (5)
Ans: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PhysicalfactorsEconomicfactorSocialfactorsPoliticalfactorsother
Land. Climate. Powerresource.NaturalVegetationLabour,Capital,means of transportConditionsprevailingin the countryGovt. Policiesfacilities/Advantageof Early start
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018. Why are high - tech industries are located in the periphery of metropolitan area? (5)
Ans : 1. Space for single - story factories and future expansion
2. Cheaper land values
3. Accessibility to main roads
4. Pleasant environment
5. Labour Supply from nearby
019. Explain the importance of manufacturing industries in the economic development of acountry. 5
Ans : 1. Transform r<NJ materialintousefulgoods2. Changeshape of material& increaseitsvalue and quality3. raisethe per capita income4. helpin urbanisation& socialdevelopment5. Help in developmentof publicserviceslike education,health,bankingetc.6. Help inearningforeign exchange.
020. Developed countries aremuchmore industrialisedthan developing countries. Elabo•ratethe statement.
Ans Developedcountries(1) Hugecapitalto invest(2) Consumershavehigh purchasingpower.(3) Good networkoftransport and communicationsystem.(4) Developedtechnology& high R &D facilities.
021. What arethe three sub-sectorsof cotton-textileindustry?Ans (a) Handloom
(b) Power1oom(c) Mills
••••••
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Lesson 7TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES
01.Ans
To which sector arethe tertiary activities related?Service sector
(1)
02.Ans
Write any two types of trade?Retail and wholesale
(1)
.Ans
03 Write the name of any two meansofcommunication.T.V. andRadio
(1)
04.
Ans
Write any two jobs that involve mentalwork.
Teaching and doctor
(1)
05. Write anytwo Quaternary activities. (1)Ans Scientist, researchers,administrators
06.
AnsWrite any two examples of low orderservices. Cobbler,gardener,washermanetc.
(1)
07. Give two examples of important highorder services. (1)
Ans Finance and insurance
08.
AnsWhich is the fastest means of communication?Mobile,satelllte
(1)
09. Name two tourist regions of the world. (1)
Ans Mediterranean and Goa coast
010. Write any two elements of tertiary activities. (1)
Ans Productivity and exchange
011. Describe the factors affecting tourism. (3)
Ans Demand:1. Improvement in standard of living and
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2. increasing leisure time.Transport:1. Travelling is easier vvith better road system2 Expansionof air travel has madeit more comfortable3 Advent ofpackage holidays has reduced the cost.
012. What is 'Digital Divide'? (3)
Ans A divide or Gap which has emerged between the developed and developingnationsdue to difference in economic, political and social disparities. In the field ofInformation and Communication Technology(ICT) developed countries in generalhave surged forward while Developing countries have lagged behind and this isknownas the 'Digitaldivide.'
013. India is fast emerging as an important destination of medical tourism in the world.Discuss. (3)
Ans
World class hospitals in metropol
Treatment
for
vario
treatment for various ailments costs about one-fourth of the cost incurredin the ad- vanced countries.
• Patients ti nd it cheaper even after spending for their air passage toreach India and enjoy as tourists in addition to medical treatment
• Medical tourism has benefited developing countries like India, Malaysia,Thailand and Singapor
014. What is the importance of tourism? Explain with examples the four factors oftourist attractions inthe world. 5 .
Ans. Tourism is the world's single largest tertiary activity in total registeredjobs and total revenue. Factors of tourist attraction are—
--- climate Landscape History and art Culture and economy
015. Define the term Trade. state four characteristics ofRural marketing centre.Ans Trade is essentially buying and selling of items produced
elsewhere.Characteristics of rural marketing centre--they cater to nearby settlements---here personal and professional services are not well developed---they form local collecting and distributive centres.
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They
cater
to
nearby
Settlements
-Significant centres for making available goods and serviceswhich aremostfre quently demanded .Q16 outsourcing is providing lots of job in developingcountries.discuss.
Ans. –outsourcing has resulted in the opening up of large no ofcall centres in India, China,Eastern Europe, Israel, Philippines and CoastaRica.
Outsourcing is coming to those countries where cheap and skilled workers areavailable.Developing countrieshave IT skilled staff with good English languagesskillsand are available at lowerwages than those inthe developedcountries.
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Overhead costs are also much lower making It profitablefor the companiesto getjob work carried out overseas whether it is in India, China or Botswana.
017. How is KPO different from BPO? (5)
Ans. The KPO (Knowledge processing out sourcing) industry is distinct fromBusiness Pro•cess Outsourcing (BPO) as it involves highly skilled workers. It is information drivenknowledge Outsourcing. KPO enables companiesto create addltional businessoppor• tunities. Examples ofKPOs include research and development activities &learning, business research, intellectual property research, legal profession and thebanking sector.
018. Why quinary activities are considered as golden collar jobs? (5)
Ans. - Highly specific group of economicactivitieshighest level of decision makersor policy makers highly paidIncludes senior business executives, government officials, research scientists,financial and legal consultants.Their importance in the structure of advanced economies far out weights theirnumbers.
019. Explainthe three characterstics of quaternary activities. (3)
Ans (1) Knowledgebased.(2) Refers to more intellectual occuption.(3) Highest incomeand higher degree of mobillty.
020. Explainwith examplesthe significance of service sector in modem economicdevelop-ment of the world. (3)
Ans (a)(b)
Services are providedto individual consumers.Weightless
(c) Supervised and performed by goverment/companies.(d) Provide more employment with more income or
profit.
••••••
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LESSON 8TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
01 . Name two terminalsof the 'Orient Express.'Ans Parisand Istanbul
(1)
02. Name the two major inland waterways of NorthAmerica.Ans Mississipi and st. Lawrence river
(1)
03. Which material is transported by 'Big Inch' pipeline?Ans Petroleum oil and natural gas
(1)
04. Which two places are connected by ChannelTunnel?Ans Paristo London
(1)
05. Name the famouspetroleumpipelinewhich connectsthe oil wells in the Gulf of Mexicoto the North Eastern states in USA. (1)
Ans Big Inch06. What is an Internet?Ans An Internetis a powerful medium of collecting information from thecomputer.
(1)
07. Which are the two major regions ofthe world having very dense network ofAirways?
(1)
Ans Eastern north America and Western Europe08. Which two seas are connected by the SuezCanalAns The Mediterranean sea and the Red sea
(1)
09. Which ship canal connects the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic OceanAns The Panama canal
(1)
010. Which two factors contributeto the growth of Railways?Ans Invention of the steam engineand lndustrilization
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(1)
011. study the diagram given belowand answerthe questions?
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(11.1)Namethe shipping canal shown in the map.(11.2)What do the railway lines and fresh water canal indicate aboutthe relief of the
region in the map?(11.3)How did relief helps in reducing the cost of construction of this Shipping
canal?
Ans : (1) The SuezCanal(2) Generally a plain region(3) Construction cost is comparatively low due to plain terrain
012. List thefactors vvhich affect the inland watertransport?
(3)
Ans : 1. Navigability of the water body/channel2. Width and depth of the Canal/riversetc.3. Continuity in the water flow4. Transport technology5. Demand
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013. Why is Road transport better than rail transport?Ans : (i) Construction and maintanence is cheaper than railways
(ii) Provides "Door to Door" services(iii) Can be constructed over undulating terrain
(3)
014. What are the disadvantages of Air Transport. (3)Ans : (i) It is a very costly mode of transport and only rich people can afford it
(ii) Flights cannot be operated in bad vveather(iii) Accidents and hijacking of planes have become a serious problem these days.
015. List out the advantagesof pipelinetransport (3)
Ans : (i) Pipelines can be laid through difficultterrain as well as under water(ii) Initial cost of laying pipeline is high but subsequent cost of maintenance and
operation is low(iii) Pipelinesensure steady supply(iv) It minimizes tranship losses and delays(v) It involvesvery low consumptionof energy(vi) It is a quick, cheap, efficient and environment friendly mode of transportation
016. Suggest measures to overcomethe urban transportproblems. Ans: - Higher Parking Fee
Mass Rapid TransitImprovedPublic Bus ServiceExpresswaysPromoting Metro trains
(5)
017. Elucidatethe statement- "In a well managed transport system,various modes comple-ment each other." (5)
Ans: - Road transport is cheaper and faster over short distances andfor door - to- doorservicesRailways are most suitedfor largevolumesof bulky materialsover long distanceswithin a countryHigh value, lightand perishable goods are best moved by airwaysOcean transport is a cheaper means of haulage of bulky material over longdistances from one continent to anotherPipelines are used extensively to transport liquids and gasesfor anuninterrupted flow
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018. Which is the busiest sea route in the world. Describe its four Characteristics. (5)Ans: The busiest Sea route in the world is the Northern Atlantic Sea Route
Characteristics-This links North eastern USA and North Western Europe, the twoindustrially developed regions oft he world.-The foreign trade over this route is greater than that of the rest ot the worldOne fourth ofthe world's foreign trade moves on this route-Both the coasts have highly advanced ports and harbour facilities
-It is also called the Big Trunk Route
019. What is the significance of inland waterways? Explain the three factors responsiblefor the development of inland waterways in the world. 5
Ans: Inland waterways are the cheapest means of transport in the interior parts of thecoun• try very heavy cargo like coal, cement, timber and metallic ores can betransported through inland waterways and they are the only means of transport indense forests.
Factors responsible for development of inland waterways-navigability- vvidth and depth ofthe channel -continuity in the water flow-transport technology in use-Demand
020. Name the vital man-made shipping canal which connects the Atlantic Ocean to thePacific Ocean. state any four characteristics of this canal.
(5) Ans: - The PanamaCanal connects the Atlantic Oceanin the east to the Pacificin thewest.The PanamaCanal has been constructed across the PanamaIsthmusbetween Panama city and ColonThe canal is 72 km long and involves a very deep cutting for a length of 12 kmIt has a six lock systemIt shortens the distance between New Yorkand San Francisco.
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021. Two man made navigationcanals serve as gateways of Commerce for both theeastern and western worlds.Explain . 5
Ans: The SuezCanal and the PanamaCanal are two vital man - made navigation canalsor waterways which serve as gateways ofCommercefor the easternand westernworlds.
Suez Canal--links Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea--reduces direct sea route distance between Liverpool and Colombo
Panama Canal--Connects the Atlantic Ocean in the east and Pacific Ocean in the west--Shortens the distance between New York and San Francisco by 13000 kmby sea--the distance between Western Europe and the West coast of USA, andnorth, eastern and central USA and East and South eastAsia is shortened.
021. Write a note on cyber space- internet.Ans ConsultNCERT
(3)
022. Write any 5 features of Trans-Siberian railway.Ans (1) Longest railwaylinewith 9332 Kms length.
(2) Connectsst. Peterburg on west with Bladivostate on the east(3) Crosses Ob, Yenisi and Ural mountain.(4) Constructed for the economicdevelopmentof Siberia(5) Chila is an agrocentre and Irkutsk as fur centre.
023. What is satellite communication .How has it brought the revolutionary changes in thefield of communicationin the world? (3)
Ans ConsultNCERTbook
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CHAPTER 9
01.
INTERNATIONAL
Write the full form of OPEC
TRADE
(1)Ans Organizationof petroleum exportingcountries
02.Ans
Namethe service land in and around the portHinterland
(1)
03.Ans
Namethetype oftrade betweenthe countriesBilateral
(1)
04. Namethe InternationalOrganisati ondealingvvithglobalrulesoftrade betweennations(1)
Ans WTO05. What doyou mean by Balance oftrade?Ans Difference between export and import
06. Definethe term HinterlandAns Service land in and around port
(1)
(1)
07. What is Dumping? (1)Ans Excessproducingcountries forcing the underdeveloped countries to buy theproducts
with the fixedprice (no liberalization)
08. Defineslavetrade (1)Ans EuropeancountrieslikeNetherlands, ltlayetcdonesellingofhumanbeingscalledslave
trade09. CategoriseInternationaltradeintotwo typesAns Bilateral and Multilateral
(1)
010. Namethe type of mostof the Greatports belongtoAns Comprehensiveports
(1)
011. Namethe importantentreportport ofAsiaAns Singapore
(1)
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012. Which association is the largest single market in the worldAns European union (EU)
(1)
013. study the table given below and answerthe questions :World Imports and Exports (in millions of U.S.$)
(3)
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005ExportsTotal Merchandise
95000 190000 877000 1954000 5162000 10393000
ImportsTotal Merchandise
99000 199000 912000 2015000 5292000 10753000
(1.1) Calculate the balance of trade in 2005(1.2) Why do you think that the volume of trade has increased over the decade?(1.3) What had been the growth inthe Import duringtheyear2005 over the year 1955
Ans : (1.1) 360000 (10753000-10393000)(1.2) (a) Growth in manufacturing sector
(b) Growth in Service sector(c) Specialization in agriculture and in other sectors
(1.3) Approximately 108times (10753000 +99000)
014. Why are ports always referred to as gateway of international tradeAns The world port is derived from the latin word "Porta" meaning Gateway
Port is a connecting link between land and waterIt is a place on the coast where ships start and end their journeyHere reached Cargo is unloaded and the Cargo which is to be exported is loadedPort provides facillties of export and import
(3)
It is well connected to the interior of the country by a good network of roadways andrailways.
015. Classify ports on various bases.Ans On the basis of Cargo handled :
(i) Industrial ports(ii) Commercial ports(iii) Comprehensive ports
(3)
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On the basis of location :(i) Inland ports(ii) Out portsOn the basis of specialised functions(i) Oil ports(ii) Ports of call(iii) Packet stations(iv) Entrepot ports(v) Naval ports
016. Explain five basis of International TradeAns : (i) Variationin the availability of natural resources
(ii) Differencein the level of economicdevelopment
(iii) PopulationFactors<
(iv) Transportation(v) GovernmentPolicies(vi) Extent of foreignInvestment
Cultural FactorsSize of Population
017. Define the Word port? Write the classification of ports on the basis of their location(1+2+2=5)
Ans. Port - Ports are the medium of trade between two countries.It is that place on thecoast where cargo in large quantity is received from oceanic routes and sent to theinterior parts ofthe country.Two types of Ports(i) Outports(ii) Inland ports
(a) Outports- deepwater port built awayfrom actual port(b) Inland port - located away from the coast and liked with the sea through a
river or a canal.
018. What is international trade? Which are the two types of international trade? Give oneCharacteristicsof each. (1 +2+2=5)
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Ans International Trade - The movement of goods and Services from areas of Surplus todeficit area between two countries.The Two types of international trade(1) Bilateral Trade(2) Multilateral Trade
The exchanging of good between two countriesThe exchange takes place between several countrieson regular basis.
019. "Ports are the gateways of international trade." Justify the statement
Ans : (i) It is a gateway from land to sea or from sea to land(ii) Coast provide facilities such as docking, loading etc(iii) It handles export & Importtrade of Country(iv) Imports are sent to hinterland of a port(v) Travellerspass from one part of theworld to another
(5)
020. Classifythe portson the basis of Specialized functions and give one example each.(2¥2 + 2¥2 = 5)
Ans (i) Oil ports- Abadan on the Gulf of Persia(ii) Ports of Call- Singapore(iii) Packet station - Dover in England(iv)(v)
Entrepot Ports - Rotterdamfor EuropeNaval Ports- Kochi
021. Definetradebalanceand distinguish betweenpositivetrade balance andnegative trackbalanceoftrade.
Ans NCERTbook
022. Wr~e short notes on the followingtopics-Ans (1) Bartersystem
(2) Slavetrade(c) Dumping
023. What are the function ofWTO.Ans. (1) Solves disputesamongthe countries.
(2) Provide trade services.(3) Dealswith the global rules oftrade between nations.
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025. study the table and answer the questions that follow:
World Importsand Exports (in millionsof U.S.$)
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2055Exports 95,000 1,99,000 8,77,000 19,54,000 51,62,000 1,03,93,000
Total MerchandiseImports 99,000 1,99,000 9,12,000 20,15,000 52,92,000 1,07,53,000
Total Merchandise(15.1) Which decade shows the highest increase oftotal value of imports and exports of
goods of and services?(15.2) How much is the increase in total value of exports during 1955 to 2005?(15.3) Why does the need for trade arise?
••••••
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CHAPTER10
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
01. What are the two main types of Settlements?(1) Ans Urban and rural
02. Name three factors on the basis of which the villages are separated from towns.(1) Ans Size of population, economic and administrative basis
03. Which was the first million city in the world? (1)Ans London
04. Which are the two groups of rural settlements? (1)Ans Compactand dispersed
05. Name the countrywith 100% urban population (1)Ans Singapore
06. What are slums? (1)Ans Unhygeinic and illegal settlements
07. Mention the name oftwo plannedtowns of the world? (1)Ans Addis Ababa and Canberra
08. Whal % ofthe urban population is found in developing countries? (1)Ans 40%09. Whal are the problems of rural settlement in developing countries?Ans : (1) Poorly equippedwith infi'astructure
(2) Inadequate water supply(3) General absence of toilets and Garbage disposal facilities
(3)
(4) The house made up of mud, wood and thatch remains susceptible to damageduring natural calamities
(5) Lack of proper ventilation(6) Unmetalled roads and lack of moderncommunication network(7) Lack of health, education and recreational infrastructure
010. Differentiate between Compactand dispersed
Settlement.
(3)
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Ans Compact Settlements :1. They are mainlyfound in fertile plainsand river valleys2. Houses are built in close vicinity to each other and have lesser living space3. The main occupation is agriculture. The size offields is small4. streets are dirty due to lack of proper drainageDispersedSettlements1. Scattered settlementsare mainlyfound in hills, plateaus.highlands etc2. Houses are isolated and scattered overthe land. They providemore living space3. Animal grazingand lumbering are the main occupations4. These settlementsarequite neat and clean
011. Classifyurban settlements (3)Ans (i) Population Size: The Settlement in India with 5000 persons and 30,000 per
sons in Japan is considered as urban. In India its density is an additional condition, which is 400 persons per sq.km
(ii) Occupational structure : In Italy a settlementis called an urban. ifmore than 50%of the economically productive population are engaged in non-agricultural pur•suits
(iii) AdministrativeDecision : In CentralAmericancountries, Brazil and Bolivia, evena small administrativecentre is designated as an urban settlement.
012. Write a note onAddis Ababa (3)
Ans Addis - New and Ababa - flower. This capital city of Ethiopia is often called the Newflower. It was established in 1878. It is located on a hill valley topography.A newairport known as Bole airport has also been constructed. This multi - functional city islocated in the centre of Ethiopia and has grown rapidly in the recent past.
013. Explain any five factors which affect the location of rural settlementsin the world. (5)Ans. - WaterSupply
LandBuilding MaterialDefencePlannedSettlements
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014. Name the five types of urban settlements based on the size and the services available(5)
Ans. (1) TOWN
(2) City
(3) Conurbation -
(4) Megalopolis -(5) Million City
Manufacturing, retail andwholesale trade, professional servicesTransport terminals, major financial institutions, Regionaladministrative offices
Large area of urban development resulting from merging oftowns or cities.Super Metropolltanregion extendingas unionof conurbationsPopulation more than one million
015. What ismeant by urbanisation?Describefour problems associated vvith overurbanisation in the developing countries?(5)
Ans. Urbanisation means the increase in the proportion population of a country who live inurban areas.
Congested housingand streetsLack of drinking water facilltiesLack infrastructure such as electricity, sewage disposal health and educationalfacilitiesUnsustainableconcentration of population
016. What is healthy city? Explain its basic featuresAns. World Health Organisation suggests that a healthy city must have
a clean and safe environment,meets the basic needs of all itsinhabitants, involvesthe community inlocal government,provides easily accessible Health Service
(5)
017. Classify rural settlements on the basis of forms or shapes (5)
Ans. (1) Linear pattern(2) Rectangularpattern(3) Circular pattern(4) star like pattern(5) Cross shaped pattern
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018. Describe five types of towns on the basis of their functions. Also give an example ofeach type oftown from different parts of the world (5)
Ans. - Administrative Towns - eg : New Delhi
Cultural Town - Jerusalem
Health and recreation - Miami
lndustrialtown- P~tsburg
Transport town - Singapore
Commercial town - Frankfurt
019. Discuss the various criteria on vvhichthe rural Settlements may be classified (5)
Ans. Rural settlements may be classified on the basis of a number of criteria
On the basis of setting
Plain villages
Plateau villages
Coastal villages
forest villages
desert villages
(b) On the basis of functions :
farming villages
fishermen's villages
lumberjack villages
pastoral villages
(c) On the basis of forms or shapes of the settlements
Linear
rectangular
circular
star like
Tshaped
double village
cross-shaped village
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Continent Early1950 1970s
Mid
Europe 23 58Asia 32 206
CentralAmerica 79SouthAmerica 8 43Africa 3 46Australia 2
Total 84 438
020. Explain the priorities outlined by the UNDP as a part of its urban strategy. (5)Ans. UNDP has outlined these priorities as part of Its urban strategy
Increasing Shelter for the urban poorProvision of basic urban services such as education, Primary Healthy Care,Clean Water and SanitationImproving women's access to Basic Services and government facilitiesUpgrading Energy use and alternative Transport systemsReducing air pollution
021. Distinguish between Rural settlements and Urban settlements.Ans Rural Settlement UrbanSettlement
(5)
(1) People are engaged in (1) People are engaged in secondary acprimaryactivities tivities and services
(2) Village panchayat (2) Municipality Corporationand cantt.(3) Small population (3) Large populationIMth high densities(4) Simple mode of living (4) Advancemode(5) Pollution free/Eco friendly (5) Pollutiondueto transportand industries.
022. What are three criteria in Indiato consider a settlement as an urban settlement.Ans (1) Minimum population of5000 IMth the density400 person/sq.Km
(2) 75% ofthe population should beengaged in secondary activitiesand services.(3) Places shouldhave municipality,corporation or con tonment board.
023. See the following data of ' continent-wise distributionof Million Cities' and answer thequestionsthat follow :
(i) Name the continentwhich has maximum Million Cities and why?Ans Asia has the maximum Million Cities (206), because it is the largest continent. Many
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countries comes under it and it is also one oft he most populous.
(ii) Which continent has the minimum Million Cities and state one reason for that?Ans Australia has the minimum Million Cities because Australia itself is a country and has
very low population.
(iii) Name the continent which inltially (between 1950 to 2000), had maximum growth of theMillion Cities.
Ans Asia has the maximum growth ofMillion Cities between 1950to 2000.
024 See the following data carefully and answer the questions that follow
Ans S.No.1.
Name ofthe cityTokyo
CountryJapan
Population (in Millions)34.2
2. Mexico city Mexico 22.83. Seoul South Korea 22.34. New York U.S.A 21.95. Sao Paulo Brazil 20.26. Mumbai India 19.97. Delhi India 19.78. Shanghai China 18.29. Los Angeles U.S.A 18.010. Osaka Japan 16.811. Jakarta I ndonesia 16.612. Kolkata India 15.713. Cairo Egypt 15.614. Manila Philippines 15.015. Karachi Pakistan 14.316. Moscow Russia 13.817. Buenous Aires Argentina 13.518. Dhaka Bangladesh 13.319. Rio de Janeiro Brazil 12.220. Beijing China 12.. 121. London G.Britain 12.022. Tehran Iran 11.923. Istanbul Turkey 11.524 Lagos Nigeria 11.125. Shenzhen China 10.7
Table : Mega Cities of the world
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(i) Name the major countries which have the maximum mega cities. state on reason also.Ans China and India have the maximum mega cities as both these countries are the most
popular oft he world.
(ii) How many mega cities are from the African continent?Ans Legos (Nigeria) and cairo (Egypt) are the two major cities.
(iii) Name the mega city which has the maximum population (in million)Ans Tokyo (Japan) has the maximum population(34.2 million among the mega cities .
••••••
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INDIA: THE PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
LESSON 1: POPULATION DISTRIBUTION – DENSITY AND GROWTH &COMPOSITION
01.Ans
Define density of population.Ratio betweentotalarea and total population.
(1)
02.Ans
What do you mean by growth rate?Net change in the size of population between two points of time.
(1)
03.Ans
Namethe state havingthe highest and lowest population growth rate.Highest growthrate --Nagalandlowest growth rate --Kera la.
(1)
04. What is the present annual growth rate of India? (1)Ans 2.2%.
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Ans
05. Define participationrate. (1)Ans % ofworkers in total population.
06. Namethe states havinghighestand lowest populationdensity. (1)Ans Highest density-West Bengal
lowest density---Arunachal pradesh.
07. Which state has the largest populationof Buddhists? (1)Ans Maharashtra.
08. Which is the largest minority group of India? (1)Ans Muslims.09. Mon-Khmer,Munda branch/groupbelongto which languagefamily?Ans Austric.010. What is densityof population?Mention Fourstates of Indiawhich
have highest density of population.(3)
. . Populationdensity of population = Area
(i) West Bengal(ii) Bihar(iii) UttarPradesh&
. (iv) Kerala are the four statesof India which have highestdensityof population
(1)
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.
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11. Why is there uneven distributionof populationin India?Ans : (i) Climate and relief
(ii) watersupply(iii) Soil fertility(iv) Agricultureproductivity(v) developmentoftransport network(vi) Industrializationand urbanisation.
12. Which partsof India have low degree of urbanisation?Ans : (i) Non irrigated westemRajasthan.
(ii) Remote and hilly areas and tribal areas of North East.
(iii) Flood prone areas(iv) Hilly and Forested are as of Central India.
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13. Why is proportion of workers in agriculture sector declining in India? (3)
Ans : (i) Shift of dependence of workers from farm based occupation to non farm basedoccpations
(ii) Shrinking of land holdings(iii) Better salary and perks in other sectors(iv) Better livingMlorkingconditionsin other sectors.
14. Which factors have contributed to slovvingdown slightly the growth rate of India? (3)Ans : (i) Average age of marriage has been increased.
(ii) Improved quality of life(iii) Expansion offemale education.
15. Discuss the spatial pattern of density of population in India. (5)
Ans Density of population, is expressed as number of persons per unit area. It helps ingetting a better understandingof the spatial distributionof population.The density of population in lndia(2001) is 325 persons per sq km and ranks thirdamong the most densely populated countries of Asia following Bangladesh (849per• sons) and Japan (334 persons).India's highest densityof populationQointlywlthstate and Union Territory)is in NationalCapltal Delhi(9340 persons per sq. km) The state with highest densityof population isWest Bengal (903 persons) and state with lowest density of population is ArunachalPradesh (13 persons). Bihar (880) and U.P. (690) ranks second and third respectivelyin lndia(Highest density of population).
16. What doyou understand by Population growth? Name the components of Populationgrowth. Explain the four distinct phases ofgrowth identified vvithin the period of 1901-2001. (5)
Ans Growth of population is the change in the number of people living in a particular areaBetween two points oftimePopulationgrowth has two components namely- naturaland induced.The naturalgrowth is analysed by assessing the crude birth and death rates, the inducedcomponents are explained by the volume of inward and outward movement ofpeople in any given area.The four distinct phases of growth identifiedwithin the periodof 1901-2001
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Phase
I
Period1901-1921
Population Growth
stagnantGrowthCausesPoor Medical facilities, illiteracy, inefficientdistribution of basic necessities
II 1921-1951 steady Growth Improvementin healthand sanitation,trans-port and communication
111 1951-1981 Pop. Explosion Developmental activities introduced in thecountry, Improvementin Economy, immigra-tion fromTibet, Bangladesh, Nepal
IV 1981 and Pop. Grovvth Increase in the mean age at marriage, edu-cation of after vvith slow rate females.
17. Why do we find regional variation in population grovvth in India?Ans Due to following reasons, we find regional variation in population growth in India :
Explain:(1) ClimaticVariation(2) Illiteracy(3) Lovver age at marriage(4) Grovvth of adolescent population(5) School dropont(6) Low intakeof Nutrients(7) High rates of HIV/AIDS infection(8) Drug abuse and alcoholism.
18. What are the catagories of occupational structure with ref. to Census of India 2001
Ans - Cultivalors Agriculturallabourers Householdindustrialworkers otherworkers
(5)
19. Name four language families in India. Which one of them is spoken by the largestnumber of people in the country? Name any four states in which this language is mainlyspoken.
Ans Concern N.C. E.R.T book.
20. " The spatial distribution of religious communities in India is quite uneven". Support thestatement with exampleof different religions?
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Ans Concern N.C ..E.R.T book
21. Discuss the reasons for poor female participation in workforce inIndia. Ans • Low level of education.
• Joint family• Frequent child birth• Limited job opportunities
••••••
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CHAPTER2
MIGRATION
01. What is migration?Ans Spatial mobility.
(1)
02. Which arethe four streamsof migration in India? (1)Ans Rural--Rural Rural-Urban Urban---Urban Urban----Rural.03. Which factor is responsiblefor highest migrationfor Mumbai?Ans Economic factor ie pull factor.
(1)
04. What is cause of migration of Indiansto other countries?Ans Better employment.
(1)
05. Nameanytwo beneficiarystatesof IndiafromInternationalmigrantremittances? (1)Ans Punjab andKerala.06. Nameanytwo mainconsequencesof migrationAns Economic and environmental consequences.
(1)
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09. Explain economic,social and demographic on sequencesof migration.Write twopoints of each.(3)Ans Economicconsequences(i) Plays importantrole in the developmentof industriesand agriculture(ii) Developmentof slumsis a negativeimpactof migration
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(1) Poverty
(2) LackofHealth
(3) Lack of Educationfacillties(4) Natural Calamities- Flood, Drought etc. Push factors (Explain)(5) War
(6) Marriage
Social consequences :
(i) Flow of new thoughts like family planning, female education and new technologyfrom urban to rural areas.
(ii) Mixing oftwo cultures together
Demographic consequences :
(i) Redistribution of population in the country
(ii) Affecting sex ratio of the state.010. Distinguish between push and pull factors :
Ans : Push factors
(3)
1. People migrate from rural area to urban area due to unemployment in the village.
2. Causeddueto over populationand pressureon agricultureland.
3. Hamper&rural development.Pullfactors
1. People migratefrom rural to urban area in search of better education, medicalfacillty and employment.
2. Caused due to weak infrastructureinthe rural area3. Helpsin urban development.
011. Why do morepeople migratefromrural area to urban area ?Ans Causes of Migration of peoplefrom rural areato Urbanarea:
(i) Better Educationfacilities in towns andcities .
(ii) Developedmedicalfacilitiesfound in cities.
(iii) More employmentin industriesaroundcities.
012. What arethe main causes of Migration in India?Ans: There are several causes of Migration in India
(3)
(5)
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(7) Job opportunities(8) Highwages(9) Educationfacilities(10) Secured places Pull factors (Explain)(11) Healthfacilities(12) Entertainment
013. Describe the Positiveand Negative consequences of Migration in IndiaAns (1) EconomicConsequences
(5)
+ Positive consequence- A major benefdfor the source region is the remit•tance sentby Migrants
+ Negativeconsequences- Developmentof Slums in industriallydevelopedstates
(2) DemographicConsequences-+ Positive Consequence- It leadsto the redistributionof the populationwithin
a country.+ Negative Consequences - It lead to serious imbalances in age and sex
composition.(3) Social Consequences-
+ Positive Consequences - It leads to intermixing of people from diversecultures.
+ Negative Consequences - It leadsto anonimity,socialvacuum and senseof dejection, maymotivatepeople to crimeand drug abuse.
(4) EnvironmentalConsequences-+ Positive Consequences - Migration from urban to rural areas after retire•
ment leadsto peace and nearness to nature.+ Negative Consequence- It leads to unplanned growthof Urban settlement
and formation of Slums Shanty Colonies.
014. Name onemale dominated and one female dominated streams ofmigratioin in IndiaAns 1. Male dominated Rural to Urban
2. Female dominated Rural to rural
••••••
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CHAPTER3
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
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01.Ans
How many points have been given to measure HDI?0 - 1.
(1)
02.Ans
Which state of India has highest HDI?Kerala.
(1)
03.
AnsWhich state of India has the lowest literacy rate?Bihar.
(1)
04.Ans
Which state of India has the highest literacy rate?Kerala.
(1)
05.Ans
Name the state of India that has the highest poverty incidence ratio.Orissa and Bihar.
(1)
06. Which age group of childrenhasfundamentalrightto educationas per Indianconstitu-tion? (1)
Ans 6-14years.07. What is LifeExpectancy in Indiatoday?Ans 65 years.
(1)
08. Explainvarious indicatorsof HumanDevelopment. (3)
Ans Unitednations developmentprograms has suggested the following indicatorsof
humandevelopment.1. Health
2. Education3. Accessto resources
09. Explainthe reasonsfor low humandevelopmentindexinfewstates of India. (3)Ans Reasons-
(i) Low rateof llteracy in the states like Bihar,M.P.• and Orissa.(ii) Low economicdevelopmentin the stateslike Orissa,AssamandBihar etc.(iii) Lack of effectiveimplementationof Govt.policiesin these states.
010. Explain how health indicators are progressinginIndia-
Ans : (i) Decreasein Death rate
(ii) Decrease in Birth rate
(iii)
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Increase in Life expectancy. (3)
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011. What is the objectiveofhumandevelopment?Explain three aspects. (3) Ans
Welfare of peopleis the mainobjectiveof humandevelopment:Its mainaspects are -
(i) Economicdevelopment
(ii) Socialdevelopment(iii) Culturaldevelopment.
012. What is 'HumanDevelopment'?Explainthe indicatorsof HumanDevelopmentin India.(5)
Ans HumanDevelopment-It is the enhancement in the people's choice andimprovementin their lives. The concept of Human Development was introduced by Dr.Mahbub-ul-Haq in 1990.
Key Areas in Human Level
1. Access to Resources2. Health3. Education
IndicatorsPurchasing power (in $)
Life expectancy at birthAdult Literacy Rate & Gross EnrolmentRatio.
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013. Vl/hichfactorshave causedspatialvariationsin the levels of HumanDevelopmentamong the majorstates in India? 5
Ans The followingfactors have caused spatial variations :(1) Social factors -
1. LiteracyRate2. Human RightsViolation3. Social discrimination.
(2) Cultural factors -1. Religion2. Gender3. Race.
(3) Political factors -1. Crime & Terrorism2. War and disturbances3. Form of Govt. (Democracy or dictatorship)4. Level of Empowerment.
(4) Economic factors -1. Resourcebased2. Productivity3. Welfare (Per Capita availabillty)
(5) Historical factors -1. Colonisation2. Imperialism3. Neo - Imperialism.
014. What are the aspects of euro- centricview of development inthe presentcontext?
Ans - CompulerisationIndustrialisationEfficient transport & communication Network.Advanced education systemAdvanced and modern medical facilities.
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Safety and security of individuals
••••••
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CHAPTER4HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
01. What isthe basic unitof settlement?Ans A house.
(1)
02. Name any two ancient citiesof India.Ans Hastinapur,Kanoj.
(1)
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03. In which class of cities is largest population found in India?
Ans Class 1 cities.
(1)
04. How many Mega cities are there in India?
Ans 06.
(1)
05. What is the populationsize ofmega cities?Ans morethan 50 lakhs.
(1)
06. What is the percentage of urbanpopulationin Indiaaccordingto 2001 census? (1)
Ans 28%.
07. Distinguishbetweenruraland urbansettlements. (3)Ans : RuralSettlement
1. Primaryactivitiesare mainoccupationin these settlementsand 75% populationis engagedin primaryoccupation
2. Populationsizeis low inthese settlements3. Rural peopleare less dynamicand social relationsare deep.UrbanSettlement1. Non agriculturework is the mainoccupationin these settlementsand 75% popu•
lationis engagedin these activities.2. Populationsizeis large in thesesettlements3. Urban peopleare dynamicand their social relation are formaland complex.
08. Write three differencesbetween clusteredand dispersedsettlementsof India- (3)Ans : Clustered
(i) These settlementsarefound infertile plains(ii) streets arenotwell drained(iii) Houses are closeto each other and their size ismall.Dispersed(i) These settlementsarefound in hillyregionsor desertareas(ii) Settlementsareneat andcleanwithdrainagearrangements(iii) Houses arebig and are locatedat gaps.
09. Definetown, city,metropolitanand megacitywith exampleof each. (3)Ans. TOV\11 Thosesettlementsvvhichhavepopulationlessthanonelakh
example- Musourie
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City Those settlements which havepopulation more than one lakh
Example -Allahabad
Metropolitan city- Those settlements which have
population more than 1 O lakh. example -
Kanpur
Mega city Those settlements which have populationmore than 50 lakhis
Called megacity like GreaterMumbai.
010. Describethe factorswhich affect the types of settlementsin India.
Ans. (i) Physicalfeature -
A - Nature of land I Relief
B - Altitude
C - Climateand water supply. (ii) Culturaland humanfactors- A- Caste
B - Religion.
(iii) Securityfactors
A - Polltical disturbancesB- War.
(3)
011. Classifythe Indiancities/Townson the basisof their fi.mctions. (5)
Ans : 1 . Administrativecity Eg.Chandigarh,New Delhi.
2. IndustrialTownEg. Mumbai,Jamshedpur.
3. Transport cityEg. Vishakhapattanam ,Mugalsarai.
4. CommercialTownEg.Kolkata,Saharanpur.5. MiningTownEg. Raniganj,Jharia.
6. GarrissonCantonmentTownEg.Ambala,Jalandhar.
7. EducationalTownEg.Roorki,Allahabad.
8. ReligiousandCulturalTowns.Eg.Varanasi,Mathura.
9. Touristtown Eg.Nainital,Shimla.
012. Discussthe featuresof differenttypes of ruralsettlements with examples. (5)
Ans : The Differenttypes of rural settlementsare:
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1. Clustered Settlements - It is a compact or closely built up area of houses. Suchsettlements are generally found in fertile alluvial plains and in the north-easternstates.
Eg- Gangetic plains ofU.P.
2. Semi-Clustered Settlements - In such settlements. the land - owning and domi•nant community occupies the central part of the main village, whereas people oflower strata of society and manual workers settle on the outer flanks of the vil•lage.
Eg - Gujarat and Rajasthan plains.
3. Hamleted Settlements - \II/hen Settlement is fragmented into several units bearinga common name. These units are locally called 'Parma', Para, Palli, Nagla, Dhanietc.
Eg- Chhattisgarh and lower valleys of the Himalayas.
4. Dispersed Settlements- Such settlements appear in the form ofisolated huts orhamlets of few huts in remote jungles or on small hills with farms or pasture on theslopes.
Eg - Meghalaya. Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh
013. study the given table and answerthe following questions. (5)
India - Class-wise number of towns and cities oftheirpopulation, 2001
Class Populationsize Number Population % of total %Growth
(Million) Urban 1991-2001
Population
I 100000 and More 423 172.04 61.48 23.12
II 50000-99999 498 34.43 12.3 43.45
111 20000-49999 1386 41.97 15.0 46.19
IV 10000 – 19999 1560 22.6 8.08 32.94
v 5000- 9999 1057 7.98 2.85 41.49
VI Less than 5000 227 0.8 0.29 21.21
All classestotal 5161 285.35 100.0 31.13
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(13.1) Which class shows maximum no. of towns?Ans IV
(13.2) Which class shows the highest %age oftotal urban population?Ans I
(13.3) Which class shows the lowest growth %age?Ans VI
(13.4) What are the total no. of towns in all the classes?Ans 5161
(13.5) What is the %age growth in class-I town?Ans 23.12 %.
014. Classify the Indian towns on the basis of their evolution indifferent periodsAns. (A)
(B)(C)
Ancient towns - varanasi, Prayag, MaduraiMedieval towns - Hyderabad, Jaipur etc LucknowModern towns - Surat, Pondicherry, Chandigarh etc.
015. Explain any three factors vvhich determine the size and spacing of Indian villages.Productivity ofthe landEconomic development of the areaTransport system
••••••
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CHAPTER5
LAND RESOURCES AND AGRICULTURE
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01.Ans
Give some example of commonproperty resource?Communityforest, Pastures.
(1)
02.Ans
Which body maintains the land use record?Land, revenue department.
(1)
03. Which Department is responsible for measuring Geographical area? (1)Ans The Survey of India.
04. What is the percentage of net sown area in India? (1)Ans 54% of the total reporting area.
05. What is the desire % of forest area in the country? (1)Ans 33% of the total geographical Area
06. Write the reason for decline in land under pasture and grazing land. (1)Ans pressure from agriculture land.07. Write the name of two crops ofkharifseason.
Ans Rice,jute,jwar,bajra etc (anytwo)
(1)
08. Write the nameof two Rabi crops.Ans Wheat, Gram,pea and musterdetc (anytwo)
(1)
09. Write the nameof two Beveragecrops?
Ans Teaand coffee.(1)
010. What are common property resource?Explain. (3)
Ans These are the resources which can be used by all membersof the community like -CommunityHall,Pastures,ruralwater area etc.
No member of the communityhas ownership on any part of these resources. All thememberscan only not use these resources but they have certain duties to save andprotectthese resources.
011. Which arethe major crop seasons of India? Explaineach.
Ans Crop seasons-1. Rabi
2. Kharif Explain3. Jayad.
(3)
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012. DistinguishbetweenDry agricultureandwet agriculture:
Ans Dry farming :(i) Practisedin the area having lessthan 75 cm rainfall
(ii) Main cropsare Ragi, Bajra andMoong etc.
(iii) PractisedMainlyinwestern India.
Wet farming -
(i) Practised in the area having morethan 75cm of rainfall.
(ii) Main crops are- Rice, Jute, and Sugarcane etc.
(iii) PractisedMainlyin Eastern India.
013. Nameone Kharifand one Rabi crop of pulse.Also mentiontwo significanceof pulses.(3)
Ans Tur- Kharif
Gram-Rabi
Significance -
(i) Pulses are leguminous crops which add fertility in the soil by concentration ofnitrogen
(ii) Pulses are the sources of protein for vegetarian people.
014. Explain any three factors responsible for high productivity of crops in India. (3)Ans:
1. High Yielding varieties of seed (HYV Seeds)
2. Fertilizers
3. Mechanization offarms.015. Classify the Land use category adopted by Land Revenue Record in India. (5)
Ans Land use categories adopted by Land Revenue record are as following -1. Area under forest
2. Land put to non agriculture uses
3. Barren andwaste Lands4. Area under Permanent Pastures and Grazing Lands.
5. Area under Miscellaneous Tree crops and Groves (Not included is net sownarea)
6. Culturable waste- Land
7. Current Fallow
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8. Fallow otherthan current Fallow
9. Net area sown
016. Explain the Important Geographical condition along with the major producing area ofRice in India. (5)
Ans Geographical Condition1. It is considered to be a crop of tropical humid areas.2. This crop is sown in the areas receiving rainfall of 150 cm and above where the
rainfall is less irrigation is used for its cultivation.
3. Alluvial and clay soil most suitable
4. Required Temperature is 25°CTO 30°c.5. Skill and Chief Labour is required6. These are successfully grown from sea level to about 2000 m altitude.
Production and distribution
1. Rice is a staple food for the overwhelming majority of population in India.2. It has about 3000 varities in the world.
3. The production of Rice is stretched from the net area of Eastern part to dry andirrigated areas in India.
4. Three crops of Rice grow in West Bengal called 'aus' aman and boro.
5. In North Western parts of the country, it is grown as a kharif crop.
6. In India contribution 22% of Rice production in the world and ranks second afterchina.
7. Five important producing state are -
(i) West Bengal
(ii) Punjab
(iii) uttar Pradesh
(iv) Andhra Pradesh(v) TamilNadu.
017. Explain the important problems of IndianAgriculture. Ans : The importantproblemsof Indianagriculture are :
1. LowProductivity.2. Dependence on Erratic Monsoon.3. Lack of the Land Reforms.
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••••••
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Chapter 6WATER RESOURCES
01.Ans
Which percentage of earth is covered with water?71%.
(1)
02. Mention any two states where groundwater level utilization isvery high. (1)Ans Punjab and Haryana.
03. Which sector grounds for most of the surface and ground water utilization? (1)Ans Agriculture.
04. Why is irrigation required? Give one reason? (1)Ans Because ofspatiotemporal variabillty in rainfall in the country.
05. In which state major part of irrigation is carried out by well, tube-wells? (1)Ans Gujrat.
06.Ans
Mention two highly polluted rivers of our country.Ganga and Yamuna.
(1)
07.Ans
What is the local name of rainwater harvesting structure in Rajasthan?Kund 'or' Tanka.
(1)
08.Ans
Who hasSponceredHariyali programme?Central Govt.of India.
(1)
09. In which state 'Aravarypani sansad'has been launched? (1)Ans Rajasthan.
010. Give three reasons of depleting quality ofwater and scarcityof water? (3)
(i) Increasingdemandof water(ii) Excessiveuseofwater(iii) Waterpollution.
011. Describe the use of water in various sectors -(3) (i)Agriculture(ii) Multipurposeprojects
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(iii) Industrialsector.
012. Why is irrigation necessary in India ?(3) Ans Because ofthefollowing reasons-
(i) Seasonal rainfall(ii) Uncertainityof rainfall(iii) Uneven distributionof rainfall(iv) Grovving more andmorefood crops(v) Dry climatein someregion(vi) Cash crops.
013. What are the main features of "National Water policy of India 2002"? Explain(3) Ans : (i) Makeavailabledrinking water to everyone.
(ii) To check the exploitationof groundwater.(iii) start programme to check and improvethe quality of water.(iv) To create awareness among people aboutwater in the form of"Rarely
available resource"(v) Scientific use ofwater(vi) Increasing conservationawareness by educational institutionsand otherenter•
prises.
014. What factors are responsiblefor maximumwater development in Punjab Haryana andTamil Nadu? (3)
Ans : (i) Perennial rivers
(ii) Capacity of easy seepage of water in the soil(iii) More capacity ofground water resources.
015. What is rain water harvesting?Explainthe objectivesof rainwater harvesting. (3)Ans Rain water harvestingis a technique of collectingrainwater andalso increasingwater
level in the ground.
Objectives-(i) Meetingwith the increasingdemandofwater.(ii) Checkingfloods.(iii) To meetout with the domesticdemand during dry spell in summer.
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016. Why is Conservationofwater necessary in India? Give three reasons.
Ans: (i) Completingthe demandofwaterofincreasing population.(ii) Due to intensiveagriculture(iii) Due to industrialization
(3)
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017. Discuss the availability of water resource in the country and factor that determine itsspatialdistribution.(5)
Ans The spatial distributionare :(1) Surface water resource - The meanannual flow in all the river basins in India is
estimatedto be 1869 cubic k.m. There are four major sources of surface water.These are rivers, lakes, ponds and tanks. Only about 690 cubic km (32%) oft heavailablesurfacewater can be utilised.
(2) Ground Water Resource- The total ground water resources in the country areabout 432 cubic km. The Gangaand the Brahamaputra basins haveabout46% of the total groundwater resources.
(3) Lagoons& Backwaters- There are severalLagoon lakes at the coastlineofIndia.
Such Lakes are largely found in Kerala, Orissa & West Bengal. The water isgenerallybrackish.
Factors:
(1) Uneven distributionof rainfall(2) Difference in relief(3) Difference in soil types(4) Difference in natural vegetation(5) Drainage system(6) Seacoast(1) Decreasingwater-table(2) Wastage of water(3) Water Pollution Explain(4) Improperwater Management(5) Deforestation(6) PopulationExplosion.
019. What is watershed Management? Do you think It can play an important role in sustain-able development?(5)
Ans It refers to efficient management and Conservation of surface and ground water re•
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sources. It involves prevention of run off and storage and recharge of ground water.It can play an important role in sustainable development by the following Methods :(1) Water Shed development(2) RainWater Harvesting(3) Re-cycling of water(4) Conjunctive useof water(5) Savingwater in householdworks(6) Prevention ofwater pollution(7) Re-use of water(8) People awarenessabout water conservation.
20. study the map and ansvverthe following questions
River Basin and towns located on them.
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1. Which river andits tributaries are shownin the map?Ans RiverGangaandits tributaries.
2. Nameanythree towns located onthe bank of the mainriver.
Ans Kanpur,Varanasi.Allahabad,Patna.
3. In which part of the river is the quallty of water good & why?Ans In the mountaineous region and foothill. Due to addition of fresh water from glaciers
and lack of industriesand humaninterference.
4. How doesthe quality of water gets deterioratedin the Central and Eastern partof theriver?
Ans Beacuseofthe pollutioncreatedby industriesand humanpopulation.
021. study the giventable and answerthe questionsthat follow :-
Percentage of net irrigated area to total area bystateGujarat
Percentaae86.6
Rajasthan 77.2
MadhyaPradesh 66.5
Maharastra 65.0
uttar Pradesh 58.2
West Bengal 57.6
Tamilnadu 54.7
1 Which state showsthe highest percentageof net irrigated area ofwells andtubewells?Ans Percentage of net irrigated area to total area by wells and tubewells is the highest in
Gujarat (86.6%)
2 What are the implications of using ground water in drought proneareas ofRajasthan
Gujarat,Maharastraand Tamilnadu?Ans. (i) The overuseof groundwaterresourceshas led to declinein groundwatertable in
thesestates.
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(ii) Overwithdrawalhas increasefluoride concentrationin groundwater(iii) This practice in these states has led to increase in concentration of arsenic in
partsofMaharastra and Tamilnadu.
022 How hasRalegan Siddhi becomean example for watersheddevelopment throughoutthe country ?
Ans 1 Retired armypersonnelsettled down in thevillage and took up the task ofwater shed development.
2. Those whowere working outside thevillage contributedto the developmentbycommittinga month'ssalaryeveryyear
3. Percolationtankswereconstructedin the village.Q23. Why is irrigation more developed in the great plains than in peninsularIndia? And 1. These plains havelow lying relief.
2. In this region, agriculture is the main occupation.3. Water resourcesare abundant dur to perennial rivers.4. The slopeof the land is so gentlethat canal irrigation is convenient.5. Digging of canalsand wells is easydue to nature of terrain and soil.6. Undergroundwater is abundantlyavailable.
024. Why is the petroleum referred to as " Liquid Gold"
Ans Crude petroleum consists of Hydrocarbons of liquid and gaseous states varying inchemical Composition, colour and specific gravity.
Essential sources of energy for al internal combution engines in Automobiles railwaysand aircrafts.
because of its scarcity and diversified uses .
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chapter 7mineral & energy resources
01.Ans
Which is the largest coal field of India?Jharia.
02.Ans
Name two Ages or Eras offormation of coal.Gondwana and Tertiary.
03.Ans
Which is the largest oil refinery in India?Jamnagar (Gujarat).
04.
AnsWhere was the first atomic station set up in India?In 1969 at Tarapur near Mumbai.
05 Name two sources of non conventional energy
Bio-mass solar energy,wind,tidal,geo-thermal
06 Which state is the largest producer of coal
Jharkhand
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07 name one iron ore mine located in karnatakakudremukh
08. Which is the hardest mineral?
Ans Diamond.
(1)
09. Which isthe largest oil producing centre of India?
Ans MumbaiHigh(1)
010. Which mineralis obtainedfrom Monazitesand?Ans Thorium.
(1)
011. What is Conservation of minerals?Why is conservation of minerals necessary? Ex-plain intwo points. (3)
Ans Use of mineralsin a scientificmannerto avoidtheirwastage, is called Conservationofminerals.
Conservationof mineralsis necessary :
(i) for the regular advancementof the civilizationand(ii) mineralsare exhaustibleresources.They are neededfor our future generation.
Methodsto Conserveminerals-
(i) Use alternativesin place of mineralslikeplastic doors in place of iron & steel.(ii) Recycling.
012. Describe anythree Commercialproducing oilfields in India.Ans : 1. N.E.Region
2. Gujarat
3. Mumbaihigh.
(3)
013. Distinguishbetweenmetallicand non metallicminerals : Metallicminerals
1. Those mineralfromwhich we getmetals.2. Can be drawnintowires andsheets aftermelting.
3. Exampleare- Iron ore, Copper and tin etc. NonMetallic minerals
1. Those mineralsfromwhich we donot get metals.
2. Can notbe drawnintowires and sheets.3. Examplearecoal and marble.
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015. Distinguish between Conventional and non Conventional resources of energy. (3)Ans: Conventional Sources of energy
1. These are exhaustible resources
2. They pollute the environment
3. Example are - coal and petroleum.Non Conventional Sources of energy
1. These are inexhaustible resources.
2. They do not pollute the environment
3. Example are - Solar energy and wind energy.
016. What are the three characteristics of minerals which make us to conserve them?
OR
Why conservationof minerals in necessary?Give three reasons.Ans. (i) Mineralsare unevenlydistributedoverspace.
(ii) There is inverse relationship in qualityand quantity of mineralsi.e. good qualitymineralsare less in quantity as comparedto low qualityminerals.
(iii) All mineralsare exhaustible over time. These take long to develop geologicallyand they cannot be replainshed immediatelyat the time of need.
017. Write a detailed note on the Petroleumresources of India. (5)Ans Petroleum is an essential source of energy for all internal combustion engines in
automobiles, railways andaircraft. Its numerous by-products are processed in petro•chemical industries such as fertiliser, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, medicines,vaseline, lubricants,wax, soapand cosmetics.Crude petroleumoccurs in sedimentaryrocksoft he tertiary period.Oil exploration, andproductionwas systematicallytaken up afterthe oil and NaturalGas Commissionwasset up in 1956. Till then, the Digboi in Assamwas the only oil producing region.Distribution-Assam - Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran.Gujarat-Ankaleshwar,Kalol, Mehsana,Nawagam.Maharashtra- MumbaiHigh.Oil Refining Process -
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Oil extracted from the wells is crude oil and contains many impurities. It cannot beused directly. It needs to be refined. There are two types of refineries in India :
(1) Field based- Eg Digboi refinery
(2) Market based - Eg Barauni refinery.018. Describe the three broad belts of mineral concentration and distribution in India. (5)Ans. (i) The North-Eastern Plateau Region - This belt covers Chotanagpur, Orissa Pla•
teau, West Bengal and Parts of Chhatisgarh major Iron and steel industry arelocated inthis region.
(ii) The south-Western Plateau Region - This belt extends over Kamataka, Goa andTamil Naduand Kerala. This belt is rich in Ferrous metals such as iron-ore andmanganese. Bauxite and limestone are also found. Coal deposits are low. Keralahas deposits ofmanazlte and Thorium.
(iii) The North-Western Region - This belt extends along Aravali in Rajasthan andpart of Gujarat. Copper and Zinc are major minerals.
(iv) Other regions- (a) The Himalayanbet is anothermineral belt 'J'lhlere copper,lead zinc, cobalt and tungsten are known to occure. Assam valley hasmineral oilDeposits(b) Mumbai High has rich oil resources in off shore areas.
019. What are the Characteristics of Solar Energy?(5) Ans. Solar Energy:
(i) Sun rays tapped in Photovoltaic cells can be converted into energy, known assolarenergy.
(ii) The two effective processes to top solar energy are photovoltaics andSolar thennaltechnology
(iii) Solarthermaltechnologyhas some relativeadvantagesoverall othernon-renew•able energysources.(a) It is cost competitive,environment friendly and easy to construct.(b) solar energy is 7 Per cent moreeffectivethan coal or oil based plantsand
10%more effectivethan nuclearplants.(c) It is generally used more in appliances like heaters, crop dryers,
cookers etc.
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(iv) The western part of India has greater potential for the development ofSolar energy in Gujaratand Rajasthan.
020. study the following map of India and answer the questions
(1)
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Namethe coal producing rivervalleys markedasA, B, & C
(2) Which is the most importantcoal field of the valley markedasA.
(3) Namethe lignitecoal field ofTamilnadu markedas D. Write two characteristicsofthiscoal.
Ans 1 A DamodarValley
B Mahanadianc Sonvalley
C GodavariValley
2 Jharia coal field
3 Nayvelicoal field.
21. Why is the petroleumrefer to as "liquid gold"?Ans Crude petroleum consists of hydrocarbons liquid & gaseous state varing in chemical
composition, colour and specific gravity.
Essential sources of energy for all combustion engines in automobiles railways andaircrafts because of its scarcity and diversified use.
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Chapter 8
Manufacturing industries
Q1 when was TISCO at Jamshedpurestablished?
Ans in 1917
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02. Name the largest centre of electronic industry in India. (1)
Ans Bengaluru.
03. Name any two industrial centre of Chota Nagpur region. (1)
Ans Ranchi, Bokaro.
04. Jute mills aremostlylocated in which state of India? (1)Ans West Bengal.
05. When wasthe first moderntextilemill set up? (1)Ans In 1854in Mumbai.
06. Manufacturingis an activityconsidered underwhich type of economicactivity? (1)Ans Secondaryactivity.
07. What arethe types of industries in Indiaon the basis oftheir ownership? (3)Ans : (i) Publicsector industries
(ii) Privatesector industries(iii) Cooperativesectorindustries.
08. Describethe causesof Concentrationof Cottontextileindustriesin the citiesof MumbaiandAhemdabad. (3)
Ans: 1. HumidClimate2. RawMaterial3. Watersupply4. Nearnessto market5. Skilledlabour6. Bankingfacilities7. Importandexport facility etc.
03. What are the problemsof cottontextile industriesin India?Ans : (i) Inferiorquality of cotton
(ii) Oldtechnology(iii) Irregularenergy supply(iv) Unskilledlabour(v) Competitionwith Syntheticfibre(vi) High cost as compared'A'ith otherfibre.
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04. Why is Sugar industry a seasonal industry? (3)
Ans Sugar industry is a seasonal industrybecause of the seasonality ofraw material. i.e.sugarcane. Sugar Industry is agro based industry. In North India it is started in themonthof Novemberand goes upto February.Remainingpart of theyear becomepro•ductionless.
05. Why mostof the steel plantsare located in publicsector? Explain.Ans Because-
(i) It requireshugecapltalinvestment(ii) Need largeinfrastructure.(iii) Heavymachinesandlatesthightechnologyneeded.
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06. How didtheSwadeshiMovementgivea majorimpetusto thecottontextilesindustry?(5)
ORDiscussthe causesof growth of cottontextile Industriesin India.
Ans: (1) Reasonsfordevelopment-1. Cottontextile industryis one of the traditionalindustries of India.2. Hot &HumidClimateavailablefor Its growth.3. Large quantityof cotton was grovvn in India.4. Abundantskilledlabouravailablein the country.5. NationalMovementencouragedcottonproduction.(2) Developmentof CottonTextileIndustryin India :1. In 1854,thefirst Modem CottonMillwas establishedin Mumbai.2. By 1947, the no. of Mills in Indiawent upto 423.3. Cotton industrysuffered a majorrecessionafter partition.4. After Independence,this industry graduallyrecovered andflourished. By 1998,
the no. of Millswent upto 1782.5. Presently,Mumbai,Ahmedabad,Sholapur,Kolhapur,Nagpur,Indore,Ujjainare
the importantcentres.(3) Production of Cottontextile Industryin India-1. The cottontextile industry in Indiacan be broadly divided intotwo sectors- (1)
OrganisedSector(2) DecentralisedSector
2. The organised sector includes 'Mills' and decentralised sector includes handloomsand povver1ooms.
3. Presently, 80% production is done under decentralised sector.
4. The leading producers are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu.
07. What is the role of Iron and steel industry in the economic development of India? (5)
Ans : The development of the iron and steel industry opened the doors to rapid industrialdevelopment in India.
The Indian iron and steel industry consist of large integrated steel plants as well as mini•steel Mills :
+ Integrated steel Plants.
(1) TISCO-Tatalron and steel plant at Jamshedpur in Jharkhand.
(2) llSCO - Indian Iron & steel Company at Hirapur, Kulti and Burnpur in WestBengal.
(3) VISL- Visvesvaraiya Iron and steel Works Ltd. at Bhadravati in Karnataka.
(4) Rourkela steel plant in Sundargarh district ofOrissa. (Set up in Collaborationw~h Germany)
(5) Bhilai steel Plant in Durg district of Chhattisgarh (Set up in Collaboration withRussia)
(6) Durgapur steel plant in West Bengal. (Set up in Collaboration with UK)
(7) Bokaro steel plant in Jharkhand. (Set up in Collaboration with Russia)
(8) Vizag steel plant at Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh (It is First port basedsteel plant)
(9) Vijaynagar steel Plant at Hospet in Kamataka
(10) Salem steel plant in Tamil Nadu.
Apart from those major steel plants, there are more than 206 steel units located indifferent parts of the country.
08. Explain the major industrial region and their Characteristics of India.
Ans There are 8 major industrial regions in India :
(1) Mumbai - Pune Industrial Region -
Major Industries - Cotton textile. Chemical Industry.
(2) Hugli Industrial Region -
Major Industries - Jute Industry, Hindustan Motors Ltd .• Diesel engine factory
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(3) Bangalore - Chennai Industrial Region -Major Industries- Heavy Engineering Industry, Machine tools, Telephone,
Bharat Electronics.(4) Gujarat Industrial Region -
Major Industries - Cotton textile Industry, Petro - Chemical Industry.(5) Chotanagpur Region -
Major Industries - Heavy Metallurgical Industry, Iron & steel Plants.(6) Vishakhapatnam- Guntur Region
Major Industries- Ship building Industry,Petro-Chemical Industry.(7) Gurgaon- Delhi- Meerut Region
Major Industries- Electronics, Light Engineering & Electrical goods.(8) Kollam- liruvanantapuram Region-
Major Industries-PlantationAgriculture and Hydropower.(Note - Discuss major Industries, Industrial centres and causes of developmentof each Industrial region).
09. Describe the dispersal of cotton textile industry after 1921 caused by railways andhydroelectricpower.
Ans (i) Expansion of railway lines in differentpeninsular regionsjoining the centres likeCoimbatore,Madurai,Mangalore, Nagpur, Indore,Sholapuretc .All the abovecentres arevery well connected with the railways.
(ii) Dispersal was further boostedwith the development of hydroelectricity.This in•dustry incoimbatore,Madurai and in Tirunelveli is largely due to the availabilityofelectricity from Pykara Dam.
010. Synthetic fibres are widely used in the manufacturingof fabrics. Why?
Ans. Because of-(i) Inherent strength(ii) Durabillty(iii) Washabillty(iv) Resistanceto Shrinkage(v) Cheaper(vi) More attractive
011. Sugar industry is set up in areas of sugarcane cultivation .Why?Ans. (i) Weight losing raw-material. If it is not crushed within 24 hours of cutting, its
sugar contentstarts decreasing.(ii) Sugarcane cant be stored nor kept in the field afterthe crops mature.(iii) Transportation is costly due to its bulky nature. To reduce this cost, sugarmills
tend to be located near sugarcane areas.
012. Discussthevarious locational advantagesof iron and steel industryin Jamshedpur.Ans (i) Iron ore is obtainedfrom Noamundiand Badam Pahar.
(ii) Coal is obtained from Joda mines in Orissa(iii) Water is obtained from Subernrekha and Kharkai river.(iv) Very closeto Mumbai - Kolkatarailwayline and about240 km away fromwhich is
the nearest port for the export of steel.
••••••
CHAPTER9
PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIANCONTEXT
01. Mention two problemsfaced by India during the third fiveyear plan.Ans Severe droughtandwar with Chinain 1962 and Pakistanin 1965.
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02. What were those two reasons due to which the eighthfive year plan got delayed? (1)Ans Political instabilityand liberalizationpolicy.
03. Duringwhich plan period Hill area developmentprogrammewas initiated? (1)Ans Fifth five year plan.04. Which majorprogrammewas initiated in fourth five year plan?Ans Drought pronearea plan.
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05. What is the nameof the tribal people living in Bharmaur regionof Himachal Pradesh?(1)
Ans Gaddi.
06.
AnsIn which yearwas the concept of sustainable development introduced?1987.
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07.
AnsWhat is the source of Indira Gandhi Canal?Hanke atthe confluence of Satluj and Beas river.
(1)
08. By whom and in which year the concept of Indira Gandhi canal was conceived? (1)Ans Kanwar Sain in 1948.
09. What % of command area will be irrigated by flow system under Indira Gandhi Canalsystem? (1)
Ans 70%.010. Expandthe term l.T.D.P.Ans IntegratedTribaldevelopmentprogramme.
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011. What are the two approaches of planning?Ans (1) Sectoralplanning
(2) Regionalplanning.
012. Who is the author ofthe book 'The Population Bomb'?Ans By Ehrlich in 1968.
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013. What doyou understand by planning? How is It an ongoing process? (3)
Ans The process involvingthe sequence of actionswhich are designed to solve problems infuture is called planning.Problems which are chosen for planning get changing from time to time. But theseproblems always remain economic and social. There is also a difference in level andperiod of planning from time to time.All types of planning have a sequence of action.
014. Where were hill area developmentprogrammestarted? (3)
Ans In all 15 districtswere includedlike Nilgiri ofTamilnadu, Kachharhills ofAssam,Darjeelingof West BengalMikir hills and Uttarakhand.
015. Describe the droughtprone area developmentprogramme and its main objectives. (3)Ans This programme was started in IV Five year plan to provide employment in drought
prone area.
Objectives -
(i) To reduce the effect of drought
(ii) To initiate irrigation projects
(iii) Afforestation and pasture development
(iv) Restorationofecologicalbalance(v) Develop basic infrastructure like road, market, electricity etc.Q.16.What are the social advantages of Integrated Tribal Developmentproject in Bharmaur region ?
~Ans : (i) Schools, health services, drinking water, roads and means of Communication
havebeendevelopedin this region.(ii) standard ofliving of Gaddis has been improved.(iii) Female literacy rate has been increased(iv) Transhumancehasbeenreduced.
017. Define the Conceptof Sustainable development. (3)
Ans The concept of Sustainable development refers to development in such a way that itdoes not harmthe environmentand meetswith the requirementsof present and futuregenerations.
018. What has been the positive impact of Indira Gandhi Canal Command area on irriga-~~ ~
Ans: 1.2.
3.
Soon Irrigation becamepossible, agricultureand grovvingof manycrops started.The food and cash crops have replaced Traditional cropssown in the area.Increase agriculturalproductivity.
019. Suggestthemeasuresof promotionofSustainabililtyin Indira GandhiCanal CommandArea. (5)
Ans Measuresfor Promotionof Sustainable Development(1) strict implementationofWater managementpolicy.(2) Cropping patternshall not includewater intensivecrops.(3) Equal distributionof CanalWater.(4) Areas affected bywater logging and Soil Salinityshall be reclaimed.(5) Afforestation,Shelterbeltplantationand pasturedevelopment.(6) Poor farmersto be providedadequatefinancial and institutionalsupport.
020. What is target area planning? Why It is necessary in India? Give any four examplesoftarget areaplanning in India. (5)
Ans. Target area planningmeans making schemesfor the developmentof backward regionsof India. This type of planning is necessary in India because regional imbalances ineconomicdevelopmentare gettingserious.Examplesoftarget area planning area :(i) CommandAreaDevelopmentProgrammes(ii) Drought ProneAreaDevelopmentProgramme(iii) Desert DevelopmentProgramme.(iv) Hill areaDevelopmentProgramme.
021. \Mlat arethe social and economicbenefits of QntegratedTribal DevelopmentProgramme)ITDP in the BharmaurTribal region? 5
Ans. The most significant contribution of tribal sub plan in Bharmaurregion is:(i) The Development of infrastructure in terms of schools, health care facilities,
potablewater, roads, communicationsand electriclty.(ii) Tremendousincreasein llteracy rate.(iii) Improve in sex ratio.(iv) Decline in child marriage.(v) Gender inequalityhas also declined.(vi) The cultivationof pulses and other earthcrops has increased.(vii) The importanceof pastoralismis decliningin the economy.
022. What are the positive and negative influence of Indira Gandhi Canal irrigation on theecology, economyandSociety of Rajasthan?
Ans. The introduction of canal irrigation in this dry land has transformedits ecology, economyand society.Positive(1) The availability of soil moisture and various afforestation and pasture develop•
ment programmeshave resultedin greeningthe land.(2) Spread of canal irrigation has led to increase in cultivated area and intensity of
cropping.(3) This hasalso helped in reducingwind erosion and siltationof canalsystems.(4) The tradltionalcrops sown in the area,gram, bajra, jowar havebeen replacedby
wheat, cotton, groundnut & rice
Negative(1) The intensive irrigation and excessive use of water has led to the emergence of
ti/Vin environmental problems of water logging and soil salenlty(2) Thus, in the long run, It hamperethe sustainability of agriculture.
023. What the important features of Hill area developmentProgramme?Ans. 1. HADP initated during 5., Fiveyear Plan.
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2. It covered 15 district comprisingall the hilly districts ofUttaranchal, Assam,WestBengaland T.N.
3. All the hill area in the country having height above 600m and not covered undertribal sub-planare treated as backwardhill areas.
4. The detailedplansfor the developmentof hill areas were made.5. These programmesaimed at the developmentofhorticulture, plantation agricul•
ture, poultry small scale &village Industry.
••••••
CHAPTER 10
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
01 What does NHAI stand for?
Ans
02.
National highway authority of India.
What is the total length of roads in India? (1)
Ans 33.1 Lakh kms
03. Name the two terminal stations of East West Corridor. (1)
Ans Silchar and Porbandar.
04.
Ans
Which is the longest national highway?
National highway no. 7 (Varanasi to Kanyakumari)
(1)
05. What is the national average density of road in India? (1)
Ans 75.42km
06. How many International airports are there in India? (1)
Ans 11.
07. When was PrasarBharti set up?
Ans In 1997.(1)
08. Expand PSLV
Ans Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle.
(1)
09. When was the first telecast by Doordarshan started? Ans 15 sept 1959.
010. Which state has the highest and lowest density of roads in India? (1)
Ans Highest road density----Kerala (387 per 100 sq km)
Lowest road denslty-----Jammu and Kashmir (1 O .48 km per 100 sq. km).
011. Name the Public Sector companies providing domestic air service in India. (1)
Ans Indian, PawanHans Ltd,012. What is the width of broad gauge railway?
Ans 1.67 m.
(1)
013. What is meant by Golden quadrilateral roads? (1)
Ans It is an Super highway which connect Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai with eachother. It includes 6 national highways.
014. Why is road transport gaining more importance over rail transport? Explain. (3)
Ans : (i) Construction of roads is Cheaper.
(ii) Road can be constructed even on hilly surface.
(iii) Roads provide door to door service while railways not.
015. Which are the different railway Gauges in India? (3)
Ans There arethree railwayGauges-(i) Broad Gauge- Distance betweentwo linesis- 1.676mtr(ii) Metre Gauge- Distancebetweentwo linesis 1.00mtr(iii) NarrowGauge- Distancebetweentwo linesis O.762 mtr.
016. Explainthe mainfeatures ofAir transport.
Ans : (i) This isthe fastest transport(ii) It isa costlytransport
(iii) Commonpeoplecannot affordit(iv) Easy to reach in remote area(v) Best suited for N.E. Region of India.
017. Explain the main features of Pipelinetransport. Alsogive two examples. (3)
Ans: (i)
(ii)
(iii)(iv)
(v)
(vi)
useful for transporting of gas and liquid materialIt can be laid down in any kind of surface or climateCost oftransport is reducedHelps in quick supply of petroleum productsNo wastage of petroleum dueto leakageEnvironmentfriendly as no pollution iscaused.Eg :- HVJ Pipeline, Jamnagar-Loni, LPJ Pipeline.
018. What are the Major problems of Indian railway? (5)
Ans: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Heavy expenditure inthe railways developmentIn the areas of turbulent flow of river a big expenditureon the developmentSwampy,flood areas are not tit for its developmentThe sand dunes in the desert are main problemsforthe developmentForest and Uneven Lands are the hurdles in the way of railway developmentHighly effected by stricks. due to polltical interference and fog etc.
019. Describe the uses of satellites and computers in the present day Life. (5)
Ans Satellite is the most powerful medium of Communication in the Present day world.There are many uses of satellites.1. It has provided television service in the remote areas ofthe country2. It can provide variety of information to remotest corner and the areas of rugged
topography.3. The INSAT System is a multi purpose satellite systemforthe telecommunication
system.4. These are used for exploration of minerals, ground water resources andidentifi•
cation of crops etc.
5. These Satellites are highly useful for managementof resources Uses ofComputer
1. Internet - It connects all type of computer of the world by the medium of anequipment called modem. We can get any type of information in detail of internet.
2. Video Tele Conferencing- People sitting at far off places, cannot onlytalk by alsoexpress their reaction with the help oftelecommunication on computers.
3. e - commerce - This facility is available on internet. The sale and purchase ofgoods is possible through e-commerce.
4. Internet Telephone- Internet telephone is a software Programme which makes acomputer capable of making as a telephone. The rate oftelephone called havereduced considerably due to this facility.
5. e - Mail - It is a method of sending Letters or information through internet.
019. What is the open sky policy?Ans. ConsultNCERT
020. Why raodways are betterthan railways?Ans Merit of roadways
021. In which state of India road density is high and why?Ans Kerala
(1) Plain area(2) Agriculturaldevelopment(3) Industrialdevelopment
••••••.
Chapter 11 international trade01. What is meant by InternationalTrade? 1Ans Exchangeofgoods or services atthe Internationallevel.
02. Which country is India's largest trading partner at present?Ans U.S.A.
03. Name the land lockedharbor of India.Ans Vishakhapatnam.
(1)
04. Which port has been built not on the sea coast but on the river bank awayfrom the seacoast? (1)
Ans Kolkata.
05. Namethe port of Maharashtra vvhich has been constructed to reducethe pressure onthe existingmajorport. (1)
Ans Jawahar Lal Nehruport.
06. Namethe southernmost port of main land of India. (1)Ans Tuticorin.
07. Namethe northern most InternationalAir port of India. (1)Ans Amritsar.
08. Most of India'strade is carried bywhich means of transport? (1)Ans Sea(Ocean).
09. In which of the trade block is India an associate member? (1)Ans ASEAN.
010. Which is the major sea port of Orissa?Ans Paradeep.
011. Write three characteristics of foreign trade of India -Ans: (i) Maximumtrade of India is doneby sea routes
(ii) Volumeof Import and export has been increasingon huge scale(iii) Countries oftrade with Indiaare manyand diverse.
012. What arecauses of trade imbalance of India?(i) High price at world level
(1)
(3)
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(ii) Devaluation of Indian rupee at intemationaltrade
(iii) Slow progress in production in India
(iv) Increasingdomesticdemandin India.
013. Why are ports called as gateways oftrade in India?Ans : (i) Importand exportby ports only
(ii) Can reach uptoseathrough ports only(iii) Ports providelink'JVith othercountries.
014. Write maincharacteristicsof IndiaTrade.Ans : MaincharacteristicofIndianTrade-
(1) Mostlytradethrough sea(2) Lack of foreign trade(3) Reductionin per capitatrade(4) Result of trade and increase of price(5) Negativetradebalance-(6) Characteristicsof exporttrade -
(i) Maximumoftraditional articles(ii) More exportof engineeringand preparedarticalsfrom industries(iii) More customer(Buyer)of India'sexportedgoods(iv) Changethe directionof trade
(7) Characteristicsof import trade -(i) Maximumof heavymachineriesin trade(ii) Increaseof prepared of articals.(iii) Reductionof food grains and raw materials
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015. Mentionthe importantfeatures of Indianexporttrade and IndianImporttrade. (5)Ans IndianExport
(a) Indiaexportedmorethan 7500 items(b) Export is composedof a wide range of items(c) The product of industry, Handloom and cottage and Handicraft are being ex•
ported(d) Projects,Consultancy,Civilconstructionhas been exportedin recentyear
(e) Computer,softwareexporthasalso been increasesignificantly.
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Important features of Indian Import trade(a) To meet the essential requirement of domestic consumption(b) To meet out the essential requirement of investment and inputs for export good.
Main features are(a) In the import trade the two major groups of items are important
(i) Fuel Items(ii) Raw materials and minerals
(b) Both groups are credit accumulate 63% of import of India.(c) The capital goods has a share of 11 %of total import(d) Import of food items account only 3.7%(e) Fertilizers 1.5%(f) Newspaper,pulp, sugarcane accounts for 0.9%.(g) Other imported items are medical products, raw cotton, dying and colouring
material,crude rubber are also imported.
016. Why does India import edible oil and pulses inspite of being on agriculturally richcountry?
Ans (1) Demand dueto excessive population.(2) Most ofthe cultivated land underfood exp.(3) Low per hectare productivityof pulses.(4) Less profitable as compareto other crops.(5) risking farming due to high vaherbility.
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CHAPTER12GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELECTED ISSUESAND
PROBLEM
01 . Which stretchof YamunaRiver is most polluted?Ans Delhito Etawa.
(1)
02. Which diseases are caused due to air pollution?Ans Respiratory,Nervous andcirculatorysystemsrelated diseases.
03. Namethe diseasescaused due to polluted water?Ans Diarrhoea, intestinalworms and hepatitis.
(1)
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04. What is noisepollution?Ans Noise pollution refers to the state of unbearable and uncomfortableto human beings,
which is caused by noise from different sources. (1)
05. Which is the largest slum in India?
Ans Dharavi in Mumbai.06. Write any six problems of slums of metropolitan cities in India -
Ans : (i) Lack of proper accomodation, light and sanitation facilities
(ii) Lack of safety measures from fire and earthquake
(iii) Over crowded vvith population
(iv) Lack of medical facilities
(v) Narrow streets and lack of proper ventilation
(vi) Spread of epidemics in slums.
07. Write four problems regarding urban waste disposal in India.
Ans : (i) Lack of properplacefor dumpingofurban waste material.
(3)
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(ii) Throwing ofindustrial waste into rivers,which in tum increaseswater pollution.(iii) Soil pollutionis caused dueto uncontrolledchemicalseepage in the ground(iv) Fear of spreadingdiseasedue to airpollutionand bad smellfrom urbanwaste.
08. Distinguishbetweenpollutionand pollutant:Pollution1. Disordercausedto the environmentdueto humanactivities
2. Pollution is causeddueto impropermanagementof urbanwaste material3. Pollution canbe of manytypes likeAir,water, land or sound pollution.Pollutant
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1. It is a part of the material which causes pollution and disturbs the ecologicalbalance.
2. It can befound in the form of gas, liquid or in solid state3. High pollution or low pollution can be classified on the basis of movement of
pollutanton smallscaleor largescale.09. Mentionmajorproblemsassociatedwith urbanwastedisposal in India.Ans : Explain:
(1) Growingpopulation.(2) Slowadministrativeaction.
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(3) Growingconsumerism.
(4) Casualattitudetowardscleanliness. (5)UnscientificdisposalManagement. (6)
ProblemofWater pollution.(7) Lossof health.
010. Describethe problemof Slums in India. (5)Ans: Explain:
(1) Dillapidatedhouses(2) Poor hygienic conditions(3) Lack of light& drinkingwater facillties(4) Lack of toilet facilities
(5) Poorventilation(6) low paid and high riskworks(7) Lack of proper education(8) MalnutrltionandUnderNutrition(9) Vulnerableto crime& drug abuse(10) Vulnerableto socialexclusion.
011. What arethe causes of Land-Degradationin India? Suggest measuresfor its reduc-tioo. ~
Ans : 1. Causesof Land degradation-(1) Soil erosion(2) Salinisation(3) Deforestation(4) Transformationof forest land intoagriculturalland(5) Shiftingagriculture(6) Defaulted LandManagement(7) Over utilisationofChemicalsin fields(8) Overexploitationof Undergroundwater(9) Floodanddrought
2. Measuresfor reductionin Land- degradation(1) To checkSoil - erosion
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(2) To check water logging
(3) Afforestation
(4) Use ofTechnologyto increase agricultural production
(5) To check Shifting Cultivation
(6) Refonns in land Management
(7) Use of Bio-fertilizers in fields
(8) Insist on rain water harvesting
(9) Water shed Management
(10) Scientific waste disposal.
012 What are the impacts of rural- Urban migration in India?
Ans (1) Positive effects.
(a) Availability of cheap labour
(b) Widening of outlook
(c) Improvement of standards of living
(d) Improved level of consumption.
(e) Development in their working skills
Negative effects -
(a) Rapid population grovvth
(b) Exercises pressure on land & housing and other basic aminities.
(c) Detoritation in Civic amenties
(d) Increase in anti social activities
(e) Environmental degeadation .
••••••
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SKILL BASED QUESTIONS & ANSWERSFig 1. Growth of Population 2004-05over1990-95
Growth Rate
Region 1990-95 2004-05(Estimated)
World 1.6 1.4Africa 2.4 2.6Europe 0.2 0.0North & Central America 1.4 1.1South America 1.7 1.4Asia 1.6 1.4Oceania 1.5 1.3(Australia, New Zealand and Fiji)
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1.1 Which continent shows the highest growth rate of population
Ans Africa.
1.2 Inwhich continent the population growth rate iszero during 2004-05
Ans Europe.
1.3 Why is the population growth rate high in that continent
Ans Illiteracy, High birth rate.
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2.1 What is the shape of this pyramid?
Ans The pyramid is more or less triangular in shape having broad base
2.2 Whattype of country does It represent?
Ans Less developed country.
2.3 What is the cause of larger population in the lower age groups? ns
High birth rate and high death rate in old age group.
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Fig. 5 Urban Rural Sex Composition 2003
5.1 \11/hydo femalesout numbermales in urban areas in Finland,Canadaand NewZealand?Ans (a) The accessoffemales in urbanareas is due to the large scale migrationof females
from rural to urban areas where there are vast job oppor1unitiesfor such immigrants.(b) Farming inthese countries is highly mechanisedand is largelya male occupation.
5.2 Why do males out numberfemales in urban areas inZimbabwe and Nepal?Ans (a)
(b)Males migratefrom rural to urban areas in search ofjobs and better quality of life.Female participation in farming activity in rural areas of these countries is quiteHigh
(c) Shortage of housing, high cost of living, lack of security in cities discouragewomen to migrate from rural to urban areas.
Fig. 6 Human Development: Categories, Criteria and CountriesLevel of Human
DevelopmentScore in
DevelopmentIndexNumberofCountries
High above0.8 57Medium between 0.5 up to 0.799 88
Low below0.5 32
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6.1 How many countries have medium level of human development
Ans 88.
6.2 Name one country each having high HDI and low HDI rank.Ans High HDI- Norway
Low HDI- Nigeria
6.3 Give reasons for low HDI rank of some countries
Ans - Polltical turmoil- Social instabillty-Famine- High incidence of diseases.
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7.1 Name the transcontinental railway line shown in this map.Ans Trans CanadianRailway.
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7.2 How has this railway line helped inthe economic development ofthe region? Explaintwo points.
Ans (i) It links the industrial region of Que bee - Montreal with soft wood forest region andwheat region of prairies.
(ii) Industries in the east and agriculture in the West of Canada have progressed alot as a result of this railway line.
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8.1 Name the railway line shown in this map?Ans Trans SiberianRailway.
8.2 Name itsterminalstationsAns st Petersburg,Vladivostok.
8.3 Name the two ocean coasts which are being connected by this railway lineAns Pacific Ocean.Atlantic Ocean.
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9.1 Name the shipping canal shown in the map
Ans Panama Canal.
9.2 Name the country which has constructed this canal
Ans USA.
9.3 Name the terminal ports of this Shipping Canal
Ans Colon, Panama.
Fig. 1 O Total Length of RailwaysSL
in Selected CountriesCountries
(in 100 sq km)For every
No. 1 OO/km2 area1. U.S.A. 278.32. Russia 160.83. India 144.74. Canada 93.55. Germany 90.86. China 70.17. Australia 40.08. U.K. 37.99. France 34.510. Brazil 30.1
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10 .1 Name the country having highest railway densityAns. U.S.A.
10.2 Give two reasons for high rail density of this countryAns. - Industrialisation
- Urbanisation.
1 O .3 Why is the rail density low in BrazilAns. -Forest area more
- Unsuitable terrain.Fig. 11 Mega Cities of the World (as on 28.01.2006)
SI. Name of Country PopulationNo. the City (in millions)1. Tokyo Japan 34.22. Mexico city Mexico 22.83. Seoul South Korea 22.34. New York U.S.A. 21.95. Sao Paulo Brazil 20.26. Mumbai India 19.97. Delhi India 19.78. Shanghai China 18.29. Los Angeles U.S.A. 18.010. Osaka Japan 16.811. Jakarta Indonesia 16.612. Kolkata India 15.713. Cairo Egypt 15.614. Manila Philippines 15.015. Karachi Pakistan 14.316. Moscow Russia 13.817. Buenos Aires Argentina 13.518. Dhaka Bangladesh 13.319. Rio de Janeiro Brazil 12.220. Beijing China 12.1
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SI.No.
Name ofthe City
Country Population(in millions)
21. London G.Britain 12.0
22. Tehran Iran 11.9
23. Istanbul Turkey 11.5
24. Lagos Nigeria 11.1
25. Shenzhen China 10.7
11.1 Name the mega city with highest population
Ans Tokyo.
11.2 How many mega cities are there as on 28.01.2006
Ans 25.
11.3 Name two megacities of Africa
Ans (i) Cairo
(ii) Lagos.
11 .4 Name two countries vvith maximum number of megacities
Ans (i) India
(ii) China.
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Fig. 13 India - Class I/Vise Distribution ofUrban Population (2001)
13.1 Which class hasthe largest urban populationAns I Class.
13.2 Which class hasthe lowest urban population13.3 Into how manyclasses are urbancentres classified by the Census of India?Ans Six
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14.1 Which sector accounts for most of the surface and groundwaterutilization?Ans Agriculture sector (89% and 92% surface and ground water
respectively.
14.2 How much percent of surface water is utilised in domesticsector?Ans 9%.
14 .3 In Industrial sector, both ground water and surface water utilisation is low why?Ans (i) Because of low Industrialdevelopment as comparedto agricultural sector
(ii) modern high tech industries consume less amount of water
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15.1 Bokaro steel plant was set upwith the collaboration ofwhich country?
Ans Russia.
15.2 In which state oflndia, this steel plant is situated?
Ans Jharkhand.
15 .3 Name the two places, from where the supply of Manganese is done.
Ans Garu Mahisani and Badam Pahar.
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18.1 Namethe districts which are served by I.G.C. under flow in I & II stageAns Ganganagar,Bikaner,Jaisalmer.
18.2 Why is the eastern part of the canal area under lift irrigation?Ans Dueto higher elevated topography in eastem side.
18.3 When was irrigation started in Phase I andPhase II?Ans I Phase -1960, II Phase -1980.
Map practice
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A MajorSea PortAns CapeTown.
B Area of ExtensiveCommercialGrainfarmingAns Downs.
C The Largest country in areaof EuropeAns Ukraine.
D MajorAirportAns Bangkok.
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Note—highest andlowest rankingcountry from themap has beendeleted in the year2014-15
A Ans Countryfamousfor CoffeePlantationsBrazil.
B The countryhavingthe Largest areain Africa
Ans Sudan.
C Ans MegaCityNewYork.
D Ans HighestHDIrankingcountryNorway.
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A The majorSea PortAns London.
B Inland Waterway of EuropeAns ST. Lawrence Sea way.
c A Mega CityAns Rio de Janerio.
D Major AirportAns Darwin
. Q (i) The MajorSeaPort located in Orissa
Ans Paradeep.
(ii) The state havinglowest literacyrate in India
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Ans Bihar.
(iii) The Softvvare Technologypark located in Karnataka
Ans Bangalore.
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Q (i) Coal MineinAndhra Pradesh
Ans Singareni.
(ii) The statehavinglowestdensityof populationAns ArunachalPradesh.(iii) The southernmostinternationaAlAns Thiruvananthpuram
Q (i) state having highest percentage ofUrbanPopulationAns Goa.
(ii) Softwaretechnologypark in GujaratAns Gandhinagar.
(iii) An Oil Refinerylocated in BiharAns Barauni.
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Q (i) state havinghighestdensityof populationAns West Bengal.
(ii) The Easternmost internationalAirportAns Guwahati.
(iii) Field in GujaratAns Ankleshvvar.
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MODEL QUESTION PAPER (SOLVED)Time :3 hrs M.M.70
01. Which country hasthe lowest sex ratio in the world? What is Its sex ratio? 1Ans UAE has the lowest sex ratio in the world. Its sex ratio is 468 females per thousand
males.
02. Which are the two maintypes of Iron orefound in India? 1Ans Haematite and Magnetite iron-ore.
03. Namethe type o f trade between 2 countries 1Ans bilateral trade.
04. Which age groupof population indicates the largest working population.1Ans 15-59Age group.
05. Which is thefamous and longest petroleum pipelineof USA? 1Ans Big- Inch(.famousand longest pipeline).
06. Name the international organisation dealing with the Global rules of trade betweennations. 1
Ans World Trade Organizationis an international organization.
07. Namethe rivervalley where Gondueanacoalfieldsof Indiaare located. 1Ans DamodarRivervalley.
.08. Namethethree mineralbeltsof Indiaandalso state any one mineral foundin each belt.
Ans Three mineralbelts- 3
(a) North- EasternPlateau- Ironore,Manganese,mica,bauxite
(b) South Western Plateau - Gold Fields, Iron Ore, Bauxite.
(c) North Western Plateau - Petroleum, Natural Gas, Copper.
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09. Explain with example any three geographical factors which influence the distribution ofpopulation in the world. 3
Ans The three geographical factors which influence the distribution of population in theworld.
1. Relief features2. Climate3. Soil4. Water.
010. study the diagram givenbelowand answerthe questionsasfollows. 1+1+1
(from chapter 5, book 1,last page)
(i)Two types of mining are shown as A and B identify them and give the correct nameofeach.(ii) state two characteristicsof eachtype of mining.
Ans The two types of mining areA - open cast MiningB-shaft Mining.
The maincharacteristicsof open castminingare -
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1. It is easiest and the cheapest way of extracting minerals
2. The cost of safety precautions and equipment is relatively less.
Shaft mining -
1. Vertical shafts and horizontal galleries are made
2. The minerals are extracted and transported to the surface through passage
3. There is always risk of fire, leakage of poisonous gases. Floods, which led to thefatal accidents.
011. Why is irrigation necessary in India? Explain any three reasons. 3
Ans 1. Spatio-Temporal variability in Monsoon Rainfall in the country
2. Unreliability of Monsoon
3. Need for more water.
012. state any two major sources of air pollution in India? How is air pollution harmful tohumanhealth?Explain. 1+2=3
Ans The MajorSources of air Pollutionare-
1. Combustionof coal,Petroland diesel
2. Industrialprocesses
3. Solidwastedisposal
4. Sewagedisposal.
The effectsof air Pollutiononhumanhealth are asfollows :
1. The ozonelayer of the atmosphere gets damaged by different types ofchemical pollution.The Ozonelayeris depleted bythe chlorofluore-carbonandgreatshrink• age in the glaciers.
2. Spreadof diseasesrelatedto lungs, skinandthroat etc.
3. Air Pollutionalso caused acid-rains.
4. Accumulationof the 'Urban smog' in the majortowns and citiesbythe poisonousgasesprevailingin the atmosphere.
013. state sixdifferentfields of humangeography? 3
Ans The sixdifferentfields of humanGeography are-
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1. SocialGeography2. Urban Geography3. Polltical Geography4. PopulationGeography5. SettlementGeography6. EconomicGeography.
.
014. Which is the longest trans-continental railway in the world? Write any four characteris-tics ofthistrans-continental railway line. 1+4=5
Ans Trans-Siberian Railways is the longest- Trans-Continental railwayin theworld. Itcovers a total distance of 9332 km.which joins st. Petersburg in the westofVladivostok in the east. Its construction started in 1891. It was completed in 1905
after fourteen years.
1. This railway linewas constructedfor administrativeand Military purpose.
2. Siberia has beneficial a lot from this railway. It is very rich in mineral, forest,agricultureandanimal resources.
3. Products like coal, Metals, wood pulp,fur, feather, milk products and wheat are
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carried from Siberia to European Russia and Most of the finished goods aretransported From European Russia to Eastern Destinations.
4. This railv\lay track crosses a number of navigable rivers like volga, ob and Amur.
015. study the map given belovv and answer the Questions that follows.(panama canal )2+ 320 .1 Name the shipping canal shown in the map. 1+1+3=5
20.2 Name its ports situated on the coast of Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.20 .3 Why is this canal mostly used by USA?
Ans 1. Panama ShippingCanal is shovvn in this map.2. Calon Port ofAtlantic Coast and Panama port on the Pacific Ocean.3. As the 8 km area of Panama isthmus between Panama city and Calon is pur-
chased by the government of the United states hence the canal is mostly used bythe USA.
016. Name any six crops of plantation agriculture of the world. Describe any four character-istics of plantation agriculture. 5
Ans The production of specialised commercial crops is called plantation agriculture. Sixcrops under this category are -
Tea, Coffee, cocoa, oil palm, rubber and jute, Banana, Cotton, Sugarcane
Follovving are the characteristics of plantation agriculture
1. Large size of land holdings
2. This type offarming is done mainly in sparsely populated area of Brazil, Malasia,Indonesia, Srilanka, and Siberia.
3. The machines and fertilizers are used.
4. This type of farming was started by Europeans but not under the management oflocal government.
5. Plantation crops have great demand in the global market.
017. Name five sources of non - conventional energy in India and state one potential area ofeach source of non - conventional energy. 5
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Ans Five sources of non-conventional energy in India -. 1. Solar Energy- India is a tropical country so sunlight is abundantly available in all
the parts of the country except north-Eastern India.
2. Wind Energy- Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharastra, Orissa
3. Geothermal Energy- Manikaran (HP) 5 kw powerplant.4. Biogas - It is used as cooking fuel and also used for lighting and power genera•
tion in villages.
5. Tidal Energy- A 900 MWtidal energy power plant is set up Gulf of Kuchchh byNational Hydropowercorporation.
018. studythe data given below in the table andAnswerthe questionsthat follovv.
Religious communitiesof India - 2001
1.
Religious Groups
Hindu
Population (Million)
827.6
%ofTotal
80.5%
2. Muslims 138.2 13.5%
3. Christians 24.1 2.3%
4. Sikhs 19.2 1.9%
5. Buddhists 8.0 0.9%
6. Jains 4.2 0.4%
7. others 6.6 0.6%
1+2+1+1=5
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(i) Which religious community occupies the second place in the total population of India?Ans : Muslims occupy the second place in the total population of India
(ii) Name a state and a union Territory, where the people of this community are in majority.Ans : state - Jammu and Kashmir (Kashmir Valley)
Union Territory- Lakshdweep
(iv) Which is the smallest religious community in India?Ans : Jains (0.4%) are the smallest religious community in India
(v) Name the two states where this community is mainly concentrated.Ans : Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan are the states where the people of this community
are in majority.
019. What are the major objectives oft he new Industrial policy of India 1991. state any sixmeasures initiated within this policy. 2+3=5
Ans Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization has helped Industrial development in Indiain the follo\Mng ways.Liberalization -It means remove of all restrictions on the private sector, making it more competitive.The main features of liberalization are -
1. Abolition of Industrial licensing.2. Free Entry to foreign technology.3. Direct Foreign investment policy.
4. Access to capital Market
5. Open trade
6. Abolition of phased manufacturing programme
7. Liberalized Industrial location Programme.
2. Privatization - it means bringing ownership of Industries and their central andManagement under private sector. It results in the reduction or removal of themonopoly of the government. The government policy towards public sector strives.
1. To bring down the government equity in all non-strategic public sectorundertakings to 26% or less.
2. To restructure and revive potentially viable undertakings.
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3. To close down or privatise these undertakings which can not revived.
4. To protect fully the interests ofthe workers.
3. Globalization - It means connecting the economy of the countrywith theeconomics of the other countries through free trade and free mobility ofthe capital and labour.
020. What is the importance of tourism? Explain with examples the four factors of touristattractions in the world. 1 +4=5
Ans Tourism in travel is undertaken for purposes of recreation ratherthan business. Thefour main areas of tourist attraction are -
1. Climate - Climate is the important constituent that enhances tourism. The peoplefrom colder areas are more expected to have holidays in the warm and sunnyweather for beach holidays. The Mediterranean sea coast is a major tourist pointfor the north Europeans. The summer regions people are more keen to haveholidays in the lap of mountainous region to get rid of scorching heat.
2. Landscape - Mass tourism often transforms the whole landscape.
Multi storied hotels are built along beaches, where there are only dunespalm trees or orchards. The coastal areas, lakes and lagoons are main andmajor tourist points.
History andArt-
The pyramid of Egypt, The great wall of China, The Taj Mahal and statue of libertyhave great potential to influence the tourists from all over the world. Temples,mosques etc
also influence the tourists.
Culture and Economy- The palaces built on lakes in Brunei, the Gaya and Bodhgaya,Mysore, Laddakh and Istanbul attract tourists nationally and globally vvith percent perexperiencing ethnic culture.
022. (i) In the given political outline map of the world four features are shown asA,B,C, D& E. Identify them with the help of the map legend and write their correctnames on the line marked on the map.
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2
.
(a) Area of Extensive Commercial Grain Farming
(b) A Mega city of Europe
(c) A Major sea port of South Africa
(d) A Major Airport of USA.
(e) A Major Airport in Thailannd
Ans: 22.1 See attachedworld
map.
A. Downs
B. London
C. Cape-Town
D. Chicago
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E. Bangkok
22.2 On the given political outline map of India provided to you locate and label the following withappropriate symbols. 5
(a) The state having lowest growth rate of Population
(b) The northern most international Airport
(c) The Software technology park of Madhya Pradesh(d) The state with lowest growth rate(e) Oil refinery in Bihar
22.2 1. Kerala
2. Amritsar3. Indore
4 . G oa
5 . B a ra un i
Latest question paper---2013-14
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